RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE

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2 RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE

3 Open pit coal mine

4 But coal's dwindling prospects (production dropped 16 percent between 2008 and 2013) reflect several main factors: the increasing weight of other environmental regulations, including new standards limiting mercury emissions and other toxic pollutants; the availability of cheap, relatively clean natural gas; steadily increasing energy efficiency, and the surging installations of renewable energy plants, especially wind and solar.

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7 The thickest and richest oil shale within the Green River formation is in northeast Utah but development there is limited by water availability. Shale oil extraction in Alberta, Canada

8 Carnotite is a bright to greenish yellow secondary mineral of vanadium and uranium. It occurs as crusts and flakes in sandstones.

9 Uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) powder is pressed into 30 gm pellets baked in an oil-fired furnace to form a ceramic material. NUCLEAR ENERGY

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11 The current fleet of electric power generators has a wide range of ages. The oldest power plants tend to be hydropower generators. Most coal-fired plants were built before There was a wave of nuclear plant construction from the late 1960s to about The most recent waves of generating capacity additions include natural gas-fired units in the 2000s and renewable units, primarily wind, coming online in the late 2000s.

12 The decision by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant, and to issue other regulations that could be a "train wreck" for coal-fired power plants. However, one of the greatest long-term threats to coal is not political, but economic. As described by the Congressional Research Service, the development of natural gas combined cycle technology in the 1990's offered an alternative, cost-effective way to generate electricity at lower cost than maintaining old coal-fired power plants. Even before the advent of the "train-wreck" rules, very few coal-fired plants were being built. Since 1990, more than 80% of new capacity has been natural gas-fired. These plants are highly efficient; they are cost-competitive with coal; and they emit no SO 2, no mercury, and no other hazardous air pollutants. Without scrubber sludge to manage, they also do not need to meet effluent guidelines. Natural gas-fired power plants also have an advantage with regard to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: for the same amount of electric generation, they emit only half the GHGs of coal-fired units.

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14 Oquirrh Mountain Utah

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18 Delano, California, USA, 17th February 2010: The Delano Energy Biomass facility owned and operated by Covanta is the largest in California and one of the largest in the United States. The Delano Biomass facility generates 50MW of carbon neutral electricity generated from renewable organic waste that would otherwise be dumped in landfills, openly burned, or left as fodder for forest fires.

19 The Delano Biomass facility, one of the largest in the United States, generates 50 MW of carbon neutral electricity from renewable organic waste that would otherwise be dumped in landfills, openly burned, or left as fodder for forest fires.

20 The element P extracted by marine organisms is precipitated from coastal upwelling P rich bottom water as a biochemical sedimentary phosphate rock called phosphorite when it contains at least 15% to 20% apatite group minerals on the basis of weight (as laboratory testing determines because their tiny particle sizes). Sylvite (KCl) is one of the last evaporite minerals to precipitate out of seawater. Massive bedded deposits occur in many evaporite deposits worldwide. Its principal use is as a potassium fertilizer.

21 Metamorphic nonmetallic minerals and uses Asbestos --- incombustible fibers Talc --- powder used in paints, cosmetics Graphite --- pencil lead, lubricant Hydrothermal minerals and uses Fluorite --- steel making, aluminum refining, glass

22 Renewable Energy

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37 D\Coastal Distribution of Tidal Phases

38 The highest tides in the world can be found in Canada at the Bay of Fundy, which separates New Brunswick from Nova Scotia. At some times of the year the difference between high and low tide in this Bay is 16.3 meters, taller than a three-story building. The Bay of Fundy s tides also cause tidal bores, rapids, and whirlpools.

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41 Types of Water Pollution

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46 Area of study

47 mph months

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49 (i.e. 1 turbine for 5 houses)

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51 [ Each turbine costs $11,597 to $14,232 So cost outlay for each house would be $2319 to $2846 ]