LED it be: controlling plant production by LED Light Prof Dr Leo Marcelis

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Julius Gardner
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1 LED it be: controlling plant production by LED Light Prof Dr Leo Marcelis Chair group Horticulture & Product Physiology Wageningen University, Netherlands.

2 Area (ha) Power (W/m 2 ) Greenhouse horticulture: more light High pressure sodium lamps are still the standard Year Year Data from the Netherlands From: -Van der Knijff et al., Van der Velden & Smit : Preliminary estimate Van der Velden, Wageningen Economic Research (LEI)

3 Many new possibilities with LED Energy efficient: HPS: 1.8 mmol/j LED: up to ±3 mmol/j Spectrum Direction (position) Timing little heat radiation; no NIR High investment cost

4 LEDs opens opportunities for vertical farming Full control production process Limited area Anywhere Independent of environment Sustainable, but needs lot of electricity Guarantee on quantity and quality 2-3 times higher costs

5 Annual energy use (MJ m -2 ) Energy usage in greenhouse tomato Present situation Target Heating System (20%) Heating + Humidity Next Generation Cultivation Insulation Humidity Temperature 35% reduction Combined HPS Lamps (80%) Light Additional saving if LED reduces transpiration LED reduces fungal diseases higher humidity 60% reduction by LED 0 Energy Input Energy Usage Less light energy MJ m -2 extra heating Acknowledgement: Frank Kempkes

6 Annual energy use (MJ m -2 ) Annual energy use (MJ m -2 ) Energy usage in greenhouse tomato 3500 Present situation 3500 Target Heating System (20%) Heating + Humidity Combined HPS Lamps (80%) Light Heating System LED Lamps 0 Energy Input Energy Usage 0 Energy Input Acknowledgement: Frank Kempkes

7 Target of LED it be 50% programme Overall: 50% energy saving in greenhouses. Savings by smart use of LEDs: 60% less electricity for lamps (=48% energy) 30% efficiency lamp [already 40-60%) 30% efficiency light use by plant 5-6% energy saving by control of air humidity

8 30% higher light use efficiency (aim of LED-it-be programme with 8 PhD candidates and 3 Postdocs) 15% better light absorption (plant architecture, lamp position, spectrum) 10% higher photosynthesis 5% assimilate partitioning Humidity control: stomatal regulation, disease resistance

9 15% improvement light absorption Open crop architecture (long internodes & petioles) +10% crop photosynthesis Compact structure Open structure Sarlikioti, de Visser, Marcelis, 2011, Ann. Bot.

10 15% improvement light absorption Benefits of inter lighting: 1. Less light loss due to reflection to roof 2. Better vertical light distribution Interlighting Picture from Dueck et al.

11 15% improvement light absorption Inter lighting Promising, but further improvements needed: 1. Horizontal light distribution? 2. Changed leaf orientation? 3. Light on lower side of leaf? Trouwborst, van Ieperen et al

12 Net photosynthesis (mmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) Interlighting: How efficient is light on lower (abaxial) side of leaf? Adaxial Abaxial Incident PPFD (mmol m -2 s -1 ) Paradiso, Marcelis et al University of Naples Federico II

Effect of adding Far red to Red+Blue LEDs 0 50 112 150 End

13 Effect of adding Far red to Red+Blue LEDs End of Day mmol m -2 s -1 Far red Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished

14 Effect of adding Far red to Red+Blue LEDs End of Day mmol m -2 s -1 Far red Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished

Better light absorption by changing morphology?

(plasma lamp) in climate chamber Total intensity (100 mmol

$blue fraction low light interception high leaf$

15 Better light absorption by changing morphology? Example of blue light effects on morphology Solar spectrum (plasma lamp) in climate chamber Total intensity (100 mmol m -2 s -1 ) Blue LED 0-50% and % solar spectrum High blue fraction low light interception high leaf photosynthesis rate 0% Blue 5% Blue 30% Blue 50% Blue Kalaitzoglou et al., unpublished

Photosynthesis efficiency Relative qu 10% 0.

4 Spectrale effecten hangen af van bladkleur Rood 100% blad: anthocyaan

2 60% real sunlight artificial sunlight artificial shadelight Red leaf

16 Photosynthesis efficiency Relative qu 10% 0.6 improvement photosynthesis Spectral effects 0.4 Spectrale effecten hangen af van bladkleur Rood 100% blad: anthocyaan absorbeert groen licht, maar draagt niet bij aan fotosynthese 80% % real sunlight artificial sunlight artificial shadelight Red leaf Green leaf 40% 20% 0.0 Absorbed light 0% Wave length (nm) Wavelength (nm) Paradiso et al., 2011

Relative quantum yield Relative quantum 0.8 10% improvement photosynthesis Spectral effects smaller at canopy level 0.6 1.2 0.

17 Relative quantum yield Relative quantum % improvement photosynthesis Spectral effects smaller at canopy level Crop (modelled) real sunlight artificial sunlight artificial shadelight Single leaf (observed) Incident light Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Paradiso et al., 2011

18 Dynamic photosynthesis Response when lights are turned on. Faster at high CO 2 Kaiser et al., Ann. Bot (2016)

19 10% improvement photosynthesis Lighting at moments of high efficiency continuous monitoring photosynthesis

Models used for upscaling sensor info of a leaf to whole crop (Photosynthesis

20 Photosynthesis (mmol / m 2 leaf / s) Photosynthesis (mmol / m 2 floor / s) Plant sensors are available now. Models used for upscaling sensor info of a leaf to whole crop (Photosynthesis leaf is not equal to crop) leaf crop PAR (mmol m -2 s -1 ) PAR (mmol m -2 s -1 )

21 Dry mass (%) 5% improvement by better assimilate partitioning More fruits? Less leaves? Fruit Stem Leaf 0 Red Blue Red Blue Farred Yongran Ji et al., unpublished

22 Comparing 40 tomato genotypes under different light environments

23 Light spectrum affects growth and morphology (pictures from 1 genotype) Control 100%R 88R/12B 100%B Control Extra FR Ouzounis et al, unpublished

24 Total biomass (g) Total biomass Response of some genotypes Genotypes From: Ouzounis et al., Wageningen Univ.

25 Lesion area (mm 2 ) Ratio red to far red light may affect susceptibility for botrytis (tomato) a b 0 WL RB WL+FR RB+FR(30)RB+FR(50) 0 Treatment Far red light (mmol m -2 s -1 ) From: Courbier et al., Unpublished, Utrecht Univ.

to darkness higher vitamin C in five cultivars From: Ntagkas

26 L-Ascorbate (mg/100 g FW) Light on tomato fruit more vitamin C Dark Light Light (300 mmol m -2 s -1 ) compared to darkness higher vitamin C in five cultivars From: Ntagkas et al, unpublished Ntagkas et al acta Hort. 1134:

27 Post-harvest lighting Cut lettuce, after 5 days In darkness In light From: Ernst Woltering

28 Conclusions Light has many aspects Intensity Direction Spectrum Heat (energy) All plant processes in control Photosynthesis, growth, development Quality Disease Health related compounds Light should be in balance with other growth conditions

29 Thank you for your attention! Course on lighting: 7-9 Feb Feb 2018 Student Challenge Design the Ultimate Urban Greenhouse

Energy saving in greenhouses based on crop physiology Prof Dr Leo Marcelis

Energy saving in greenhouses based on crop physiology Prof Dr Leo Marcelis Chair Horticulture & Product Physiology Wageningen University, Netherlands. Leo.Marcelis@wur.nl Yield (kg m ² yr ¹ ) In greenhouses: