Why Renewable Energy?
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1 Wind Energy
2 Why Renewable Energy? o Clean, zero emissions onox, SO2, CO, CO2 oair quality, water quality oclimate Change oreduce fossil fuel dependence oenergy independence odomestic energy national security orenewable ono fuel-price volatility odomestic, local power
3
4 Renewable Energy: Sources for Electricity o Solar: PV and Thermal o Wind o Biomass/Landfill Gas o Hydropower (Rivers) o Geothermal o Hydro/Ocean: owaves oocean Currents otides
5 New U.S. Capacity by Energy Source
6 Total Installed Wind Power Capacity: Top 15 States
7 Source: GWEC
8 Utility-Scale Wind Turbine Manufacturing
9 Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity Source: AWEA
10 Megawatts of Installed Utility-Scale Wind Power as of December 31, 2007
11 Why such growth? Costs are low! 1979: 40 cents/kwh 2000: 4-6 cents/kwh Increased Turbine Size R&D Advances Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm 4 cents/kwh (unsubsidized) 2004: cents/kwh
12 Need to Change Perceptions
13 Modern Wind Turbines - Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.
14 Vertical Axis Turbines Advantages Omnidirectional Accepts wind from any angle Components can be mounted at ground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Overall poor performance and reliability
15 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines Types of Electricity Generating Wind Small ( 10 kw) Turbines Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) Intermediate ( kw) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power Large (250 kw - 2+MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power
16 Net Metering
17 Large Wind Turbines 328 base to blade Each blade 112 Span greater than tons total Foundation 20 deep Rated at 1.5 megawatt Supply at least 350 homes
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21 Off-Shore Windfarms Middelgrunden
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23 Wind Turbine Perspective Workers Blade 112 long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections
24 Relative height of tall human structures
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26 Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential B kwh/yr 1. North Dakota 1, Colorado Texas 1, New Mexico Kansas 1, Idaho 73 4.South Dakota 1, Michigan 65 5.Montana 1, New York 62 6.Nebraska Illinois 61 7.Wyoming California 59 8.Oklahoma Wisconsin 58 9.Minnesota Maine Iowa Missouri 52 B kwh/yr
27 Tax Credits No Federal Incentives for Small Wind Since 1985 Large Wind Supported with Production Tax Credit Recently Passed 3 Yr. Renewal in the 2005 Energy Policy Act State have varying levels of support NY 50%-75% Support ME 0% MA 20%-50%
28 Incentives for Wind Energy
29 Transmission Challenges 6.5 million customers 330+ generating units Over 8,000 miles of transmission lines 11 Interconnections 28,100 MW of capacity Peak demand: 22,544MW
30 Impacts & Issues Property Values Land Use Visual Noise Birds and other wildlife Property Values In-depth study The Effect of Wind Development on Local Property Values 25,000 property transactions In view shed of wind projects Compared to similar sites No evidence of reduced value full report:
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32 Impacts of Wind Power: Noise Modern turbines are relatively quiet Rule of thumb stay about 3x hub-height away from houses
33 Land Use Land conservation Planning: which areas are off-limits to roads/logging/wind turbines Primary impact is visual Net Impacts Primary impact is visual Well-sited wind power All other impacts dwarfed by benefits Balancing local impacts, global/regional benefits
34 Resources for this presentation: American Wind Energy Association KidWind National Renewable Energy Laboratory Energy Information Administration
Wind Energy for Educators. The Kidwind Project St. Paul, MN
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