The future in sanitation is off the grid
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1 The future in sanitation is off the grid Dr Björn Vinnerås Assoc Prof Environmental Engineering Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
2 Situation today 160L per person & day Personal hygiene 60L Laundry 20L Dishwashing 30L Toilet flush 30L Drinking & Food 10L Other 10L Water usage Hygiene Dish Toilet Laundry Food Other
3 Waste hierarchy
4 Waste hierarchy
5 The waste hierarchy WWTP 6 Wastewater untreated
6 The waste hierarchy Water saving WWTP 6 Wastewater untreated
7 The waste hierarchy Water saving Sludge management WWTP 6 Wastewater untreated
8 Disconnect from grid? Telephone is disconnected Low / zero energy housing Low / zero water housing?
9 Off grid houses exist still linear Eco house Kathmandu Sustainable house Sydney Rainwater fed systems Water treatment and reuse for irrigation or ground water recharge Challenge Wastewater management
10 Internal water recycling Blue diversion water wall Orbital systems 5L water/shower 12L flow/min 60L water for personal hygiene is reduced to zero
11 Situation today 100L per person & day Personal hygiene 0L Laundry 20L Dishwashing 30L Toilet flush 30L Drinking & Food 10L Other 10L Water usage Dish Toilet Laundry Food Other
12 Laundry Deionised water washing- no detergents Easier to treat water Circular system Steaming of clothes LG system Xero polymer beads Small amount of water
13 Future sanitation 80L per person & day Personal hygiene 0L Laundry 0L Dishwashing 30L Toilet flush 30L Drinking & Food 10L Other 10L Water usage Dish Toilet Food Other
14 Dishwashing Water used as carrier CO 2 is an alternative Sand + air Patented method US A1 Sound + air Ultrasonic cleaning Ecocleaner Electrolux lab 2010
15 Future sanitation 50L per person & day Personal hygiene 0L Laundry 0L Dishwashing 0L Toilet flush 30L Drinking & Food 10L Other 10L Water usage Toilet Food Other
16 Toilet can we go dry from wet? Benefits of a flush toilet Flush & forget Someone else problem Instant local information of some misuse - blockages No feed back of other missusage - pollutants
17 Toilet can we go dry from wet? Benefits of a flush toilet Flush & forget Someone else problem Instant local information of some misuse - blockages No feed back of other missusage - pollutants
18 Toilet a dry system? Solid waste route? Infrastructure available Solid waste management Cassette system Information of misuse Excreta No visual contact No physical contact Faeces Urine
19 Toilet faecal management Faeces annually / person 50 kg wet weight 10 kg dry weight 2 kg ash Toilet paper / person 5 kg dry weight 0.5 kg ash Family of kg day 1 kg / week
20 Toilet urine system requirement Family of 4 50 L 1 week 2500 L 1 year
21 Alkaline dehydration FRESH URINE IN STABILISED URINE IN HOT AIR IN MOISTURE-LADEN AIR OUT ALKALINE DEHYDRATION BED
22 Effect of drying Liquid Urine 20 kg 0.6% N Dried Urine 1 kg >15% N 95 % VOLUME REDUCTION 25 times NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION >80% N RECOVERY 100% P RECOVERY 100% K RECOVERY
23 Drying potential
24 Drying potential
25 Toilet - urine 95% volume reduction 90% Nitrogen recovery Valuable product 15%N 1.5% P 5% K Final product Pellets Commercial NPK fertiliser 20-50% replacement
26 The new UD system Urine diversion Flush no flush Placed in toilet room No extra piping 0.25m 2 for family of 4 Final design not determined
27 Future sanitation 20L per person & day Personal hygiene 0L Laundry 0L Dishwashing 0L Toilet flush 0L Drinking & Food 10L Other 10L Water usage Food Other
28 Future sanitation 10L per person & day Personal hygiene 0L Laundry 0L Dishwashing 0L Toilet flush 0L Drinking & Food 10L Other 0L Water usage Food
29 Future sanitation 10L per person & day Personal hygiene 0L Laundry 0L Dishwashing 0L Toilet flush 0L Drinking & Food 10L Drinking 1-2L Other 0L Water usage Food Drinking
30 The future off the grid sanitation We will always need water 2-10 L with same standards as today Service level not specific wastewater products Key to go off grid! Internal circulation Dry sanitation Same service level as today
31 Where do we get the water from? Rain water Uppsala 500mm per year 7m 2 per person Condensed water Ventilation / AC Refrigerator Condensed urine water Bottled water
32 This image cannot currently be displayed. Added benefits Polluter pays Less corruption Build anywhere Flexible in size Household community Climate resilient
33 No need for network connections, neither electricity nor water, nor wastewater Next generation of housing is off the grid Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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