2/19/2013. Manure Management Introduction Thermochemical Technologies Introduction and Advantages

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1 Keri Cantrell, Patrick Hunt, Jarrod Miller, and Jeff Novak USDA-ARS Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center Florence, SC February 26 th, 2013 Manure Management Introduction Thermochemical Technologies Introduction and Advantages Green farming scheme Pyrolysis techniques to produce biochar Effectiveness of Biochar as a P-source Ryegrass Cotton Conclusions Decrease in number of farms with increase in livestock population 10 6 pigs or 10 3 farms Limited Land Availability via Traditional Manure Management Practice NC Hogs and Pigs, NASS-USDA 1,537,000 TONS dry manure Pigs Farms 1

2 Decrease in number of farms with increase in size Limited Land Availability via Traditional Manure Management Practice Storage Land Application Relatively low capital and O&M costs Surplus nutrients in manure from CAFOs greater than crop nutrient demand Transporting manure to remote crop fields Lagoon sludge Potential environmental risk H 2 S, NH 3, and CH 4 from storages Odors Potential contamination of ground and surface waters Energy not utilized Sustainable biomass feedstock from US agricultural lands MSW, etc Manures Grains to biofuels Crop Residues Million dry tons per year DOE & USDA (2005) The Billion Ton Study 2

3 Reduce CAFO environmental impact Remove large amounts of organic waste Harness inherent energy to generate Value-added products Energy-dense, alternative fuels Crop and soil fertility amendments Biological Conversion Biomass Feedstock Heat/Power Alcohols Diesels Methane Thermochemical Conversion REFERENCE: Cantrell et al Livestock waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities. Biores. Technol. 99:

4 Manure Solid-Liquid Separation Carbon Credit Income Solids Liquid Feedstock Conditioning N-removal Thermochemical Conversion Biochar P-Fertilizer P-Extraction Crop Residue Treated Water REFERENCE: Cantrell et al Green farming systems for the SE USA using manureto-energy conversion platforms. J. Renew. Sustain. Energ. DOI: / Cash Crop Income High temperature chemical reforming Organic bonds broken Reformed into synthesis gas and hydrocarbon fuels Residual of inorganic minerals (ash) and more stable (fixed) carbon Char or biochar Requires Smaller Footprint Compact design with shorter processing time 4

5 Requires Smaller Footprint Reduces Disposal Requirements Mass consumer of feedstock More animals per land unit Requires Smaller Footprint Reduces Disposal Requirements Multiplicity of End Products & Applications Heat & power generation Chemical feedstocks Transportation fuels Industrial applications Future carbon trading Soil improvement Requires Smaller Footprint Reduces Disposal Requirements Multiplicity of End Products and Applications Including Energy Provides Socio-Environmental Benefits Fresh/clean air Potable water Pathogen, pharmaceutical, and nuisance gas elimination 5

6 Direct Liquefaction Gasification Dry Gasification Wet Gasification Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis Slow Pyrolysis Hydrocarbonization Direct Liquefaction Gasification Dry Gasification Wet Gasification Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis Slow Pyrolysis Hydrocarbonization Bio-oil Synthesis Gas H 2, CO CH 4 Bio-oil & Char 75% bio-oil 35-50% char Up 70% char Conversion of organic material with very little oxygen Biomass: Pyrolysis Syngas 35% Bio-oil 30% Char (Biochar), Ash 35% 6

7 Syngas Combustible hydrocarbons, CO 2, and H 2. Process heat/drying Pyrolysis Bio-oil Char (Biochar), Ash Syngas Pyrolysis Bio-oil Char (Biochar), Ash Acidic mix of organic and inorganic hydrated compounds Refining required for potential fuel use Syngas Pyrolysis Bio-oil Char (Biochar), Ash Inorganic elements More aromatic (stable carbon) structures Functional groups based on parent material 7

8 Biochar Activated Carbon Bioenergy Feedstock Carbon Sequestration Soil Amendment Fertilizer Ratio N P K ph Switchgrass (250 C) (500 C) Peanut Hull (400 C) (500 C) Pecan Shell (350 C) (700 C) Plant-based biochars have low nutrient values and acidic to slightly alkaline ph values. Due to high carbon content, slow pyrolysis yields 30-50% (temperature dependent). REFERENCE: Novak et al Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Ann. Environ. Sci. 3:195. Fertilizer Ratio N P K ph Switchgrass (250 C) (500 C) Peanut Hull (400 C) (500 C) Pecan Shell (350 C) (700 C) Poultry Litter (350 C) (700 C) Manure-based biochar are more nutrient-rich and have alkaline ph. Greater ash content leads to greater biochar recovery. 8

9 Biochar return affected by: Temperature Temp Mass Initial ash content Ash Mass Dairy Manure Modest returns ranging % of dry feedstock Low end of ash content REFERENCE: Cantrell et al Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Biores. Technol. 107:419. Coal Products Moderate energy values Coal products > 8000 BTU/lb Pyrolysis generally improves energy content Dairy manure Raw material has high volatile solid content with low energy values Fertilizer Ratio N (%) P 2 O 5 (%) K 2 O (%) ph Dairy (350 C) (700 C) Surface Feedlot (350 C) (700 C) Poultry Litter (350 C) (700 C) Turkey (350 C) (700 C) Swine (350 C) (700 C) N P Temp K ph REFERENCE: Cantrell et al Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Biores. Technol. 107:419. 9

10 Annual ryegrass Biochars applied at 100 lb P 2 O 5 / ac Controls: 0, 100, 200, 300 P 2 O 5 and soil only (no fertilizers) Nitrogen rate of 100 lb N / ac Soil: Uchee sand Initial P 2 O 5 of 47.6 lb ac -1 Limed (ph ~6.0) Cumulative biomass after 8-10 weeks REFERENCE: Hunt et al Manure-derived biochars for fertilization of ryegrass. Under Review. Biochar treatments performed similar to/or greater than 100 P lb/ac. Poultry litter treatment outperformed others. Bovine response similar to turkey response. REFERENCE: Hunt et al Manure-derived biochars for fertilization of ryegrass. Under Review. 10

11 Lower temp biochars similar to 100 P lb / ac. Plant P with lower temperature biochars. Dairy biochar treatment among the greatest P- accumulation. REFERENCE: Hunt et al Manure-derived biochars for fertilization of ryegrass. Under Review. Cotton Biochars applied at 80 lb P 2 O 5 / ac Controls: 0, 40, 80, 120 P 2 O 5 and soil only (no fertilizers) Nitrogen rate of 100 lb N / ac Soil: Uchee sand Initial P 2 O 5 of 47.6 lb ac -1 Limed (ph ~6.0) 8 seeds, thinned to 3 plants Biomass 60 d after planting REFERENCE: Hunt et al Effectiveness of biochar as a Phosphorus fertilizer source for cotton. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Oct , 2012, Cincinnati, OH Biochar treatments performed similar to or greater than 80 P 2 O 5 lb/ac. Dairy and swine treatments approached the 120 P 2 O 5 lb/ac. REFERENCE: Hunt et al Effectiveness of biochar as a Phosphorus fertilizer source for cotton. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Oct , 2012, Cincinnati, OH 11

12 Dairy, swine, and turkey treatments accumulated more P than similar fertilizer. P-more plant available than fertilizer REFERENCE: Hunt et al Effectiveness of biochar as a Phosphorus fertilizer source for cotton. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Oct , 2012, Cincinnati, OH Manure management practices can move toward: Harness inherent manure energy to generate value-added products. Thermochemical conversion offers many advantages over traditional and biological disposal practices. Slow pyrolysis one treatment for generation of a soil amendment- Biochar. Manure-based biochars are rich in inorganic elements, particularly P Alternative fertilizer Manure-based biochar P is readily available to plants When applied at agronomic rates it was not detrimental to plant growth Dairy manure biochars treatments were similar to higher P 2 O 5 application rates When applied at 80 lb/ac, response similar to 120 lb/ac 12

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