Meris Zheng, John D. Orbell and Robert J. Fairclough College of Engineering & Science Victoria University Melbourne, Australia

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1 Household food waste treatment technologies and relevant systems a systematic review Meris Zheng, John D. Orbell and Robert J. Fairclough College of Engineering & Science Victoria University Melbourne, Australia

2 Introduction Food Waste Household Food Waste Pre farm gate Check out to postconsumer Household Manufacturing and processing Post farm gate Food service and restaurants Wholesale and retail Australia (Monier et al. 2010) EU (Mason et al. 2011)

3 Worldwide The percentage of different waste types in municipal solid waste (MSW) in different regions and countries * Reproduced from Pham et al. (2015)

4 FW received/processed in Australia and Victoria (thousand tonnes/per financial year) Time National Victoria (*) (**) (***) GHG generated from landfill site components *, Australian Government Department of the Environment 2013; Randell, 2014; and Recycled Organics Unit,

5 Household Food Waste (HFW) in Victoria The cost of FW treatment in Victoria Garbage Composition by Category 3 bins * financial year ** Tonnes of garbage collected Total cost 1,102,150 $229.6 million No. households 2,359,764 Collected per household (yr) Cost per household (yr ) 467 kg (7% ) $97.29 (7.8 %, more than three times of the CPI of 2.2 % in some period of one year time, 99.1% for over ten years time) Recovery rate * From Kerbside audit report of Wyndham city, Victoria **Sustainability Victoria 2015; Victorian Government, 2013

6 Research objectives To identify specific areas for further research and development in HFW treatment technologies and management systems in the Australian context. To assist Australian Governments in adopting the best strategies and technologies. To improve the understanding of the challenges/opportunities in this area via Micro Circular Economics. To facilitate the introduction and adoption of these findings and new technologies into Australian households.

7 A systematic approach 1. Carry out a search strategy to establish the current status of food waste management worldwide.

8 2. Review existing food waste treatment (FWT) technologies worldwide. Biological treatment anaerobic digestion (AD) * BTA International GmbH

9 Biological treatment composting * ** * ** Blog x412.jpg

10 Thermal treatment incineration * c control/database/html/wte 00.htm5

11 Pyrolysis/gasification road map Pyrolysis/gasification

12 Landfill sanitary landfill energy recovery Environment monitoring

13 Open landfill ** 013/08/Danger_of_landfill_sites.png * (Clayton South Regional Landfill site) *** (India Landfill fire)

14 Other treatment methods e.g. domestic food waste processing Blend and flush into sewage system (water intensive) Dehydrate to reduce garbage volume (energy intensive) * Pictures from

15 The issue of SCALE Commercial (large scale) o Open pile composting o In vessel composting reactor o Other * Perthwaste Composting Facility **

16 Domestic or community (small scale) * **** ** *** * ** composting manthan.jpg *** tumblers vs compost bins pros cons/ **** startup biovessel kickstarter

17 Relative environmental impacts of different food waste treatment technologies Global Warming Potential (GWP) from 1 tonne of food waste treated with different technologies according to reviewed 105 studies * * Bernstad, A 2012

18 Economic considerations are also important! Tech system GWP kgco2 eq/ton economic Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Commercial Composting (CC) 375 to 440 kg (mainly from transportation and pretreatment) * 900 to 1000 kg (large scale)* 50 to 2000 kg (small scale)* Highest benefit up to 80% efficiency (in biogas) ** Systems which include free or unconstrained garden waste collection services tend to be more costly than those which target food waste only # Incineration Treatment (IT) 305 to 640 kg * 23% efficiency (in heat) ** Landfill (LF) 302 to 1200 kg * Any biogas collection rate under 70% will cost financial loss ## Food waste processor (FWP) Will increase the impact from sewage treatment plant (ST) Increase investment in capital or upgrade the waste water treatment facility and sewage system. it can also perform worst ^ * Bernstad, A ** Ahamed, A # Eunomia research & consulting, ## IPCC, ^ Lundie, Manfredi, 2015

19 Current household food waste management systems Centralised (large scale) Collection, Sorting, Treatment Decentralised (small scale) on site treatment HFW: household food waste; KB: kitchen bin; GB: garbage bin; CC: commercial composting plant; AD: anaerobic digestion plant; IT: incineration treatment plant; ST: sewage treatment plant; HC: home composting bin; FWP: food waste processor.

20 Concluding remarks The concepts of Circular Economics (CE) and Micro Circular Economics (MCE)

21 Proposed new HFW treatment and system AD + innoculation Garden Enhanced biogas production?

22 THANKYOU!

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