ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY IN THE USE OF COAL

Transcription

1 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGY IN THE USE OF COAL Professor James Harrison FRSC FEng 1

2 National Coal Board 1947 Mines 958 Manpower Use electricity 28 -domestic 37 -steel 43 -other 80 Total Use Mt 188 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 Reduction agent consumption (kg/t hot metal) Figure 1: Carbon usage in blast furnace ironmaking and associated technology developments over the last 50 years oil injection and burden preparation hot blast temperature >1200 C theoretical minimum 414 kg /t hot metal oxygen enrichment top pressure burden distribution improved sinter quality coal injection oil coal 200 coke Source: Thyssen-Krupp, Germany 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

11 11

12 RSC MARCH 12

13 13

14 14

15 The water-gas reaction :- C +H 2 O H 2 + CO - heat kJ/mol heat for the reaction can be provided externally or by combining the reaction with combustion reactions:- C +O 2 CO 2 + heat k/mol The water- shift reaction, CO + H 2 O H 2 + CO 2 + heat kJ/mol 15

16 16

17 Siemens Fuel Gasifier (SFG) Standard Design Cooling screen short start-up / shut-down low maintenance high availability high conversion rate Full quench simple and reliable Quench ideal for CO sour shift Water Dry feeding high efficiency LP Steam Coal / Feedstock Oxygen Steam Reaction 1300 to 1800 C Quench Venturi Wash Raw Gas 170 to 230 C Black Water Treatment Partial Condenser Raw Gas to CO Shift & gas cleaning Vent Gas Waste Water Slag Sludge 17

18 Development of IGCC net plant efficiencies for coal-based IGCC plants without CCS Net Plant Efficiency in % (LHV) European demonstration plants with dry-fed coal gasifiers US demonstration plants with slurry-fed coal gasifiers Japanese demonstration plant with dry-fed coal gasifier World s first IGCC plant Lünen Germany (V93) Cool Water Buggenum Netherlands (V94.2) Wabash River Puertollano Spain (V94.3) Tampa Clean Coal Power Year of Commissioning Increasing plant sizes and efficiencies of demonstration plants Puertollano plant efficiency for ISO conditions and high quality coal Achievable with today s F class gas tubines without CCS Achievable with today s E class gas turbines without CCS 18

19 IGCC with CO 2 Removal Steam Sour Syngas Sulfur CO 2 to use or sequestration Coal Prep Gasification C + H 2 O = CO + H 2 Gas Cooling Shift CO+ H 2 O = CO 2 + H 2 Sulfur & CO 2 Removal O 2 N2 Clean Syngas Hydrogen Air Separation Unit Gas Turbine Air BFW Air Steam HRSG BFW Steam Turbine PRB Coal 100MW With 90% CCS Net Coal to Power: = 30.2% (HHV basis) 10.7MW 14.5MW 22.5 MW 18MW 37MW 7MW 74MW 48MW 26.2MW IGCC schematic from US DOE 19

20 Full scale modelling 500MWe boiler Looking at oxygen enhancement and oxyfuel combustion 20

21 LES RANS Temperature on flame surface Test facility scale modelling Large Eddy Simulations LES LES RANS RANS Axial velocity contours Temperature contours Clean Energy Systems Process N 2 Air Air Separation Plant O 2 Gas Generator RH * CH 4, CO, H 2, etc. Crude Fuel Fuel Processing Plant Fuel* Recycle Water HP IP LP Multi-stage Turbines Elect Gen. HX Coal, Refinery Residues, or Biomass Direct Sales CO 2 Recovery CO 2 Cond. C.W. NG, Oil or Landfill Gas EOR, ECBM, or Sequestration Excess Water 21

22 30-Y r levelized C O E, $/M W h (C onstant 2007$). No Clear Winners in Current Designs E P R I 600 M W (net) P C and IG C C C ost of E lectricity W ith and W ithout C O 2 C apture (Illinois #6 C oal) N o C ap tu re C O E Includes $10/tonne for C O 2 Transportation and S equestration R etro fit C ap tu re N ew C ap tu re S upercritical PC GE Radiant Q uench GE Total Q uench Shell Gas Q uench E -Gas FSQ 22

23 Econonic gap A Roadmap for CO 2 Capture and Storage Now Objective Small demos (1.7 MW Ammonia, etc.) Complete larger scale capture demos Commercial availability CCS Bench-scale postcombustion capture Start larger scale demos capture and storage Start multiple full scale demos Needs: Multiple large-scale CAPTURE and STORAGE demos Timing: 2020 objective start today, parallel paths Realistic? A challenge need technical, policy, funding alignment Source: DOE-NETL Carbon Sequestration R&D Roadmap Modified to add Chilled Ammonia example McKinsey: Gap for economic feasibility of CCS to be filled in the > /t CO 2 90 mid-term 80 Commercial phase: Cost of CCS expected to be in the range of the future carbon price Demonstration phase: Not economic on standalone basis Carbon price forecast >Demonstration phase (2015) >Early commercial phase (2020+) >Mature commercial pase (2030+) >Source: McKinsey * Carbon price for 2015 from estimates from Deutsche Bank, New Carbon Finance, Soc Gen, UBS,Point Carbon,assumed constant afterwards Source: Reuters; Team analysis 23

24 Estimates of available UK generating capacity (in GW) Note: This figure is based on a graph contained in EdF s submission to the UK government s Energy Review in The statistics were based on views and plausible future scenarios at the time of submission The scale of the challenge for target emissions reductions (UKCCC) UK CCC Page 38, Figure

25 Worldwide Market Scenario in 2015 Transit Buses* 130, ,000 buses in service Light Duty Vehicles* million vehicles in service Hydrogen Required million tonnes per year Current Largest Merchant H 2 Plant 100,000 tonne/year Sources: *UBS Warburg Global Equity Research, Ballard June 2000 OGDEN et al, Princeton University 25

26 Hydrogen for Transport Biomass Renewable electricity Electricity - nuclear or coal Nuclear - chemical cycles Coal gasification The water-gas reaction :- C +H 2 O H 2 + CO - heat kJ/mol The water- shift reaction, CO + H 2 O H 2 + CO 2 + heat kJ/mol CaO + CO 2 CaCO 3 +heat -178kJ/mol 26

27 What UCG involves IEA Clean Coal Centre 27

28 Worldwide activities IEA Clean Coal Centre The scale of the challenge for target emissions reductions (UKCCC) UK CCC Page 38, Figure