UTILIZING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO IDENTIFY AND MONITOR CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS IN DUPLIN COUNTY, NC

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1 UTILIZING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO IDENTIFY AND MONITOR CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS IN DUPLIN COUNTY, NC Sean Burke Graduate Student Department of Geography and Geology University of North Carolina Wilmington Post Baccalaureate Certification in GIS

2 CAPE FEAR RIVER WATCH Non-Profit organization Works to protect and improve the water quality of the Lower Cape Fear River Basin through Education, Advocacy, and Action Member of the WaterKeeper Alliance, and environmental watch program designed to protect communities and the waters on which they depend by making all waterways fishable, swimmable, and drinkable Staff of 5 full time employees, plus interns and volunteers Major Initiatives include: Stop Titan, Coal Ash, Fishery Restoration, Rock Arch Rapids, and CAFO s River Keeper: Kemp Burdette

3 CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATIONS (CAFO) Definition: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" means any agricultural feedlot activity with: 250 or more swine, 100 or more confined cattle, 75 or more horses,1,000 or more sheep, or 30,000 or more confined poultry with a liquid animal waste management system, or any agricultural feedlot activity- Source NCDENR Concentration of CAFOs in Easten NC Eastern NC one of the largest producers of swine in US. Large environmental issue with management of fecal waste. Issues can include groundwater leaching, surface runoff and atmospheric deposition, as well as issues from major precipitation events. Management practices include holding of waste in anaerobic lagoon until use as fertilizer in sprayfields or dry litter which allows composting of manure. Swine CAFO are required to be permitted, Poultry CAFO are not. Current moratorium on building of new swine CAFOs Permitted and Inspected by the NCDENR

4 PROBLEMS/ISSUES Poultry Operations are not permitted, no precise geographic location is known No knowledge of drainage systems Limited resources of Cape Fear River Watch 1. Time- driving to and around Duplin county, time devoted to other projects 2. Money- Comprehensive water quality testing is expensive 3. Manpower- very few people work for CFRW, limited number of volunteers 4. Access- Land Ownership to CAFO is mostly private, identifying discharge sources is nearly impossible to predict

5 RESEARCH GOALS Identify geographic location of all farms Estimate the number of animal units on each farm Place each farm within a watershed or drainage network Evaluate each watershed for density of animals Evaluate each Watershed s vulnerability to pollution based on variables related groundwater and surface water Identify Public Access sites for water sampling Assign score to sampling sites based on the watershed score

6 STUDY AREA Duplin County has highest concentration of CAFO s in North Carolina Located north of Wilmington on the Cape Fear River Population of 59,542 people and estimated over 2 million hogs Watersheds were delineated using intersections of Strahler stream order 1-6 from ARCMAP Hydrology toolset in Spatial Analyst Extension. Watersheds boundaries are evaluated for density of CAFO and vulnerability studies. Duplin County, NC Watershed Drainage Network

7 IDENTIFYING HAZARD DUE TO SWINE CAFO NCDENR Permits Lat/Long Coordinates Regulated activity x Allowable Count Total Weight per farm Convert to Animal Units

8 TYPES OF SWINE CAFO OPERATIONS Average weight of animal for each phase of production For multi phase operations, weight is the weight of the sow + the weight of all her offspring

9 IDENTIFYING HAZARD DUE TO SWINE CAFO NCDENR Permits Lat/Long Coordinates Regulated activity x Allowable Count Total Weight per farm Convert to Animal Units

10 IDENTIFYING HAZARD DUE TO SWINE CAFO NCDENR Permits Lat/Long Coordinates Regulated activity x Allowable Count Total Weight per farm Convert to Animal Units

11 SWINE CAFO 525 permitted Swine CAFO identified in Duplin County Farms range in size from 3 animal units to 4910 animal units. Animal Units Per Farm

12 POULTRY OPERATIONS Poultry operations are not permitted so identification completed manually Remote sensing techniques were attempted but unsuccessful. Assumes that square footage is maximized on all farms for max production levels Orthophoto of Duplin County Use Area of polygons to estimate number of birds (12.9 birds/sq meter) Estimate live weight of poultry on farms (4 lbs per bird) Build Mask non suitable landuse Convert to point data Convert to animal units Create features drawing polygons around CAFO s Add AREA field and calculate geometry

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15 POULTRY OPERATIONS Poultry operations are not permitted so identification completed manually Remote sensing techniques were attempted but unsuccessful. Assumes that square footage is maximized on all farms for max production levels Orthophoto of Duplin County Use Area of polygons to estimate number of birds (12.9 birds/sq meter) Estimate live weight of poultry on farms (4 lb per bird) Build Mask non suitable landuse Convert to point data Convert to animal units Identify CAFO and Digitize polygons around outline of buildings Add AREA field and calculate geometry

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18 POULTRY OPERATIONS Poultry operations are not permitted so identification completed manually Remote sensing techniques were attempted but unsuccessful. Assumes that square footage is maximized on all farms for max production levels Orthophoto of Duplin County Estimate live weight of poultry on farms (4 lb per bird) Convert to Animal Units Build Mask non suitable landuse Use Area of polygons to estimate number of birds (12.9 birds/sq meter) Convert to Point Data Identify CAFO and Digitize polygons around outline of buildings Add AREA field and calculate geometry

19 Animal Units Per Farm Poultry houses were identified Animal Units estimated based on size of building Range from 2 animal units to 222 animal units. Does not take into account vertical nature of poultry farming. Some buildings may be incorrectly identified Poultry CAFO Identification

20 POULTRY + SWINE Point Shapefiles to Raster (Animal Units) Zonal Statistics. Sum of Animal Units in Watershed Raster Calculator: Total Animal Unit/ Area Convert Watersheds to raster (area field) Raster Calculator Poultry + Swine Reclassify Swine and Poultry Farms Swine_CAFO Poultry_Buildings

21 POULTRY + SWINE Point Shapefiles to Raster Convert Watersheds to raster (Area Field Zonal Statistics. Sum of Animal Units in Watershed Raster Calculator: Poultry + Swine= Total Animal Unit Raster Calculator: Total Animal Unit/ Area Reclassify Animal Unit Density High : Low : 0

22 POULTRY + SWINE Point Shapefiles to Raster Convert Watersheds to raster (Area Field) CAFO SCORE Zonal Statistics. Sum of Animal Units in Watershed Raster Calculator: Poultry + Swine= Total Animal Unit Raster Calculator: Total Animal Unit/ Area Reclassify

23 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerability classified as the likelihood of a contaminant sitting on the earth s surface to infiltrate soil surface and transport into groundwater systems Modified DRASTIC Model comprised of 7 weighted factors. Factors are ranked 1-10 and combined using weighted sum. Slope- Derived from DEM, low slope values= high vulnerability

24 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerability classified as the likelihood of a contaminant sitting on the earth s surface to infiltrate soil surface and transport into groundwater systems Modified DRASTIC Model comprised of 7 weighted factors. Factors are ranked 1-10 and combined using weighted sum. Slope- Derived from DEM, low slope values= high vulnerability Depth of water table- Derived from wtedepapriljun field in SSURGO, shallow water table= high vulnerability Depth of Water Table Vulnerability High : 10 Low : Miles

25 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerability classified as the likelihood of a contaminant sitting on the earth s surface to infiltrate soil surface and transport into groundwater systems Modified DRASTIC Model comprised of 7 weighted factors. Factors are ranked 1-10 and combined using weighted sum. Slope- Derived from DEM, low slope values= high vulnerability Depth of water table- Derived from wtedepapriljun field in SSURGO, shallow water table= high vulnerability Soil Media - Composite Score of Sandtotal_R, Claytotal_R, and Silttotal_R in SSURGO database, high sand = high vulnerability, higher clay=lower vulnerabilities Soil Media Vulnerability High : 10 Low : Miles

26 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerability classified as the likelihood of a contaminant sitting on the earth s surface to infiltrate soil surface and transport into groundwater systems Modified DRASTIC Model comprised of 7 weighted factors. Factors are ranked 1-10 and combined using weighted sum. Slope- Derived from DEM, low slope values= high vulnerability Depth of water table - Derived from wtedepapriljun field in SSURGO, shallow water table= high vulnerability Soil Media - Composite Score of Sandtotal_R, Claytotal_R, and Silttotal_R in SSURGO database, high sand = high vulnerability, higher clay=lower vulnerabilities Hydraulic Conductivity- Derived from KSATR field of SSURGO, which displays the ease of which water flows through saturated media, high values=high vulnerability Hydraulic Conductivity High : 10 Low : Miles

27 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerability classified as the likelihood of a contaminant sitting on the earth s surface to infiltrate soil surface and transport into groundwater systems Modified DRASTIC Model comprised of 7 weighted factors. Factors are ranked 1-10 and combined using weighted sum. Slope- Derived from DEM, low slope values= high vulnerability Depth of water table - Derived from wtedepapriljun field in SSURGO, shallow water table= high vulnerability Soil Media - Composite Score of Sandtotal_R, Claytotal_R, and Silttotal_R in SSURGO database, high sand = high vulnerability, higher clay=lower vulnerabilities Hydraulic Conductivity - Derived from KSATR field of SSURGO, which displays the ease of which water flows through saturated media, high values=high vulnerability Net Recharge - USGS, Amount of water entering an aquifer. Net Recharge= Precipitation Evaporation Net Recharge Miles Runoff. High : 10 Low : 1

28 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerability classified as the likelihood of a contaminant sitting on the earth s surface to infiltrate soil surface and transport into groundwater systems Modified DRASTIC Model comprised of 7 weighted factors. Factors are ranked 1-10 and combined using weighted sum. Slope- Derived from DEM, low slope values= high vulnerability Depth of water table - Derived from wtedepapriljun field in SSURGO, shallow water table= high vulnerability Soil Media - Composite Score of Sandtotal_R, Claytotal_R, and Silttotal_R in SSURGO database, high sand = high vulnerability, higher clay=lower vulnerabilities Hydraulic Conductivity - Derived from KSATR field of SSURGO, which displays the ease of which water flows through saturated media, high values=high vulnerability Net Recharge - USGS, Amount of water entering an aquifer. Net Recharge= Precipitation Evaporation Runoff. Depth of Vadose Zone - SSURGO, the depth of the unsaturated zone of the soil. Low values= high vulnerability Miles Depth of Vadose Zone High : 10 Low : 1

29 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerability classified as the likelihood of a contaminant sitting on the earth s surface to infiltrate soil surface and transport into groundwater systems Modified DRASTIC Model comprised of 7 weighted factors. Factors are ranked 1-10 and combined using weighted sum. Slope - Derived from DEM, low slope values= high vulnerability Depth of water table - Derived from wtedepapriljun field in SSURGO, shallow water table= high vulnerability Soil Media - Composite Score of Sandtotal_R, Claytotal_R, and Silttotal_R in SSURGO database, high sand = high vulnerability Hydraulic Conductivity - Derived from KSATR field of SSURGO, which displays the ease of which water flows through saturated media, high values=high vulnerability Net Recharge - USGS, Amount of water entering an aquifer. Net Recharge= Precipitation Evaporation Runoff. High values=high vulnerability Depth of Vadose Zone - SSURGO, the depth of the unsaturated zone of the soil. Low values= high vulnerability Land Cover - USGS- Ranked based on characteristics of land cover type to allow infiltration Miles Land Cover Vulnerability High : 10 Low : 1

30 GROUNDWATER Groundwater Vulnerabilility High : 41.6 Groundwater Vulnerability to Transport Contaminants= (WaterTableDepth*1)+(Vadose*0.8)+(Net Recharge *0.8)+(Soil Media*0.4)+ (Hydraulic Conductivity *0.6)+(Land Cover *0.4)+(Slope*0.2) Low : Miles

31 SURFACE WATER VULNERABILITY Surface water vulnerability was classified based on the probability of a substance sitting on the earth s surface to runoff to water bodies. Model comprised of 4 weighted factors: Slope - DEM, high slope values increase the movement of a substance towards destination

32 SURFACE WATER VULNERABILITY Surface water vulnerability was classified based on the probability of a substance sitting on the earth s surface to runoff to water bodies. Model comprised of 4 weighted factors: Slope - DEM, high slope values increase the movement of a substance towards destination Drainage Density - Area of Watershed/ Size of water it is draining to. Large values indicate higher vulnerabilities. Drainage Density of Watershed High : 10 Low : Miles

33 SURFACE WATER VULNERABILITY Surface water vulnerability was classified based on the probability of a substance sitting on the earth s surface to runoff to water bodies. Model comprised of 4 weighted factors: Slope - DEM, high slope values increase the movement of a substance towards destination Drainage Density - Area of Watershed/ Size of water it is draining to. Large values indicate higher vulnerabilities. Land Cover - USGS, Anderson Land Cover Classifications were reclassified to the impervious characteristics of a land cover class Miles Surface Water Vulnerability of Land Cover Value High : 10 Low : 1

34 SURFACE WATER VULNERABILITY Surface water vulnerability was classified based on the probability of a substance sitting on the earth s surface to runoff to water bodies. Model comprised of 4 weighted factors: Slope - DEM, high slope values increase the movement of a substance towards destination Drainage Density - Area of Watershed/ Size of water it is draining to. Large values indicate higher vulnerabilities. Land Cover - USGS, Anderson Land Cover Classifications were reclassified to the impervious characteristics of a land cover class Hydrologic Soil Properties Value High : 10 Hydrologic Soil Group - SSURGO, Classified based on the infiltration properties of the soil surface. Higher infiltration likelihood, lower Miles vulnerability Low : 1

35 SURFACE WATER VULNERABILITY Vulnerability High : 1 Low : Surfacewater Vulnerablility= (slope*1)+(infiltration.*5)+ (drainage_density*.75)+ (land_cover*.25) Miles

36 TOTAL VULNERABILITY Total Vulnerability is the sum of (Groundwater vulnerability + surface water vulnerability)/ Max Value Groundwater evaluated as an equal contributor of surface water flow Zonal Statistics tool is used to calculate a mean vulnerability score for each watershed. Total Vulnerability High : 1 Low : Miles

37 TOTAL VULNERABILITY Total Vulnerability is the sum of (Groundwater vulnerability + surface water vulnerability)/ Max Value Groundwater evaluated as an equal contributor of surface water flow Zonal Statistics tool is used to calculate a mean vulnerability score for each watershed Miles

38 TOTAL RISK Miles Total Pollution Risk= (CAFOScore x 10)+ (Vulnerability x 1) Scores rank between 1 and 99 Tens column represents quantities of CAFO in watershed Ones column represents vulnerability score All watersheds have vulnerability but not all have CAFO s Score between 0-9 indicate complete lack of CAFO presence Zero CAFO s does not indicate 0 risk due to lack of upstream data incorporation Future water samples could help determine correlation between vulnerability and actual contaminant levels. Positive correlation reduce energy and efforts of researchers because they could easily predict locations of high contamination. Pollution Risk by Watershed

39 SAMPLING LOCATIONS Potential sampling locations must be located on or near public access land Sampling sites include bridges, boat accesses, railroads, road access Sites were ranked according to watersheds score of total pollution risk. Pollution Risk of Potential Sampling Sites

40 FUTURE RESEARCH/MODEL IMPROVEMENTS Incorporation of water sampling to determine vulnerability impact on pollutant concentrations. Positive correlation greatly decrease energy of researcher. Development of a model that accounts for upstream contaminants Distance within a Watershed tool Incorporating of groundwater sampling sites and impact on well sites

41 THE END!

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