Nii saame koolidesse tervisliku õhuvahetuse
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1 Nii saame koolidesse tervisliku õhuvahetuse Miljoneid haiguspäevi vähem, miljoneid haige lapse hooldamise päevi vähem Tarvitseb vaid paigaldada modernsed Softflo lõppseadmed vanade asemele Inimese tööjõudlus on halvem, kui õhuvahetus on aladimensioonitud. Seda kinnitavad mitmed uurimused. Vastavad uurimused kinnitavad ka, et puhtam õhk suurendab keskendumisvõimet ja tööjõudlust. Mõned nendest uurimustest on välja toodud ka artikli lõpus olevas loetelus. Õhu saastumise aste sõltub mitmetest teguritest. Näiteks on oluline inimeste arv ja nende toimingud ruumis. Samuti õhu saastatus väljas (2). Seda näitavad ka Gusteni ja Strindehagi uurimused (6). Koolides kvaliteetse õhuvahetuse saavutamine on suur väljakutse. Kõne all on puhta õhu võimaldamine kõikidele inimestele, kuigi ruumi mahtu on vaid 5 kuupmeetrit inimese kohta, vastav arv büroodes on üle 25 kuupmeetri. Kuidas peaks siis toimuma õhuvahetus kooliruumides nii, et õhu kvaliteet oleks rahuldav? Kui vaadata seda situaatsiooni erinevates maades, siis leiame mitmeid erinevaid soovitusi. Näiteks The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (3) määrab värske õhu minimaalseks hulgaks 8 liitrit sekundis täiskasvanutele, mittesuitsetavatele inimestele büroos ja 8,3 liitrit sekundis inimestele koolides. UK Department for Education and Employment (4) näeb ette, et küttesüsteem peab suutma hoida soovitud ruumitemperatuuri minimaalse õhuvahetusmääraga- 3 l/s inimese kohta kooli kõikides ruumides. Sama viide soovitab kõikides klassiruumides minimaalselt 8 l/s värsket õhku inimese kohta. USA-s The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers ASHRAE (5) soovitab värske õhu määraks 10 l/s inimese kohta üldruumides ja 8 l/s klassiruumides. Kõikjal maailmas arvatakse, et hea õhuvahetus tagatakse sellega, kui palju värsket õhku tuuakse ruumi, ehk teistesõnadega kui palju värsket õhku kasutatakse saastunud õhu vähendamiseks ruumis, nii et inimene tunneb end mugavalt. Seejärel loobutakse. Juhiseid, kuidas saastunud õhk eemaldada ruumist efektiivselt, puuduvad. Arvatakse, et kogu õhuvahetus toimub üldiselt levinud seguneva õhuvahetuse süsteemi järgselt, mis on eriti ebaefektiivne ja soosib saastunud õhu segunemist värske õhuga. Segunev õhuvahetus koolides = tervisekatastroof Ükskõik, kui palju tuuakse õhku ruumi, ei saa vältida inimeste väljahingatava õhu partiklite levimist teistele inimestele see mida just segunev õhuvahetus võimendab. Ühe tunni jooksul hingab inimene välja üle poole miljoni partikli, millest osa on ebatervislikud teistele inimestele. Kui need partiklid saaksid häirimata liikuda koos ülespoole suunduvate konvektsiooniõhuvooludega, siis eemalduksid nad ruumist väljatõmbe kaudu. Kuid seda ei saa teha, kui kasutame segunevat õhuvahetust. Põhjus on selles, et alla suunduv sisepuhkeõhk surub partiklid tagasi inimeste ümbrusesse. Nii toimub partiklite liikumine inimeselt inimesele ning tegemist ongi ebatervisliku õhuvahetusega. Ebaõnnestunud katsetused tervisliku õhuvahetuse saamiseks koolides Kunagi kümneid aastaid tagasi üritati võtta kasutusele õhuvahetuse süsteem, millest pidi tulema alternatiiv segunevale õhuvahetusele. Kui suunati värske õhk alt poolt mööda põrandat, pidi saastunud õhk väljuma ülaltpoolt ruumist ilma, et see tagasi inimeste suunas alla poole liiguks. Sellist õhuvahetust nimetati ja nimetatakse praegugi valesti tõrjuv õhuvahetus. See termin on levinud siiski paljudes maades ja allakirjutanu kasutab seda edaspidistes seletustes. Tõrjuv õhuvahetus ei täitnud kahjuks soovitud tulemusi eriti koolides, kus ruumides on palju inimesi. Nüüd teame, et tõmbetuule vältimiseks toodi õhk ruumi eriti madalal kiirusel. Madal sissepuhkeõhu liikumiskiirus rahvarohkes ruumis tingib õhu segunemise ruumis ja kuna õhu konvektsioonijõud on suuremad, siis tõrjuv õhuvahetus muutub kontrollimatuks segunevaks õhuvahetuseks. Wall Confluent Jets uus võimalus tervislikuks õhuvahetuseks Softflo Viimase 15 aasta jooksul on välja arendatud uus õhuvahetuse süsteem- Wall Confluent Jets- ja seda on uuritud ulatuslikult erinevates tingimustes. Viimased kaks aastat on seda õhujagamise süsteemi uuritud nii testidega kui ka visuaalselt CFD abil. Tulemused on olnud sensatsioonilised. Osa testide tulemusi esitleti sügisel 2004 Inglise ülikooli Readingini uurijate poolt Roomventi konverentsil Portugalis. Wall Confluent Jets süsteemis antakse sissepuhkeõhule suurem impulss, mis on 5 kuni 50 korda suurem kui tavalistel õhuvahetuse lõppseadmetel. Sellega saadakse õhuvoolu võimsus nii suureks, et see ületab termilisi õhuliikumisi ruumis. Õhuvahetuse toimumist ja efektiivsust saab nüüd teha nähtavaks ning optimaalseks kasutades CFD. Optimaalne tähendab, et sissepuhkeõhk tuuakse sisse mööda seina ja põrandat inimeste juurde, kus ta moodustab vertikaalse õhkkardina inimese ümber. Sellega saadakse partiklite liikumine inimeselt inimesele minimaalseks, kuna väljahingatav ja saastunud õhk liigub ülespoole lae alla. w w w. v a s a t h e r m. f i 1
2 Tulemuseks on see, et ruumiõhk kihistatakse kahte osasse allpool, kus asuvad inimesed, on puhas õhk ja saastunud õhk on lae all. Testid viidi läbi Rootsis BMG s Gävle ülikoolis. Mõõtmistulemuste eesmärk oli klassiruumi eri kohtades mõõta ruumiõhu keskmine eluiga ja liikumise suunad. Seetõttu sai ka määratleda õhuvahetusindeksi suurus samades punktides. Kõik Wall Confluent Jets- õhuvahetussüsteemiga tehtud katsed näitasid, et saastunud õhk ruumis, kus asus 25 inimest, oli liikunud häirimatult üles lae alla ja sealt kaudu väljatõmbesse. Kõige hämmastavam oli see, et õhuvahetus osutus efektiivseks ja saastunud partiklite liikumine inimeste vahel minimaalseks ka siis, kui sissepukeõhku vähendati 200 st 120 l/s, ehk 8 st 4,8 l/s inimese kohta!!!! Kuna samasuguseid tulemusi saadi ka Readingini ülikooli mõõtmistulemustes, siis on põhjust arvata, et koolide õhuvahetussüsteemide alused muutuvad lähitulevikus dramaatiliselt. Praktikas tähendab see õhuvahetuse lõppseadmete väljavahetamist. Mõõtmised sooritati järgmistes tingimustes: Ruumi mõõdud = 7.2 x 8.4 m. Lae kõrgus = 2.9 m. Ruumi soojuskoormus: 25 inimsimulaatorit à 95 watti. Fassaadi välistemperatuur: 16 C Sissepuhke õhu hulk: 200 ja 120 l/s = vastavalt 8 ja 4.8 l/s inimese kohta Sissepuhke õhu temperatuur: l/s, l/s Sissepuhke lõppseade: Softflo S 11 püsti nurgas Sooritaja ja vastutaja: Tehnika doktori kanditaat Claes Blomqvist Mõõtmiste analüüs: Tehnika doktor Taghi Karimipanah Tagasiside ja nõustamine: Professor Mats Sandberg Kokkuvõte mõõtmistest Wall Confluent Jets süsteemiga klassiruumis Enne kui klassi neljas nurgas asetsesid madalarõhulised sissepuhkelõppseadmed, mille õhuhulk oli 4 x 50 = 200 l/s, mõõdeti nende töötamine.see toimus nii, et mõõdeti ruumiõhu eluiga ja seejärel õhuvahetuse indeks määratud punktides. Mõõtmistest selgus, et ruumiõhk on kõikjal segunenud inimeste nina ja suu piirkonnas. Seejärel vahetati neli madalarõhulist lõppseadet Softflo S 11 vastu, mis vastab Wall Confluent Jets süsteemi parameetritele. S 11 paigaldati samal viisil nurkadesse veidi põrandast kõrgemale, ning sooritati mõõtmised samades 50-s määratud punktis. Kasutati nii nelja lõppseadet kui ka kahte seadet nurkades, õhuhulkadega 200 ja 120 l/s. Joonis 1. Kõigis punktides 1,2 m kõrgusel ruumiõhk liikus häirimata ülespoole. Olenemata sellest, kas õhuhulk oli 200 või 120 l/s ja kas nurkades oli neli või kaks lõppseadet, mitte kunagi õhuvahetus ei muutunud segunevaks inimeste viibimisalal. Võrreldes seguneva õhuvahetusega või mdalarõhuliste lõppseadmetega tunneb ja hingab inimene sisse palju kvaliteetsemat õhku ja isegi siis, kui õhuhulki on vähendatud 40% võrra!!! Mõõtmistulemuste kinnituseks kasutati ka suitsuteste, kus selgelt on näha ülespoole liikuvaid õhuvoole. Toimingud on salvestatud ja neid saab näha DVD-ga. Kasutatud Softflo 11 moodustas piki seina 30 mm õhupadja. Kommentaarid Kui õhuvahetuse indeks on kõrgem kui 1,0 siis tähendab see, et õhu eluiga on lühike. Õhk liigub üles, muutumata segunevaks. Rohelised tulbad näitavad, et Confluent Jets süsteemil on kõikjal indeks üle 1. Punktid 2 ja 4 on mõõdetud kolmes erinevas ruumi kohas 0,1 m kõrgusel põrandast. Nendes punktides on õhu eluiga lühike, kuna mõlemad õhuvahetussüsteemid toovad värsket õhku jätkuvalt mööda põranda pinda mõõtmispunktidesse. Õhuvahetuse indeks mõlemal üle 1. Punktid 3 ja 5 on mõõdetud kolmes erinevas ruumi kohas 1,2 m kõrgusel põrandast, inimeste nina ja suu kõrgus. Õhuvahetuse indeks Confluent Jets süsteemil on selles punktiski üle 1 s.t.õhul on veelgi ülespoole liikumise suund. Tõrjuv õhuvahetus on muutunud segunevaks, kuna indeksid on alla 1. 2 w w w. v a s a t h e r m. f i
3 Kuva 2. Graafiline kokkuvõte mõõtmistest: Võrdlus tõrjuva ja kihistuva Confluent Jets - süsteemi vahel klassiruumis, kus on 4 lõppseadet (igas nurgas, á 50 l/s) Punkt 6 on mõõdetud keskel ruumis 1,8 m kõrgusel ja siingi ei ole veel Confluent Jets süsteem muutunud segunevaks õhuvahetuseks. Keskmine indeks punktides 3,5 ja 6 on Confluent Jets süsteemil 1,2 ja tõrjuval õhuvahetusel 0,63. Need arvud näitavad, et ruumis viibiv inimene tunneb märgatavalt paremat õhu kvaliteeti kui kasutatakse Confluent Jets süsteemi. Mis on õhuvahetuse indeks? Õhuvahetuse indeks on õhu keskmine eluiga mõõdetuna erinevates punktides ja kõrgustel, kus viibib inimene. Mõõdetakse märkegaasi abil. Kui õhuvahetuse indeks on üle 1,0 Õhu keskmine eluiga inimeste ümber on lühike. Õhk liigub ühes suunas. Inimene tunneb õhku värskena. Inimestest ja muudest soojusallikatest eralduvad saastunud partiklid liiguvad ülespoole, suundumata kõrvale teiste inimeste hingamisteedesse. Kui õhuvahetuse indeks võrdub 1.0 Õhu keskmine eluiga inimeste ümber on seguneva õhuvahetuse puhul kõige madalam. Osa saastunud partikleid liigub inimestelt inimesele, osa liigub üles väljatõmbesse. Õhuvahetus on segunev ja efektiivsus 50 %. Kui õhuvahetuse indeks on alla 1. Õhu eluiga inimeste ümber on pikk. Õhk on passiivne ja inimene tunneb umbsust ja õhupuudust. Saastunud õhk ringleb ruumis inimestelt inimesele enne, kui suundub väljatõmbesse. Kokkuvõte mõõtetulemustest Wall Confluent Jets süsteemiga (seisuga september 2004) Võrreldes seguneva õhuvahetusega võib õhuhulki vähendada 40 %, ka koolides. Ruumis olevad inimesed tunnevad sellegipoolest paremat õhuvahetust. Seda näitavad mõõtmised nii Readingini ülikoolis kui ka MG Gävles. Saastunud partiklite levimine inimeselt inimesele väheneb olematuks kõikides ruumi osades. Mõõtmistulemustest selgus, et kasutades Wall Confluent Jet süsteemi, paraneb soojusvahetus ruumis oluliselt. See tähendab, et ruumi jahutamiseks vajaminevat energiat võib vähendada märgatavalt. Suurim potentsiaal on tööstuses, kus suurem osa pindu soojendatakse seguneva õhuvahetusega. Suur erinevus toodete jahutusvõimsuse ja soojusvahetuse efektiivsuse vahel Kui jahutame ruume üldiselt kasutatava seguneva õhuvahetuse viisil, siis soojusvahetus ruumis ei ületa kunagi 50% võimalikust 100%. w w w. v a s a t h e r m. f i 3
4 Sellest on kerge aru saada, kui analüüsida, mis toimub füüsikaliselt, kui jahutada ruume traditsiooniliste laealuste jahutuspalkidega. Allapoole suunatud jahutatud õhk segab ülespoole liikuva soojema konvektsiooni õhu pääsemist lae alla ja eraldumist ruumist. Seetõttu surub sissepuhkeõhk tagasi alla konvektsiooniõhu soojusallika juurde. Nii tuuakse soojus tagasi ja pidevalt on vajadus lisajahutusele. Kogu ruum jahutatakse isegi need kohad, kus ei viibi inimene või puuduvad soojusallikad. Need komponendid mõjutavad jahutust sedavõrd, et efektiivsus segunevas õhuvahetuses on vaid 40 %. Seguneva õhuvahetuse ebaefektiivsus tuli esile siis, kui alustati kihistuva õhuvahetuse uurimist ja võrdlemist seguneva õhuvahetusega. Kuna uurimused on olnud väga spetsiifilised ja keerulised on palju abi olnud CFD arengul, et võimaldada näha ja arvutada soojusülekandumise efektiivsust. Testide ja CFD abil on nüüdseks tõestatud, et ruumides, kus on kasutatud Confluent Jets süsteeme on soojusülekandumise efektiivsus üle 70 %. Bengt Sellö Taghi Karimipanah GSM , Fax , S O F T F L O S E A I T O J A A L K U P E R Ä I N E N w w w. v a s a t h e r m. f i Vasatherm 4 w w w Finland. v a s a toy, h e rpihatörmä m. f i 1 A, Espoo , , Fax
5 Lisamaterjalid [1] Myhrvold, A.N., Olsen, E., Lauridsen, O., 1996, Indoor Environment in Schools Pupils Health and Performance in Regard to CO 2 Concentrations, Proc. of 7 th Int. Conf. on Indoor air Quality and Climate, July 21-26, Nagoya, Japan, Vol. 4, [2] Wark, K., Warner, C.F., 1981, Air Pollution, its Origin and Control, New York, Harper-Collins. [3] CIBSE, 1986, Ventilation and Aairconditioning Requirements, CIBSE Guide Section B2. [4] UK Department for Education and Employment, 1997, Guidelines for environmental design in schools, Building Bulletin 87 (Revised note 17) ISBN (London DfEE Architects and Building branch). [5] ASHRAE, 1989, ASHRAE Standard : ASHRAE Atlanta, USA. [6] Gusten, J., Strindehag, O., 1995, Experiences of measures taken to improve the air quality in schools, Air Filtration Review, 16, 5-8. [7] Jones, P. 1995, Healthy and Comforting Offices, The Architects Journal, June 8 th, [8] Raw, G.J, Roys, M.S, Leaman, A, 1990, Further Findings From the Office Environment Survey: Productivity. Indoor Air Quality 90, Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 1, [9] Burt, T.S., 1997, The Sick Building Syndrome in Offices, Thesis for Licentiate of Engineering, Institute for Uppvarmnings- Och Ventilationsteknik, ISSN Also PhD Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. [10] Wilson, S., Hedge, A., 1987, A Study of Building Sickness, Office Environment survey Sponsored by The Health Promotion Research Trust, Building Use Studies Ltd., (Bustrode Press Ltd). [11] Baldry, C et al., 1997, Sick and Tired? Working in the Modern Office, Work Employment Society, 11 (3), [12] Andersson, K., 19998, Epidemiological Approach to Indoor Air Problems, Indoor Air, Suppl. 4, [13] Hill, B.A., Craft, B.F., Burkart, J.A., 1992, Carbon Dioxide Particulates, and Subjective Human Response in Office Buildings without Histories of Indoor Air Quality Problems. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 7, [14] Schulz, U.W., Andersson, K., Stridh, G., 1990, Indoor Climate of a Swiss Building Evaluated with Adapted Swedish Questionnaires, In: Proc. of Toronto Int. Conf. on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Inc, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, [15] Clements-Croome, D.J. 2000, Creating the Productive Workplace, Spon-Routledge [16] Clements-Croome, D.J., 1997, Specifying Indoor Climate, in: Naturally Ventilated Buildings, E & FN Spon (Chapman & Hall), ISBN , [17] Jaakkola, J.K., Heinonen, O.P., Seppanen, O., 1991, Mechanical Ventilation in Office Building Syndrome. An experimental Epidemiological Study. Indoor Air 2, [18] Sterling, E.M., Sterling, T., 1983, The Impact of Different Ventilation Levels and Fluorescent Lighting Types on Building Ilness: An Experimental Study. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 74, [19] Hedge, A., 1994, Sick Building Syndrome: Is It An Environment Or A Psychological Phenomenon? La Riforma Medica, Vol. 109, Supp. 1, (2), [20] Sundell, J., 1994, On the association Between Building Ventilation Characteristics, Some Indoor Environmental Exposures, Some Allergic Manifestations, and Subjective Symptoms Reports. Indoor Air, Supp. 2. [21] Wargocki, P., Wyon, D.P., Baik, Y.K., Clausen, G., Fanger, P.O., 1999, Perceived Air Quality, Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) Symptoms and Productivity in an Office with Two Different Pollution Loads, Indoor Air, 9, [22] Fanger, P.O., 2000, Provide Good Air Quality for People and Improve their Productivity, in: Air Distribution in Rooms, (ROOMVENT 2000, Editor: H.B. Awbi), Vol. 1, 1-5. [23 ] Wargocki, P., Wyon, D.P., Fanger, P.O., 2000, Productivity is Affected by the Air Quality in Offices, In: Proc. pf Healthy Buildings 2000, Espoo, Finland, August 6 th August 10 th, [24] Lagercrantz, L., Wistrand, M., Willen, U., Wargocki, P., Witerseh, T., Sundell, J., 2000, Negative Impact of Air Pollution on Productivity: Previous Danish Findings Repeated in New Swedish Test Room, Proc. of Healthy Buildings 2000, Espoo, Finland, 6 th 10 th August 2000, [25] Burge, S.A et al., 1987, Sick Building Syndrome: A Study of 4373 Office Workers, Ann. Occ. Hygiene 31, [26] Holcomb, L.C., Pedelty, J.F., 1994, Comparison of Employee Upper Respiratory Absenteeism Costs with Costs Associated with Improved Ventilation, ASHRAE Trans., 100 (2), [27] Collins, J.G., 1989, Health Characteristics by Occupation and Industry: United States Vital Health and Statistics 10 (170), Hyattsville, MD: National Centre fro Health Statistics. [28] Cyfracki, L., 1990, Could Upscale Ventilation Benefit Occupants and Owners Alike? Indoor Air 90, 5 th International Conference indoor Air Quality and Climate, 5, (Aurora, ON: Inglewood Printing Plus). [29] Rosenfeld, S., 1989, Worker Productivity: Hidden HVAC Cost. Heating/Piping Air Conditioning, September, [30] Dorgan, C.E., et al, 1994,, In: Proc. of Productivity Link to the Indoor Environment Estimated Relative to ASHRAE Healthy Buildings 94, Budapest, [31] Koo, L.C.L, Luk, M.Y., Mok, M.Y., Yuen, J.H.F., Yuen, T.Y.S., 1997, Health Effects from Air Conditioning: Epidemiologic Studies on Schools and Offices in Hong Kong, In: Proceedings of Indoor and Built Environment Problems in Asia at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 4-5 September. [32] Myhrvold, A.N., Olsen, E., 1997, Pupil s Health and Performance due to Renovation of Schools, USA, Washington DC, Healthy Buildings/IAQ 97, Proc. of Conf. Held in Bethesda MD, USA, September 27- October 2, Vol. 1, [33] Lee, S.C., Chang, M., 1999, Indoor Air Quality Investigations at Five Classrooms, Indoor Air, 9, [34] Lugg, A.B., Batty, W.J., 1999, Air Quality and Ventilation Rates in School Classrooms I: Air Quality Monitoring, Proc. CIBSE: Building Serv. Eng. Res. Technol. 20 (1) [35] Gamberale, F., Iregren, A., Kjellberg, A., 1989, SPES; The Computerised Swedish Performance Evaluation System. Arbete och Helse, 6. w w w. v a s a t h e r m. f i 5
6 6 w w w. v a s a t h e r m. f i
Tehnilised andmed / düüstoru S Uus tehnika avab tee tuuletõmbe puudumisele ja paremale siseõhule
Kihistuv õhuvahetus SISUKORD Kihistuva õhuvahetuse tehnika Teesid...6 Kihistuva õhuvahetuse tehnika kasutab ära Impinging - teooriat...7.. Kihistuva õhuvahetuse mõju ruumi õhuvahetuse kvaliteedile...7..
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