Carbon capture and storage: Setting the New Zealand scene

Transcription

1 Carbon capture and storage: Setting the New Zealand scene Brad Field Lower Hutt

2 The mitigation wedges required to meet 2050 emission target (if only 2 o in 2100) CCS 40 Gt CO CCS 14% (17%) Renewables 21% (23%) Nuclear 8% (8%) Power generation efficiency and fuel switching 3% (1%) End-use fuel switching 12% (12%) End-use energy efficiency 42% (39%) Percentages represent share of cumulative emissions reductions to Percentages in brackets represent share of emissions reductions in the year IEA 2012, GCCSI 2012

3 Deep purple

4 The carbon capture, transport and storage process Below ~800 m = liquid CO2CRC

5 Geological storage of CO 2 claystone seal rock sandstone reservoir rock CO2CRC CO 2 storage sites: Several kilometres below surface Similar locations to oil and natural gas seal reservoir seal reservoir natural gas injected CO 2

6 Typical depth ranges for subsurface resources Interactions could include leakage/migration, and pressure effects IEAGHG Technical Report

7 Global scene 16 large CCS projects currently operating or in construction, with a total capture ~ 36 Mtpa of CO 2 59 large projects being planned: >110 Mtpa Government support for CCS: UKP 1,000 M government funding USD 3,400 M government funding AUD 1,680 M Flagship Project funding Big effort internationally a lot at stake! Big industry opportunities NZ = capture at Kapuni (no storage) Global CCS Institute 2012, The Global Status of CCS: 2012, Canberra, Australia

8 Sleipner Field CO 2 Storage, Norway Capture: Amine process Sleipner A 0 Sleipner T 500 m 1000 m Utsira Formation CO 2 Injection Well CO m Sleipner Øst Production and Injection Wells 2000 m 2500 m Heimdal Formation 9% CO m 1000 m 1500 m Tore Torp, StatoilHydro, Norway Started injecting in ~ 1 Mtpa. 16 Mt so far; Mt planned. The extra equipment cost for the CO 2 compression and the drilling of the CO 2 injection well was roughly 100 million USD.

9 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) - Weyburn Source: ARI and Melzer Consulting (2010). International trading of CO 2 CCUS ( Utilisation ) Enhanced oil recovery, and CO 2 storage Weyburn oilfield in Canada, was discovered in In October 2000, EnCana began injecting carbon dioxide to boost oil production. Overall, some 20 Mt of carbon dioxide will be permanently sequestered at ~1500 m over the lifespan of the project. The gas is being supplied via a 205 mile long pipeline (costing 100 million US$) from the lignite-fired Dakota Gasification Company synfuels plant site in North Dakota. IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

10 Gorgon world s largest storage project, 2015 Description Construction of 10 million tonnes per year LNG plant. CO 2 to be captured from natural gas and injected into the Dupuy Formation Capture CO 2 separation (part of gas separation for LNG) Capture to commence 2015 (est) Storage Onshore beneath Barrow Island at a depth of approx 2000m Storage commence 2015 (est) Storage rate 3 to 4 million tpa Partners Chevron, Exxon-Mobil, Shell Image courtesy of Chevron Petroleum in Western Australia September 2009, Dept of Mines and Petroleum.

11 NZ emissions from large point sources total 5-8 Mtpa (small on a global scale) Glenbrook ~1-2 Mt /yr K Thompson Huntly 4-5 Mt /yr Kapuni 0.8 Mt /yr Comalco 0.5 Mt /yr vector.co.nz rhsconsulting.co.nz

12 Storage opportunities Onshore capacity ~ 15,000 Mt Likely that we have more than enough! Field CO 2 Storage (Total) Mt Kapuni 106 McKee 23 Rimu 5 Mangahewa 8 Waihapa/Ngaere 4 Ngatoro 3 Kaimiro 2 Maui Field ~ Mt King, P., Bland, K., Funnell, R., Archer, R., and Lever, L Opportunities for underground geological storage of CO 2 in New Zealand - Report CCS-08/5 - Onshore Taranaki Basin overview. Report 2009/58. Point source Storage polygon

13 Potential leakage mechanisms and impacts of CO 2 storage on groundwater IEAGHG Technical Report from Figure 3 of IEAGHG 2011/11. Not to scale.

14 Test venting of CO 2, Otway project, Australia a deliberate leak Many risks, but Photo: Sandeep Sharma, CO2CRC CO 2 storage done for 15 + years (EOR for longer) Risks are recognised (often site-specific) They can be assessed by site studies (cost:benefit) Phases of assessing risk progression of methods Peer reviews of risk iterative? (Gorgon) Risk is closely linked to potential for litigation, fines

15 General concepts Geological site assessments site-specific Monitoring and verification - reduce risk, provide proof What constitutes leakage? Phases Block delineation/prioritising Permitting (overlaps?) Planning and approval Operation Post-injection Handover Context changing perceptions, demographics, politics

16 What s special about New Zealand? 1. Local variations in geology 2. Active faults, active seismicity 3. General societal perspectives climate? NIMBY? 4. Maori perspectives 5. Small population & economy 6. Currently smug ( green ), with adequate electricity supply (?) 7. No regulations specifically on CCS (yet) assurance (3-way); flexibility (geology!) 8. CO 2 not used for enhanced oil recovery (yet) 9. Axial ranges; Cook Strait (pipelines or ships?) 10. Uncertain where new large point sources might be.

17 Potential issues include. Regulations New legislative requirements Onus on regulators to predict potential resource interactions? (priority of use, avoidance of conflict?) Would regions be asked to accept a share of long-term liability, post-injection, or just central government? CCS infrastructure When will fields become depleted/available and which ones might be suitable for storage of CO 2 ownership? good condition? Acceptance What benefits might there be for regions? Engagement with communities

18 Summary Globally, CCS is needed if we are to meet emission targets Currently, NZ emissions are small may change New Zealand has enough storage capacity Uncertain where/when CCS will be implemented in NZ At least 10 special features for New Zealand Regulators may need to prioritise pore space use Regulations should enable project planning, help avoid litigation and reassure communities

19 Thank you

20 Useful publications include: Paperback - February 2012 ISBN: AU $ Technical Report An ebook version is available from ebooks.com