REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN SRI LANKA

Transcription

1 REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPETS OMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN SRI LANKA 1. TITLE OF THE OOPERATION PROJET AND NAME OF THE PROJET PROPONENT 1.1 Project Title omprehensive study on Disaster Management in Sri Lanka 1.2 Project Proponent Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development Ministry of Housing and onstruction 2. OUTLINE OF THE PROJET AND THE LOATION 2.1 Project Outline - To formulate integrated flood management plans for selected river basins in the south-western region of Sri Lanka - To support establishing early warning and evacuation (EWE) systems - To support community based disaster management (BDM) activities - To strengthen capacity of organizations concerned 2.2 Location The study area covers entire country of Sri Lanka. The flood management planning covers four river basins, such as Kelani, Kalu, Gin and Nilwara, which are mainly in the Western Province and Southern Province. 2.3 List of ountermeasures for Four River Basins The countermeasures identified through the Study are divided into two categories, which are: 1) Short term measures: Measures planned to be implemented by the year 2015, which will be the target for the action plan, and 2) Mid long term measures: Measures planned to be implemented by the year 2030, which will be proposed in the master plan. In the study, firstly master plan will be formulated and secondly action plan which indicates detailed actions to be made will be formulated. Although both of short term measures and mid-long measures are examined in this report, environmental and social consideration for the short term measures will be examined more in detail considering the formulation of the action plan compared to mid long term measures. For the mid long term measures, more detailed examination, 1

2 particularly for those for dams will be required in the future, when the plans become more developed. The list of countermeasures are shown in the table below. River Short Term Measures Mid-Long Term Measures Kelani 1) Small-scale flood protection structures (flap and sluice gate, low flood bund etc.) 2) Heightening of roads to secure traffic during flood) 3) Bank protection at erodable section 1) Heightening of existing flood bund 2) onstruction of multi-purpose dam at upstream 3) onstruction of new flood bund Kalu 1) Small-scale flood protection structures (flap and sluice gate, low flood bund etc.) to protect agricultural land 2) Heightening of Roads to secure traffic during flood at Ratnapula area 3) onstruction of flood bund near confluence with Kuda Ganga Gin 1) Rehabilitation of existing Pumping Stations 2) Heightening of roads to secure traffic during flood. 3) Extension and rehabilitation of flood bund 4) onstruction of mound dike in unprotected area Nilwala 1) Rehabilitation of existing pumping station 2) Heightening of roads to secure the traffic during flood 3) Extension and rehabilitation of flood bund 4) onstruction of mound dike in unprotected area 1) onstruction of multi-purpose dam at upstream of Ratnapula area 2) onstruction of bypass floodway at Ratnapula area 3) onstruction of flood bund at Kalutala area 1) onstruction of multi-purpose dam 2) onstruction of Jetty 3) onstruction of salinity barrier 1) onstruction of multi-purpose dam 2) onstruction of Jetty 3) onstruction of bypass hannel 4) River training works 3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 Introduction An Environmental Impact Assessment ensures that possible environmental impacts caused by various project activities of a proposed developmental project are identified at the planning stages itself and are taken into consideration. An Environmental Impact Assessment also evaluates potential alternatives to the proposed project in order to select the best possible alternative to meet the project objectives and assists the project planners to make decisions that are based on understanding the environmental consequences of the project and on ways to minimize these damages. In Sri Lanka, environmental protection and management is governed by the National Environmental Act No.47 of 1980 (NEA) which was enacted in 1980 and subsequently amended in 1988 (Amendment Act No.56). The entral Environmental 2

3 Authority (EA), the primary agency in charge of implementing the regulations of the NEA was established in 1981 through the Part IV of the statute entitled Approval of Projects of the NEA. This part was later on amended by Act no 53 of The Act No 56 requires that development projects as prescribed by the Minister in charge of the subject of Environment and as given in the NEA receive environmental clearance prior to been approved for implementation. In addition the NEA also states the Agencies who are authorized to evaluate the project for compliance with regulations as Project Approving Agencies PAA. The list of PAA as prescribed by the Minister under Section 23 Y of the NEA in Gazette Extra Ordinary No/ 978/ 13 of 4 th June The EA helps PAAs to performance its functions with respect to the EIA process through an EIA/PAA Inter-Agency ommittee, which is convened by the EA and established under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Ministry in charge of the subject of Environment. The PAAs are required to establish their own procedures to match its organization and its needs. Each PAA is required to establish an EIA cell and an EIA oversight committee chaired by the head of that organization within the organization for the purpose. For each project requiring an environmental clearance the PAA is required to form a temporary Technical Evaluation ommittee (TE) comprising of technical level people charged with all technical aspects of the EIA process. This committee is expected to prepare a report, TE Report which will be used for decision making. Members from the EIA oversight committee, experts from within the PAA, others from governmental agencies, NGOs, academic institutions, and elsewhere who have no conflict of interest with the preparation of the EIA by the PP are generally appointed to this committee. This committee is chaired by a member of the EIA cell of the PAA and all the findings of the technical evaluations are communicated by the committee to the Oversight committee. In addition the TE also serves as a monitoring arm to ensure compliance with EIA mitigation/ monitoring requirements. The procedures that should be followed and the applicable regulations to achieve the EIA requirements of the NEA is given under the Section 23 of the NEA. The responsibility for implementing the above provisions provided in the NEA lies with the EA. The EA itself is named as a PAA and any other agency appointed as the PAA for a specific project has to get the concurrence of the EA for its decision. Depending on the significance of the possible environmental impacts the assessments required are of two levels, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or an EIA. PAAs generally determine the significance of the likely impacts based on both the context and intensity of the possible impacts. The contexts are the impact on the nation as a whole, impacts on a particular region or type of activity, and impacts on a specific community. The intensity of the impact refers to the severity, magnitude or nature of the likely impacts. Whereas an Initial Environmental Evaluation Report (IEER) is a report that assesses the possible impacts of a prescribed project for their significance and identifies mitigation measures and recommendations, an Environmental Assessment Report (EIAR) is a more comprehensive document where alternatives to the proposed project 3

4 are identified and the alternative with the least environmental impacts is assessed and mitigatory measures for this option are recommended. 3.2 Procedure for ompliance with NEA regulations Fig 3.1 schematically shows the sequential steps of complying with the EIA regulations as stated in the NEA. Step 1 Request for Preliminary Information As the fist step of the EIA process the lead agency of the project or the Project Proponent (PP) is required to submit to EA the preliminary information (PI) on the proposed project as early as possible. The required information includes a description of the nature, location and possible impacts of the proposed project. EA has prepared hecklists and questionnaires for general as well as specific project categories to collect this information. A general survey form is given in Annex 1.1. In certain instances EA requires these information to be supplemented by location maps and other details. The preliminary information thus supplied helps the PAA decide whether the project requires to undergo a detailed EIA or whether an IEE is sufficient. In some cases the PI submitted is adequate by itself to serve as an IEE provided it is comprehensive. That decision is taken by the PAA. Once the PI is submitted to the PAA the PAA reviews it for adequacy and if found adequate acknowledges the receipt of the information in writing to the PP within 6 days. If on the other hand the information is found inadequate the PAA will inform of that to the PP as early as possible Step 2 Scoping Once adequate PI is submitted to the PAA a Scoping Exercise is conducted to determine the scope of issues to be addressed and to identify significant issues related to a proposed action. Scoping process involves participation of all concerned agencies (responsible for wildlife, health, water, land use, tourism etc.), the PP and other stakeholders. After the scoping exercise the PAA determines whether the project requires an IEE or an EIA; If it is an IEE whether the information already supplied suffice as an IEE; the scope of the significant issues to be analysed in the assessment report; reasonable alternatives that should be further investigated in the assessment and issues which need not be studied in detail since previous studies already contain these information. The main outcome of scoping is the Terms of Reference for the IEE/EIA. Scoping also gives the format of the report to be submitted, sets page limits for the assessment report, set schedules and necessary time periods and identifies categories of expertise required. Step 3 Report Preparation Upon receipt of the TOR the PP appoints a team of consultants to conduct the environmental assessment according to the requirements of the TOR and prepare the assessment report which is submitted to the PAA who will evaluate it through its TE 4

5 for adequacy. If found to be not adequate further information will be requested for and once the PAA is satisfied as to the adequacy of the report it will be open for the commenting process. Step 4 ommenting Process EIA process in Sri Lanka involves the public at this stage by opening the assessment report for public comments. This is a mandotary requirement in the cases of EIA, whereas in the cases of IEE it is not so. The NEA specifies that a notice of availability of the EIA report for public review must be inserted in one Sinhala, Tamil, and English newspaper, as well as the Government Gazette. The document is open for public review for thirty days. Upon receipt of the public comments the PAA decides whether the case warrants a public hearing. The public comments received during the thirty day period are sent to the project proponent for their response. The possible responses by the PP may include: modification of alternatives and mitigation measures; develop new alternatives; supplement, improve or modify the EIA analysis; make factual corrections and/or explain why the comments are not justifiable. The final statement of EIA should include all substantive comments received on the draft EIA report. Step 5 Decision Making The PAA, in concurrence with the EA, shall grant approval for the project subject to specified conditions or refuse to approve the project giving reasons for doing so. If the clearance is rejected the PP can appeal the decision to the Secretary of the Ministry of the Environment. A member of the public who has grievance about the decision regarding environmental clearance can seek an appeal in only in the court. The approval must include appropriate mitigation conditions and must establish the monitoring processes and monitoring responsibilities of public/ private agencies. Step 6 Monitoring The EIA process continues through project implementation by way of monitoring of project environment and compliance to approval conditions. 5

6 Preliminary Information(PI) Scoping IEE required IEE or EIA? EIA required PI accepted as IEE No Set TOR Set TOR Preparation of IEE Report Preparation of EIA Report Public Notice Yes Adequacy of Report Forward omments to Project Proponent(PP) No Further Information Public Notice Response to omments by PP Forward omments to Project Proponent(PP) Decision? Response to omments by PP Approved with onditions Not Approved Decision? Notice to Public Appeal Approved with onditions Not Approved Notice to Public Appeal Figure 3.1 Environmental Assessment Process in Sri Lanka Source: Guidance for Implementing the Environmental Impact Assessment Process No 1: A general guide for Project Approving Agencies (EA: 1998) 6

7 3.3 JIA Guidelines for Environmental and Social onsiderations For projects considered by JIA for its clearance guidelines for environmental and social considerations are given by JIA. According to these guidelines projects are categprized into three according to the extent of environmental and social impacts. The ategorization takes into consideration the outline of the project, the scale, the site condition, and the environmental impact assessment scheme in the host country. The categories are: ategory A: Projects which are likely to cause significant adverse, complicated, unprecedented impacts which are difficult to assess, irreversible, and wide range of impacts on the environment and society fall into this category. Projects requiring a detailed environment impact assessment by environmental laws and the standards of the recipient governments also belong to ategory A. ategory A also includes in principle projects in sensitive sectors (i.e., characteristics that are liable to cause adverse environmental impact) and projects located in or near sensitive areas. ategory B: Projects under this category are liable to cause less adverse impacts on the environment and society than ategory A projects and are generally site-specific. Most are not irreversible and in general normal mitigation measures are adequate. ategory : These projects are likely to have only minimal or little adverse impacts on the environment and society. JIA conducts EIA-level environmental and social considerations studies including a monitoring plan, an institutional arrangement, and mitigation measures to avoid, minimize or compensate for adverse impacts in line with the TOR and in collaboration with the recipient governments for ategory A projects. For ategory B projects in accordance with the TOR, JIA conducts IEE-level environmental and social considerations studies in which are analyzed alternatives including a without project situation. JIA Guidelines requires that projects considered by them must comply with laws, ordinances and standards relating to environmental and social considerations established by the governments that have jurisdiction over the project site. Since the Sri Lanka government has own EIA system the proposed projects will be subjected to obtain environmental certificate under NEA. 3.4 Necessity of EIA and support for ES through this Study The procedures for EIA in Sri Lanka aims to evaluate actual projects, in order to provide clearance together with required measures to mitigate its environmental 7

8 impacts. In this regard, provisions for assessing the formulation of master plans are not indicated in the framework of EIA. In regard of the Flood Management Plan, there is a possibility of some activities having involuntary resettlement of 100 households or more, deforestation of 1 ha or more, or activities in protected areas. If such conditions are applied, these activities will be required to undergo the EIA procedures. Decisions on the requirements of EIA are made among individual projects based on Preliminary Information (PI) submittal to the PAAs. It is difficult to specify activities in the Flood Management Plan requiring EIA at the point of the Study, where details of the activities are not determined. Therefore, support for ES through this Study shall be up to the level of PI preparation and proposal of necessary measures for mitigating the negative impacts of the activities in the Flood Management Plan. Furthermore, the results of ES shall be shared among relevant agencies through explanation at meetings to share the results of the Study. However, further consultation with public shall be done at the stage of EIA procedures based on the legislative framework of Sri Lanka. 8

9 4. ATEGORIZATION AND ITS REASON As result of examinations for environmental and social considerations, the activities to be carried out under the action plan are categorized into ategory B. The main reasons for this categorization are as follows. - The study aims to improve the general hydraulic situation in the study area, solving problems of flood hazards. - With appropriate countermeasures, the activities carried out under the Action Plan are not expected to have large and irreversible negative impact to the environment and society. - However, there is a possibility to take some adverse impacts represented by involuntary resettlement and local economy such as employment and livelihood which cannot be neglected. - Detailed studies for environmental and social considerations shall be carried out for mid long term measures indicated in the Master Plan at the time when plans are further developed. 5. SOPING (ADVERSE IMPATS AND ENVISIONED MITIGATION MEASURES AND ALTERNATIVES) 5.1 : Scoping Using JIA s Format Following is findings from scoping on the impacts arising from the general project and from each project specifically. Table 5.1. Scoping for proposed flood control measures (for all 4 rivers- Kelani, Kalu, Gin & Nilwala) No Item Evaluation* Reason Social Environment 1. Involuntary Resettlement B The actions to be implemented in the action plan are not expected to involve large numbers of resettlement. However, the possibility of resettlement for a limited number remains for activities such as heightening of roads, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, multi purpose dam and bypass channel at Ratnapula area 2. Local economy such as employment and livelihood, etc. 3. Land use and utilization of local resources B onstruction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds are expected to have influence on access to economic activities in the rivers such as small ferries and fisheries. Multi purpose dam and bbypass channel at Ratnapula area may have influence by reduction of agricultural land. Heightening of roads may also affect livelihood of a limited number of local shopkeepers if their shops are to be relocated. However, this issue shall be regarded together with Involuntary resettlement. onstruction of mound dike in waterways may influence fisheries resources in the rivers. In such case, local residents dependant on fresh water fisheries may be negatively effected. 9

10 4. Social institutions such as social infrastructure and local decision-making institutions 5. Existing social infrastructures and services 6. The poor, indigenous and ethnic people 7. Misdistribution of benefit and damage D The activities to be implemented under the action plan are not expected to influence social infrastructure and local decision-making bodies. Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may influence access of conventional transportation services that operate in the rivers (small cargo / passenger boats, etc). In general, activities to be implemented under the action plan are not expected to influence a specific ethnic group. However, heightening of roads, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds and multi purpose dam may influence the poor through the occurrence of involuntary resettlement. Heightening of roads and construction of new flood bunds may worsen the stagnation of floodwater in areas inside of the bunds or those particularly with insufficient drainage. 8. ultural heritage Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may influence cultural heritage if any are located in the area of construction. 9. Local conflict of interests Heightening of roads may worsen the stagnation of floodwater in areas particularly with insufficient drainage. This may lead to conflicts of between communities upstream and downstream of the heightened roads. 10. Water Usage or Water Rights and Rights of ommon Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds and salinity barrier may limit the access of people to public water surfaces. 11. Sanitation Heightening of roads may worsen the stagnation of floodwater in areas particularly with insufficient drainage. Bypass channel at Ratnapula area may produce new marshes near to the bypass. This may lead to vector borne diseases. 12. Hazards (Risk) Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS Small scale flood protection structures, extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds and salinity barrier may result in increased intensity of floods if they are not designed / constructed / managed appropriately. 13. Gender Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, and salinity barrier may limit the access of people to public water surfaces. In regard that activities such as washing are conventionally obligated to women, this may increase the burden of women. Natural Environment 14. Topography and Geographical features Heightening of roads and bypass channel at Ratnapula area may have negative impacts to important topographical / geological sites depending on its scale and location. 15. Soil Erosion Though bank protection is considered to be one of the activities in the Plan, construction of new flood bunds may affect its downstream areas by changing the direction of flow. 16. Ground Water D There are no activities concerning groundwater extraction, or use of toxic materials that may affect groundwater quality. 17. Hydrological Situation Heightening of roads and construction of new flood bunds may worsen the stagnation of floodwater in areas particularly with insufficient drainage. 18. oastal Zone Facilities such as Extension / rehabilitation of flood 10

11 19. Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity bunds, Rehabilitation of pumping station, construction of mound dyke, jetty and salinity barrier may have impact on the important ecosystems in the costal zones through the change in river flow, depending on its location. onstruction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, Small-scale flood protection, heightening of roads, multi purpose dam, bypass channel at Ratnapula area, jetty, salinity barrier and river training works may influence the ecosystem through the change of flood conditions or by reduction / dividing of habitat. 20. Meteorology D There are no activities that may affect the meteorology. 21. Landscape Heightening of roads and multi purpose dam may affect the landscape depending on its scale and location. Other infrastructure are in line with existing factors consisting the current scenery, thus is not expected to largely effect the landscape. 22. Global Warming D There are no activities with constant emission of green house substances. Pollution 23. Air Pollution Heightening of roads, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, bank protection, rehabilitation of pumping station, construction of mound dyke, multi purpose dam, bypass channel at Ratnapula area, jetty, salinity barrier and river training works may have temporary impact during construction depending on its scale and location. 24. Water Pollution Small scale flood protection, bank protection, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, construction of mound dikes, multi purpose dam, jetty, salinity barrier and river training works may temporarily cause turbulence in the rivers during construction. 25. Soil ontamination D There are no activities concerning the use of toxic materials that may lead to soil contamination. 26. Waste Multi purpose dam and bypass channel at Ratnapul area may have impact due to occurrence of residual soils. 27. Noise and Vibration Heightening of roads, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, bank protection, rehabilitation of pumping station, construction of mound dyke, multi purpose dam, bypass channel at Ratnapula area, jetty, salinity barrier and river training works may have temporary impact during construction depending on its scale and location. 28. Ground Subsidence D There are no activities concerning large scale extraction of groundwater or excavation of deep grounds. 29. Offensive Odor D There are no activities that may relate to the generation of offensive odor. 30. Bottom sediment River training works may disturb bottom sediments in protected areas depending on its scale and location 31. Accidents D There are no activities that will directly raise the possibility of accidents. The operation of pumping station will concern operation of large machineries, but this is an existing facility operated by skilled personnel. *ategory of evaluation: A: Significant negative impact expected B: onsiderable negative impact expected : Minor negative impact / possibility of negative impact depending on further planning D: No or negligible negative impact 11

12 5.2 Mitigation Measures Envisioned Mitigation Measures can be summarized in Table 5.2 Table 5.2 : Envisioned Mitigation Measures Item Evaluation * Possible Negative Impact Measures for Prediction Envisioned Measures for Mitigation Involuntary Resettlement B Possibility of resettlement for a limited number remains for activities such as heightening of roads and construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds - ollect population data local communities - onduct on-site socioeconomic survey for living conditions - Examine legislation for Resettlement - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households Local economy such as employment and livelihood, etc. B onstruction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds are expected to influence small ferries and fisheries. Heightening of roads may affect livelihood of local shopkeepers - ollect population / economic data - onduct on-site socioeconomic survey for economic activities and income - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds Land use and utilization of local resources onstruction of mound dike in waterways may influence fisheries resources in the rivers. - ollect information on fisheries resources - onduct on-site survey on usage of fisheries resources - Installation of fish paths on mound dikes. - Monitoring of fisheries resources Existing social infrastructure and services Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may influence access of conventional transportation services (small cargo / passenger boats, etc). - onduct on-site survey on usage of water transport - Avoid impact on economic activities by selecting location of structures with minimum influence - Install small piers for local fishing boats and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds The poor, indigenous and ethnic people Heightening of roads and construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may influence the poor through involuntary resettlement. - ollection on existing statistics and reviews on the situation of poverty - onduct on-site socioeconomic survey livelihood and economic situation - Avoid resettlement by selecting location of structures with minimum influence - Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan with necessary considerations for the process of resettlement and support for the resettled households Misdistribution of benefit and damage Heightening of roads may worsen the stagnation of floodwater in areas with insufficient drainage. - ollect information on previous flood control projects local communities - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. ultural heritage Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may influence cultural heritage if any located in - ollect information on location and status of cultural heritages - Avoid construction at locations of important cultural sites 12

13 construction area. cultural heritages with legal stratus - onsider detours for cultural sites at stage of detailed design. Local conflict of interests Heightening of roads may worsen the stagnation and lead to conflicts of between communities upstream and downstream of the heightened roads. - ollect information on previous flood control projects local communities - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. Water usage or water rights and rights of common Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may limit the access of people to public water surfaces. - ollect information on fisheries resources - onduct on-site survey on usage of fisheries resources - Installation of fish paths on mound dikes. - Monitoring of fisheries resources Sanitation Heightening of roads and Bypass channel at Ratnapula area may lead to vector borne diseases - ollect information on previous flood control projects local communities - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. Hazards (risks), infectious diseases such as HIV / AIDS Small scale flood protection structures and extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may result in increased intensity of floods. - ollect information on previous flood control projects local communities - onduct detailed hydrological studies at design stage. - Plan and execute appropriate operation and maintenance works of facilities Gender Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds may limit the access of women to waters for water collection and washing - ollect information on Gender issues - onduct on-site survey on daily activities carried out by women Install small platform for water collection / washing and paths to access water surfaces on the flood bunds Topography and Geographical features Heightening of roads and bypass channel at Ratnapula area may have negative impacts to important topographical / geological - ollection of information on important topographical / geological sites local communities - Avoid structure on important topographical / geological sites at the extent possible - onsideration on scale of structure Soil Erosion onstruction of new flood bunds may affect its downstream areas by changing the direction of flow - ollect information on previous flood control projects - Implementation of bank protection works in combination with flood bunds Hydrological situation Heightening of roads may worsen the stagnation of floodwater in areas particularly with insufficient drainage. - ollect information on previous flood control projects local communities - Installation of culverts and other drainage facilities where required. ostal zone Extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, Rehabilitation of pumping station, construction of mound dyke, jetty and salinity barrier may have impact on the important ecosystems in the costal zones through the change in river flow. - ollect information on protected areas and species protected areas and important habitats - Review the location of areas with possible changes in hydrology and those of protected areas - Avoid construction at locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - onsider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems Flora, fauna onstruction / extension / - ollect information on - Avoid construction at 13

14 and biodiversity rehabilitation of flood bunds and Small-scale flood protection may change of flood conditions. Heightening of roads may divide habitats. protected areas and species protected areas and important habitats - Review the location of areas with possible changes in hydrology and those of protected areas locations within protected areas or areas likely to largely influence protected areas - onsider alternative habitats where construction in most important areas are inevitable - Monitoring of important ecosystems Landscape Heightening of roads and multi purpose dam may affect the landscape depending on its scale and location. Air Pollution Heightening of roads, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, bank protection, rehabilitation of pumping station, construction of mound dyke, multi purpose dam, bypass channel at Ratnapula area, jetty, salinity barrier and river training works may have temporary impact during construction Water pollution Small scale flood protection, bank protection, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds and construction of mound dikes may cause temporarily turbulence Waste Multi purpose dam and bypass channel at Ratnapul area may have impact due to occurrence of residual soils. - Site reconnaissance on conventional structures consisting the landscape - ollection of existing data - Overlay of construction works with local communities - ollect information on water quality of major rivers - Examine possible methods for construction flood protection facilities - Rough calculation of residual soils in regard of structure scale and relevant activities - onsideration on type and design of structure - onsideration of vegetation cover on structure - onsideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites - Apply methods to minimize turbulence (block water with sheet piles during construction, works in dry season, etc.) - Appropriate treatment of residual soils Noise and Vibration Heightening of roads, construction / extension / rehabilitation of flood bunds, bank protection, rehabilitation of pumping station, construction of mound dyke, multi purpose dam, bypass channel at Ratnapula area, jetty, salinity barrier and river training works may have temporary impact during construction - ollection of existing data - Overlay of construction works with local communities - onsideration of low pollution type construction machines - Appropriate management of construction sites Bottom sediment *ategory of evaluation: River training works may disturb bottom sediments in protected areas depending on its scale and location - ollect information on protected areas protected areas - Selection of construction method A: Significant negative impact expected B: onsiderable negative impact expected : Minor negative impact / possibility of negative impact depending on further planning D: No or negligible negative impact 14

15 5.3 : Alternatives The alternatives to project are given below 1) No Implementation of the Flood Management Plan The Flood Management Plan to be prepared in the Study includes both structural and non structural measures to mitigate flood damages, which are serious constraints for the socio-economical development of the country, needless to mention its effect on human health and livelihoods. In order to improve this situation, some kind of action must be taken, whether it shall have a negative impact on environment and society or not. In this regard, adoption of the No Implementation alternative is regarded to be irrational and unrealistic. 2) Implementation of Non Structural Measures The Flood Management Plan is expected to include non structural measures including flood forecasting and early warning systems, as well as measures through community activities. Such measures are expected to have significant positive impact on the damage of floods to human lives, which should be regarded as the most important aspects of flood management. On the other hand, the effect of non structural measures are limited against the damage to social infrastructures, including the foundation for economic activities such as farmlands, since it neither directly prevent the occurrence of floods not mitigate its impact. Damage on social infrastructures is an obstruction for the local residents to recover to their normal life, and therefore, additional measures to directly cope with flood damage should be considered up to a certain extent. 3) Implementation of All Activities in the Flood Management Plan The complete Flood Management Plan will comprehensively cover a variety of structural and non structural measures. Structural measures will include from small sluice gates to large multi purpose dams. Implementation of all activities in the Flood Management Plan will realize maximum effect on mitigating flood damage. However, the effect of individual measures for flood management and their potential negative impacts to the environment and society are expected to vary significantly. Among adoption of this alternative, such negative as well as positive impacts should be carefully examined. This will require further examination on ES. 4) Implementation of Selected Measures in the Flood Management Plan This alternative will be regarded as a compromise between the above alternatives of 2) and 3). Implementation of non structural measures will be promoted, while structural measures will be selected based on their effect on flood management, potential negative impacts, and the necessity of the measure in regard of the current situations of the Study Area. Similarly to the Implementation of all activities, all measures should be further examined to determine whether they shall be implemented or not. 15

16 Annex 1.1 Scoping Matrix (Short Term Measures) Application Kelani Kalu Gin Nilwala No Environmental Items Structural Measures Evaluation Small Scale Flood Protection Structures Heightening of Roads Bank Protection Flood Bund near conflulence of Kuda ganga Rehabilitation of Pumping Station Extension and Rehabilitation of Flood Bund onstruction of Mound Dike Social Environment 1 Involuntary Resettlement B D B D B D B D 2 Local economy such as employment and livelihood, etc. B D D B D B D 3 Land use and utilization of local resources D D D D D D 4 Social institutions such as social infrastructure and local D D D D D D D D decision-making institutions 5 Existing social infrastructures and services D D D D D D 6 The poor, indigenous and ethnic people D D D D 7 Misdistribution of benefit and damage D D D D D D 8 ultural heritage D D D D D 9 Local conflict of interests D D D D D D 10 Water Usage or Water Rights and Rights of ommon D D D D D D 11 Sanitation D D D D D D 12 Hazards (Risk) Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS D D D D 13 Gender D D D D D Natural Environment 14 Topography and Geographical features D D D D D D D 15 Soil Erosion D D D D D D D D 16 Groundwater D D D D D D D D 17 Hydrological Situation D D D D D D 18 oastal Zone D D D 19 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity D D 20 Meteorology D D D D D D D D 21 Landscape D D D D D D 22 Global Warming D D D D D D D D Pollution 23 Air Pollution D D 24 Water Pollution D D 25 Soil ontamination D D D D D D D D 26 Waste D D D D D D D D 27 Noise and Vibration D D 28 Ground Subsidence D D D D D D D D 29 Offensive Odor D D D D D D D D 30 Bottom sediment D D D D D D D D 31 Accidents D D D D D D D D 16

17 Annex 1.2 Scoping Matrix (Mid - Long Term Measures) Application Kelani Kalu Gin Nilwala No Environmental Items Structural Measures Evaluation Heigtning of Existing Flood Bund Multi-purpose Dam onstruction of New Flood Bund Bypass hannel at Ratnapula area Jetty Salinity Barrier River Training Works Social Environment 1 Involuntary Resettlement B B B B B D D D 2 Local economy such as employment and livelihood, etc. B B B D B D 3 Land use and utilization of local resources B D B D D D D D 4 Social institutions such as social infrastructure and local D D D D D D D D decision-making institutions 5 Existing social infrastructures and services D D D D D D 6 The poor, indigenous and ethnic people D D D D 7 Misdistribution of benefit and damage D D D D D D 8 ultural heritage D D D D D D 9 Local conflict of interests D D D D D D D D 10 Water Usage or Water Rights and Rights of ommon D D D D 11 Sanitation D D D D D D 12 Hazards (Risk) Infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS D D D D 13 Gender D D D D Natural Environment 14 Topography and Geographical features D D D D D D 15 Soil Erosion D D D D D D 16 Groundwater D D D D D D D D 17 Hydrological Situation D D D D D D 18 oastal Zone D D D D D 19 Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity 20 Meteorology D D D D D D D D 21 Landscape D D D D D D 22 Global Warming D D D D D D D D Pollution 23 Air Pollution 24 Water Pollution D 25 Soil ontamination D D D D D D D D 26 Waste D D D D D 27 Noise and Vibration 28 Ground Subsidence D D D D D D D D 29 Offensive Odor D D D D D D D D 30 Bottom sediment D D D D D D 31 Accidents D D D D D D D D 17