Stormwater Treatment Wetlands

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1 Florida Chamber Summer School July, 2014 Stormwater Treatment Wetlands Chris Keller, P.E. Wetland Solutions, Inc.

2 Why Wetlands? Wetlands are the natural stormwater management systems in the landscape Wetlands remove or transform a wide range of pollutants found in urban runoff (BOD, TSS, N, P, pathogens, metals, hydrocarbons, etc.)

3 Stormwater Wetland Plant Communities Similar planting palette as wastewater wetlands Potentially wider range of hydrologic tolerance required Salt tolerance necessary in brackish/coastal systems Emergent Periphyton Floating Submerged

4 Typical Stormwater Wetland Layout Deep Zone Inlet Forebay Outlet Variable Storage Marsh Permanent Pool

5 Conceptual Design for Multiple Benefits

6 Design Considerations System Location In-line Off-line Flow Delivery Gravity Pumping Outlet Design Flexibility is important Wetland Hydrology Too dry = soil oxidation, nutrient export, transitional/upland vegetation Too wet = pond

7 Stormwater Design Basis Flow Characteristics Rainfall Infiltration Runoff Pollutant Loads Watershed characteristics Estimated concentrations Direct measurement Design Methods Wetland:watershed area Design storm detention Annual averaging Dynamic modeling

8 Method 1: Wetland/Watershed Area Measure area of drainage basin Apply selected Wetland to Watershed Area Ratio (WWAR), typically 2 to 5% Allocate wetland surface area to 20% pool and 80% marsh

9 Method 2: Design Storm Detention Measure area of drainage basin Find 90th percentile of rainfall quantity distribution Determine runoff coefficient Calculate design runoff volume Allocate wetland volume 40% pool and 60% marsh Allocate wetland surface area to 20% pool and 80% marsh (marsh depth = 0.3 x pool depth)

10 Method 3: Annual Averaging Estimate event mean concentrations of pollutants Compute HLR to meet water quality target using first-order equation Estimate runoff coefficient Calculate design annual runoff volume Allocate wetland surface area to 20% pool and 80% marsh and select appropriate water depths

11 Method 3: k-c* Model Fit to Boney Marsh, FL TP Data Boney Marsh, Florida Total Phosphorus (mg/l) Measured TP Estimated TP Fractional Distance Best Fit k = 39 m/yr C* = mg/l

12 Method 4: Dynamic Modeling Only available for TP Construct daily time series for flow, inflow concentration, rainfall, and ET Adjust wetland area in DSMTA Version 2 ( to meet desired load or concentration reduction Future release of DMSTA for nitrogen species Phosphorus removal is often the areacontrolling parameter in wetlands, so goals for BOD, TSS, TN may be met by default

13 Method 4: DMSTA Version 2 Phosphorus Balance

14 Keys to Maximize Water Quality Benefits Hydraulic design depends on project goals Load Reduction Concentration Reduction Maximize internal hydraulic efficiency Minimize water depths in marsh 6-12 for permanent pool during design storm event Limit open water to 10-20% of total surface area

15 FL Stormwater Wetland TSS Data 1000 WETLAND 100 TSS Concentration (m g/l) Inflow Outflow Average Median Max Min N Percent

16 FL Wetland TN Data

17 FL Stormwater Wetland NOX Data 10 WETLAND 1 NO3 Concentration (mg/l) Inflow Outflow Percent Average Median Max Min N

18 FL Stormwater Wetland TP Data 1 WETLAND TP Concentration (m g/l) Average Median Max Min N Percent Inflow Outflow

19 Detailed Study by Vegetation and Substrate Type

20 Outlet TSS vs. Vegetation Type 1000 EMV FAV 100 PSTA SAV TSS Out (mg/l) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentile

21 Outlet TP vs. Vegetation Type 10 EMV FAV PSTA 1 SAV TP Out (mg/l) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentile

22 Outlet TN vs. Vegetation Type 100 EMV FAV 10 PSTA SAV TN Out (mg/l) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentile

23 Outlet TSS vs. Substrate Type CLAY PEAT SAND LIME ROCK PERCENTILE SUBSTRATE 0% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 100% CLAY PEAT SAND LIME ROCK TSS Out (mg/l) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentile

24 Outlet TP vs. Substrate Type 10 1 PEAT SAND LIME ROCK PERCENTILE SUBSTRATE 0% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 100% PEAT SAND LIME ROCK TP Out (mg/l) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentile

25 Outlet TN vs. Substrate Type CLAY PEAT SAND LIME ROCK PERCENTILE SUBSTRATE 0% 10% 25% 50% 75% 90% 100% CLAY PEAT SAND LIME ROCK TN Out (mg/l) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentile

26 Expansions of SW Wetland Technology Floating wetlands as add-ons in wet detention ponds LID modular systems Hybrid chemical treatment/wetland systems Soil amendments

27 Emerging SW Issues Effects of reclaimed water irrigation on stormwater systems (Harper 2012) 2/3 of WWTP s produce secondary quality reclaimed water (TN: 2-15 times stronger than runoff; TP: 8-60 times stronger) 1/3 of WWTP s produce tertiary quality reclaimed water (similar to high density residential runoff) Tendency by homeowners to over-irrigate Dry retention favored in many areas but presumption of 100% load reduction is Bad Science

28 Dry Retention Wetland Conversion for Nitrate Removal NO3 Storm Event Volume Dry Weather Reclaimed Application Depth Below Surface Saturated Surficial Aquifer FloridanAquifer Unsaturated Surficial Aquifer Spring

29 Infiltrating Wetland Surface Water Nitrogen Concentrations

30 Infiltrating Wetland Groundwater Nitrate Concentrations

31 Infiltrating Wetland Shallow Groundwater Concentrations

32 Infiltration Rates

33 Questions

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