IIHR s Continuous Monitoring Network and Water Quality Information System. Chris Jones University of Iowa-IIHR

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1 IIHR s Continuous Monitoring Network and Water Quality Information System Chris Jones University of Iowa-IIHR

2 Unit of the College of Engineering Director: Larry Weber 90 Graduate Students from 16 countries 61 Research Engineers and Scientists Engineering Research Center since 1920

3 Municipal Water Supply Projects Boone Water Works Ottumwa Water Works Rural Water System #2 (Hospers, IA) City of Sioux Center Rock Valley Rural Water

6 University of Iowa s Water Quality Information System Chris Jones Research Engineer christopher-s-jones@uiowa.edu

7 Raccoon River at Van Meter, : Four nitrate sensors purchased by IIHR through a contribution from the Carver Trust IIHR engineers developed own data logging and device control systems to record and relay data to Iowa City or Mississippi River Research station at Muscatine

8 Network Expansion 2012: 7 sensors deployed in Lower Iowa River Watershed 2013: 3 sites added, equipment purchased with funding from HUD, deployment in Otter Creek and Slough Creek Wetland (NE Iowa) and Skunk River at Augusta 2014: 12 more deployments, funding from HUD and INRC. 22 sites total 2015: 28 sites total, funding from HUD, INRC, City of Dubuque, and IDNR

9 IIHR 2016 Real-Time Monitoring Network Iowa has 1/3 of all the continuous nitrate monitors in the U.S. About 80% of the water leaving the state will be monitored for nitrate in 2016.

10 Typical Deployments

11 Monitoring Objectives Generate credible data for science and policy Practice Assessment Water Quality and Hydrologic Research Quantify loads for Nutrient Reduction Strategy

12 Monitoring Network

16 Statewide Load Calculation 946,963,042 pounds in 2016

17 New Sites 2017 Cedar Rapids WWTP (also Phosphax) Rock River near Hawarden Yellow River near Ion Soldier River near Pisgah Upper Iowa River near Dorchester Gere Creek CERA (Grinnell College)

18 Publications Jones et al.. Nitrate transport and supply limitations quantified using highfrequency stream monitoring and turning point analysis. Submitted, Journal of Hydrology. Arenas, A. et al. Estimation of tile drainage contribution to streamflow and nutrient loads at the watershed scale based on continuously monitored data. Submitted, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Jones, Christopher, Sea-Won Kim, and Keith Schilling. "Use of continuous monitoring to assess stream nitrate flux and transformation patterns." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2017): 35. Jones, C. S., et al. "Crop rotation and Raccoon River nitrate." Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 71.3 (2016): Reynolds, Kaycee N., et al. "Optimizing Sampling Strategies for Riverine Nitrate Using High-Frequency Data in Agricultural Watersheds." Environmental science & technology (2016): Davis, Caroline A., et al. "Antecedent moisture controls on stream nitrate flux in an agricultural watershed." Journal of environmental quality 43.4 (2014): Feng, Zhujing, Keith E. Schilling, and Kung-Sik Chan. "Dynamic regression modeling of daily nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in a large agricultural watershed." Environmental monitoring and assessment (2013):

21 Chris Jones and Chad Drake IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa Friday, February 10, 2017 Water Quality Results: Slough Creek CREP Wetland

22 IIHR Water Quality Sensor Setup Turbidity Water Temp, ph, SC, DO Nitrogen (NO x ) Outlet Flow Inlet 22

Iowa CREP Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program Goal: restore/construct wetlands to intercept tile drainage water and process nutrients CREP wetland requirements: Drain a minimum of 500 acres of

23 Iowa CREP Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program Goal: restore/construct wetlands to intercept tile drainage water and process nutrients CREP wetland requirements: Drain a minimum of 500 acres of predominantly tiledrained, cropland Wetland pool area:watershed area ratio of 0.5-2% At least 75% of the wetland pool area must be less than 3 feet deep to encourage vegetation establishment Slough Creek Summary: Watershed drainage area: 6.10 mi 2 Wetland pool area: 24.6 acres Wetland:watershed ratio: 0.63% Row crops: 87% (50% corn and 32% soybeans) Average annual precipitation ( ): 36 Water quality data available for

24 2016 Precipitation 2016: 48.3 Long term avg: 36 May-Nov 2016: 38.2 (79%) May-Nov Long term avg: 26.9 (75%) 24

25 2016 NO x Concentration 2016 daily averages: In: 12.2 mg/l Out: 9.1 mg/l Reduction: 3.1 mg/l 25

26 2016 NO x Load 2016 daily averages: In: 190 kg/day Out: 152 kg/day Reduction: 38 kg/day 26

27 2016 Percent Reductions 2016 daily averages: Concentration: 23% Load: 21% 27

28 NO x Concentration 28

29 NO x Load 29

30 Percent Reductions 30

31 Manchester

32 Big Spring

33 11/23/15 12/07/15 12/21/15 01/04/16 01/18/16 02/01/16 02/15/16 02/29/16 03/14/16 03/28/16 04/11/16 04/25/16 05/09/16 05/23/16 06/06/16 06/20/16 07/04/16 07/18/16 08/01/16 08/15/16 08/29/16 mg/l N 30 Manchester and Big Spring NO3-N Manchester Big Spring

34 mg/l N 30 Big Spring vs Manchester NO3-N ave min max Big Spring Manchester

36 July Big Spring

37 Roberts Creek Silver Creek A B C Elevation in meters feet Groundwater Divide Q SU Q Sinkhole Area Q Omf Q Omf Sinkhole Area Q Howard Creek Groundwater Divide Q Omf flow Groundwater Og Omf Top of Galena Base of Galena Galena alluvium Og potentiometric Odp Osp Osh shaly carbonate rocks shale Og St. Peter Sandstone GEOLOGIC UNITS 1 1/2 0 1 mile 1 1/2 0 1 kilometer Holocene alluvium (stream deposits) Q SU Quaternary deposits undiferentiated loess, till, etc. Silurian dolomites Omb Omf Og Maquoketa Formation Brainard Shale Member Maquoketa Formation Ft. Atkinson, Clermont, and Elgin Members Galena carbonate rocks Odp Osp Osh Decorah, Platteville, and Glenwood Fms. St. Peter Sandstone Shakopee Formation

38 Big Spring vs Roberts Creek, 2000 vs 2016

39 Real-Time op monitoring

40 Surrogates for TP

41 Surrogates for TP Regression equations developed for 43 Iowa stream sites using turb, op, q, and Chloride

43 Surrogates for TP

44 Questions?

IIHR s Continuous Monitoring Network and Water Quality Information System. Chris Jones University of Iowa-IIHR

IIHR s Continuous Monitoring Network and Water Quality Information System Chris Jones University of Iowa-IIHR Unit of the College of Engineering Director: Larry Weber 90 Graduate Students from 16 countries