for Environmental and Resource Management

Transcription

1 Application of Material Flow Analysis for Environmental and Resource Management Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management Material Flow Analysis of human metabolism

2 Input does not equal Output: where is the difference? Fluxes of Goods through Households activity input output stock sewage off gas solid residues [t/c.y] [t/c.y] [t/c] to nourish 5,7 0,9 4,7 0,1 < 0,1 to clean ,02 0,1 to reside , to transport , total ,

3 Material flow analysis MFA systems boundary B A C s+δs D Objectives of MFA 1. Tool to set priorities, to support decisions, and to design products, processes and systems for: environmental management waste management resource management 2. Supports implementation of measures because: standard approach (handbook) guarantees transparency

4 MFA of regional lead flows and stocks [t/y] lead [t/y] import 340 Δ stock ~ export 280 surface water 0.6 consumer goods 7 used cars household 1.6 atmosphere forest agricult. urban soil soil area river 0.14 WWTP 0.9 sewer landfill ~ industry surface water 2 filter residue and construction iron >270 >330 regional boundary MSW 5.6 MFA of regional phosphorous flows and stocks [t/y] import = 230 t/a stock t/a export = 170 t/a phosphorous [t/a] atmosphere meat, milk, eggs 30 animal feedstock 45 animals 100 fertilizer agr. soil plant cultivation cereals vegetables, fruits 24 surface water river 13 surface water wwtp? landfill food cleaners 17 private hh 17 industrial products >61 38 sewer 21? industry food >40

5 MFA for priority setting, ex. phosphorous Industrial 5 Agriculture 1 processing/ 0.4 distribution Private household Agricultural Production Sewage and wastes wastes MSW Phosphorus flow [kg/capita/year] 9/15 Plastic Flows and Stocks in Austria [kt/y1994] IMPORT kt/y STOCK kt/y kt/y) EXPORT kt/y raw material primary production stock: 40 intermediate products duro- and polymers manufacturing stock: plastic products duro- and polymers 850 plastic products intermediate products plastic products consumption Einsatz 530 stock: production wastes regranulate 720 wastes wastes wastes 11 collection, 12 transport, sorting stock: wastes 71 wastes 590 wastes regranulate recycling energy landfills 26 recovery residues stock: 0 stock: 0 stock: off gas Source: R. Fehringer, P.H.Brunner 1998 system boundary "Austria"

6 Additives in Plastics Material total consumption packaging material total stock in kt 1994 in kt 1994 in kt 1994 Plastics 1, ,100 Softeners Ba/Cd- stabilizers Pb-stabilizers Fire retardants Partitioning of cadmium contained in waste plastic Plastic recycling MSW incineration Recycling plastic 73 % Flue gas <1 % E-Filter dust 92 % 100 % CADMIUM Residue I 14 % Residue II 2 % Sludge 1 % Residue III 10 % 100 % CADMIUM Waste water <1 % Filter cake <1 % Bottom ash 8 %

7 MFA of MSW incineration 77 % offgas 100 % MSW 17 % water 60 % organic substances 23 % inorganic substance 2,5 % filter residue Quelle: Brunner, Mönch (1996) 20,5 % bottom ash Final Storage Landfills groundwater

8 MFA as a tool to support decisions in waste management MSW view Consumption Packaging ordinance view Consumption Incineration Landfill Recycling Incineration Landfill Total waste management view Materials management view 1150 Consumption Recycling Incineration Landfill Consumption Recycling Incineration Landfill +600 MFA to determine waste composition production products consumption waste waste treatment waste treatment products 2a 2b a 2b 3 direct analysis analysis by market research household statistics analysis of waste treatment products

9 Example for indirect analysis: MFA of glass in Switzerland 1985 consumption n(100%) 44,1 kg/ /c.a 24,4 kg glas/c.a (55%) 350 kg MSW -> 70 g glass/kg MSW 1985 recycling (45%) 19,7 kg/c.a Indirect analysis: MFA of paper in Austria [kg/c.a] waste paper 191 waste paper recycling 118 production consumption 179 Austria 1996 municipal solid waste 48 industry 81 household 50 libraries, archives, etc.? export 13 waste paper 131 Data: Austrian Paper Industry, 1996

10 MFA of glass in Switzerland 2000 [kg/c.a] import primary raw materials 14 production 2.7 trade consumpt. 30 & distribution stock refilling 2.8 waste other use collection 27 system boundary "Switzerland" MFA of glass in Austria 2000 [kg/c.a] import primary raw materials 17 production trade consumpt. 38 & distribution stock refilling waste 5.6 export 12 collection other use 4.8 system boundary "Austria"

11 Indirect analysis: Chlorine content of MSW food table salt PVC per capita consumption [kg/c.a] 500 ~5 (1-10) 16 discarded in MSW load in MSW Cl-content Cl-load contribution to MSW total Cl in MSW [%] [kg/c.a] [g Cl/kg] [g Cl/c.a] [g Cl/kg] ~ ~ [g Cl/kg] MSW incineration P.H. Brunner Incineration Plant Spittelau

12 Monitoring Waste Composition FURNACE BOILER ESP FLUE GAS CLEANING DENOX Off-gas MSW Scrap Metal H 2 O Boiler Ash Bottom Ash WASTE WATER TREATMENT Waste Water ESP-Ash Water Alkaline Process Water Acidic Process Water ESP... electrostatic precipitator Filter Cake Source: SGP-VA Partitioning of Cadmium in waste incineration fluegas <1g MSW 1000 g Cadmium ESP dust g bottom ash 80+20g waste water <1g filter cake <10g

13 Waste composition measured on Spittelau incinerator 20.0 Cd Concentration [mg/kg] Feb 00 Mrz 00 Apr 00 Mai 00 Jun 00 Jul 00 Aug 00 time [month] Sep 00 Okt 00 Nov 00 Dez 00 Thank you

14 Average mass fluxes of goods associated with the activity to nourish in a Swiss household food respiration transpiration 1700 / / / 70 0 / 110 human body kitchen 50 / / / / 2600 feces urine mass/ dry matter [kg/c.a] phosphorus / nitrogen [g/c.a] garbage 100/ / 300 sewage 400 / / 200 total food wastes to sewering sstem system 900 / / 3290 to STP to MSW treatment