Towards Prosperous, Inclusive and Sustainable Cities in Asia and the Pacific
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1 Towards Prosperous, Inclusive and Sustainable Cities in Asia and the Pacific Presentation for the High level Symposium on Sustainable Cities and Sustainable Urbanization Yangzhou, China December 2013 Donovan Storey Chief Sustainable Urban Development Section, Environment and Development Division United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok
2 URBAN MEGA-TRENDS IN ASIA-PACIFIC: DEMOGRAPHIC Asia Pacific cities are home to over half of the world s urban population, or 1.8 billion people (2010) Region to reach 50 percent urban by 2026; two thirds soon after 2050 Three important mega trends in Asia Pacific urbanization: demographic, economic, spatial Rapid population growth from a low base 1.8 billion to 3.3 billion in next 35 years: medium sized cities critical but less attention/finance Spatially large consumption, production and resource footprints: peri urban / desakota patterns blur rural/urban Economic transformation & growing middle class yet persistent high rates of inequality & poverty 2
3 Patterns of Urban Development: Economic Continued concentration of population, assets, economic & industrial development and infrastructure Urban share of GDP is higher than population share typically 70%+ and growing, but Uneven access/opportunity/coverage & affordability challenges Significance of informal sectors: work, transport, land, housingetc Inequality woven into economic transformation patterns Source: Firman (2009). The Continuity and Change in Mega Urbanization in Indonesia: A Survey of Jakarta Bandung Region Development
4 Patterns of Urban Development: Spatial Urban growth patterns in Asia Pacific radiate out & regionalize rather than concentrate. Weaker planning & regulation in outer rings Cities are voracious consumers of regional resources Cities megacites mega urban regions Examples: Mumbai Municipal Region 21m over 4,355 sq km; JABODETABEK 28m over 6,372sq.km encompasses 13 river systems Similar patterns in smaller/regional/secondary cities, incl SIDS Mumbai Jakarta
5 8 ESSENTIAL TRANSFORMATIONS 1. Change the way we design cities: a paradigm shift in which sustainability moves from the periphery to centre of planning 2. Change the way people move: creating accessible cities, mitigating need for movement 3. Change the way we design and operate buildings: from energy wasting to energy creating 4. Change the way we produce, transport and consume energy: improve efficiency of the energy system and diversify to renewable energy sources 5. Change the way water resources are managed: develop ecoefficient approaches to water resources 6. Change the way solid waste is managed: turn waste from a cost into a resource 7. Address patterns of exclusion so that investment in people becomes the next driver of growth 8. Change the way cities are governed and broaden the stakeholders
6 1. CHANGE THE WAY WE DESIGN CITIES: COMPACT OR SMART DE-CENTRED Compact development increases land use efficiency & reduces the need for private cars Urban density and developing mass transit can dramatically reduce GHG emissions from transport sector Cellular development/compact cities create integrated/multi centred urban areas But also need for new frameworks recognizing realities of desakota /de centred patterns (incl. urban agriculture, managing and valuing ecosystem services, governing across administrative boundaries etc) Kathmandu Valley
7 2. Change the way people move Transport accounts for 23% of global energyrelated CO2 emissions, and it s the fastest growing source of emissions in developing countries Integrate land use, housing and transport planning : focus on accessible cities for all Elimination of disabling environments, e.g. [ Invest in non motorized options: Hangzhou s bicycle scheme provides 60,000 bicycles through 2,411 rental stations and offers free rental for the first hour of use More affordable and relevant systems for poor & commuting populations
8 3. CHANGE THE WAY WE DESIGN & OPERATE BUILDINGS Improving the ecological performance of buildings Globally, buildings generate 40% of GHG emissions If future cities are designed on existing norms CO2 emissions from buildings will outpace global trends within a few decades We are currently locking in future costs for generations Improving the efficiency of buildings has a critical role in reducing energy generation Opportunities in greening building codes
9 LOOK FOR OPPORTUNITIES TO GREEN SLUM UPGRADING More than 30% of urban citizens in Asia Pacific live in slums, and the number of slum dwellers is increasing in many countries Opportunities through innovative slum upgrading in design, green spaces/gardens, use of low carbon building materials etc Opportunities to produce green & resilient building materials that are affordable to the poor (e.g. bamboo) Provide employment for the poor & sustainability partnerships with NGOs/ CBOs
10 4. CHANGE THE WAY WE PRODUCE, TRANSPORT & CONSUME ENEGRY Transition to a low carbon economy: fundamental change of energy systems There is an urgent need to decouple urbanization, economic growth, high energy consumption and growing carbon emissions Some success: Shanghai through compact city design has declining carbon intensity per capita; Seoul committed to reduce GHGs by 40% by 2030 through energy efficiency; Tokyo 10 year project for a Carbon Minus Tokyo through advanced energy saving measures & strict compliance
11 5. CHANGE THE WAY WATER RESOURCES ARE MANAGED Eco sustainable water infrastructure: an integrated approach in water infrastructure development to achieve ecological & economic efficiency Recent initiatives; Philippines, Indonesia Eco efficient water infrastructure requires a shift in policies, from piecemeal to integrated, and a shift in infrastructure design, from centralized single purpose to decentralized and multipurpose Urban planning and infrastructure planning needs to integrate water supply, rainwater harvesting, wastewater treatment and recycling and flood control measures Water needs to be costed into future development planning
12 Water Consumption Trends: Singapore Source: Singapore Department of Statistics 2007 and Tay, 2008.
13 6. CHANGE THE WAY SOLID WASTE IS MANAGED Solid waste increasing due to rapid urbanization & high consumption patterns 60 80% of urban solid waste is organic and its open dumping produces methane 90% of waste could be turned into a resource by composting, recycling, production of bio gas, RDF But current approaches focus on end of pipe approaches expensive to build and operate Local governments spend 30 40% of their budget on SWM with little/no revenue derived Decentralized Integrated Resource Recovery Centers example of addressing needs of small cities (livelihoods/composting/recycling) [ Solid waste generation (thousand tons/day) in middle income developing countries in Asia-Pacific
14 7. ADDRESS PATTERNS OF EXCLUSION: INVESTMENT IN PEOPLE IS THE NEXT DRIVER OF GROWTH Investment in social protection and social policy remains low across much of the region: targeted over universal systems 1.1 billion workers remain in vulnerable forms of employment: 45 85% of Asia Pacific s workforce Majority of new urban citizens work in the informal sector, obtain land & housing through informal markets Majority of women depend upon precarious/ vulnerable forms of employment: In India and Bangladesh over 90% of female workforce in the informal sector Migrant workers/ irregular migrants/floating populations rarely covered in emerging social protection systems
15 THE AGEING CHALLENGE Source: Prof. Steffen Lehmann, PPT for Citynet, 2013 Older persons will increase from 438 million in 2010 to 1.26 billion by 2050.
16 HOLISTIC & INTEGRATED PLANNING/ ACTION: Approaching cities as systems ESCAP, 2013 Source: Steffen Lehmann earch/clcframework.htm
17 Overcoming Barriers for Prosperous, Inclusive & Sustainable Cities & their Regions 8. Change the way Cities are Governed Existing institutions/policy frameworks require transformation /renewal: collaborative governance Shift from short term exploitation of natural/human capital to investment Challenges: financial & technological, also political, organizational & information Effective stakeholder engagement: municipal government, the private sector, CSOs/researchers/organizations Policy responses must consider impacts/relationships beyond urban boundaries & across sector silos Support mutually beneficial actions & policies for interdependent urban & rural areas
18 THANK YOU
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