Trends in Fotovoltaic Cells Nanotechnology

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Trends in Fotovoltaic Cells Nanotechnology"

Transcription

1 Trends in Fotovoltaic Cells Nanotechnology Gheorghe Popan, Anton Vieru, Iulian Sorin Munteanu National Institute Of Research And Development For Mecatronics And Measurement Technique INCDMTM Bucharest ABSTRACT This work describes several methods of increasing efficiency and cost reduction of the photovoltaic elements, based on the latest scientific research, like: using thin metal films and organic substances in the construction of photovoltaic elements, improving efficiency photovoltaic cells by changing the surface nano-morphology, implementation techniques of the aerospace industry to manufacture photovoltaic cells. The work also emphasizes on new innovative trends in use of new sources of solar energy. Keywords: fotovoltaic, cells, nanotechnology. INTRODUCTION Various techniques to improve the efficiency of silicon solar cells is included such as solar concentrators, improving the efficiency of dirty silicon, surface polarization, and multiband technology. Polymer and plastic solar cell technology is also discussed as is the generation of hydrogen from solar cells. These include: organic dye sensitized solar materials, silicon nanorods for solar cells, silicon ink solar technology, electron carrier multiplication in nanocrystals, the use of nanoscale structures for solar absorption and collection, quantum dot solar technology, and carbon nanotube technology in solar energy. Thin film solar cell technology is discussed including CIS/CIGS films, inorganic film, amorphous silicon film, and flexible substrates. NEED TO USE SOLAR ENERGY The sun offers much more energy than what we could consume. In order to cover the world-wide requirements of electric power with the fotovoltaic is sufficient only 1,5% of the European continent. The sun offers good energy and more than we need. Also in times of "energetic hunger" like these, the energy that the sun continuously irradiates on the earth is equal to times the worldwide energetic requirements. Between all the energetic sources available to us, the sun represents the more long-lasting energetic source by far, with a life expectation of billions of years. In central Europe the sun is an energy source on which trust can be made. In order to cover worldwide energetic requirements, by using photovoltaics a surface area of Km 2 would be a sufficient. This corresponds to a square having 380 km sides. METHODS OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY AND COST REDUCTION OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC ELEMENTS Using thin metal films and organic substances in the construction of photovoltaic elements Because of optical microcavity effects, using thin nonpatterned metal films instead of indium tin oxide in organic solar cells can result in similar efficiencies. Large-area transparent conductors are essential in many important applications, such as thin-film solar cells, traditional LCDs, and organic LEDs (OLEDs). The widely used transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), such as indium tin oxide (ITO), are typically deposited using plasma sputtering or sol-gel methods. There is a natural tradeoff between transparency and conductivity, with the best films exceeding 90% transparency in the visible part of the spectrum at sheet resistances below 15Ω/square. This level of performance is suitable for thin-film solar-cell applications, where a sparse metal grid can be added to the TCO film as an auxiliary conductor to minimize ohmic losses during charge collection. However, TCOs typically exhibit a combination of shortcomings (e.g., brittleness, expensive 247

2 source materials, processing problems, or availability of suitable flexible substrates). They are particularly problematic in reel-to-reel processing of thin-film, flexible devices because they are susceptible to cracking, which raises the film's electrical resistance and makes it permeable to oxygen and moisture that accelerate device degradation. An acute need exists for transparent conductors that are fundamentally different from TCOs in their mechanical, processing, and cost characteristics. Figure 1. Metal-organic-metal photovoltaic (PV) cells with thin nonpatterned metal films achieve the same power-conversion efficiency as those with conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. hν: Light energy. [1] The search for TCO replacements for organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices has focused on carbon nanotubes, graphene, highly conductive polymers, and metallic microgrids combined with conducting polymers. But few of these approaches have yielded devices that perform as well as those using ITO, and fewer can be scaled up cost-effectively. Instead, we considered using a very thin, unpatterned metal film. Metals are malleable and can be deposited relatively cheaply and rapidly onto continuously spooled substrate. In organic optoelectronics, thin metal films have been investigated as stand-alone transparent electrodes and in conjunction with conducting oxides. Generally, the transparency of a metal film drops exponentially with increasing thickness, while the sheet resistance rises rapidly. This tradeoff between transparency and electrical conductivity limits the range of feasible metal thicknesses to 10 20nm. At the low extreme, it can be difficult to maintain film continuity because the metal tends to aggregate into droplets on glass and plastic, while at the high end transparency suffers. As a result, OPV cells using continuous metal films as transparent electrodes have not achieved parity with ITO-based cells. Improving efficiency photovoltaic cells by changing the surface nano-morphology Aluminum-doped zinc oxide provides a promising alternative to both fluorine-doped tin oxide and indium tin oxide for microcrystalline and amorphous thin-film photovoltaics. Satisfying the universal goal of improving solar-energy conversion efficiency will require modulating the path taken by light on the surface of solar cells. Greater surface roughness is one way to make light scattering more efficient. A rough surface both increases the length of a photon's light path and also enhances absorption of light by reducing reflection. Typical surface-texturing methods include wet etching the front electrode using a chemical solution. However, repeated wet etching increases processing costs and thickens the transparent conductive oxide film. Chemical-vapor deposition represents an alternative method of creating a rough surface. This so-called self-texturing technique also does away with the need for additional chemicaltexturing steps. 248

3 Figure 2 shows schematically the difference in Light scatting between nontextured and textured surfaces. Figure 2. Schematic diagram showing light absorption as a function of surface morphology of (a) nontextured and (b) textured surfaces [2]. An early example of self-textured transparent conductive oxide for solar-cell fabrication was reported by the group of Fay using boron as a doping source. High surface roughness and low resistivity were achieved. However, this self-texturing approach has rarely been studied in conjunction with other dopant materials. Because Al is more cost-effective than boron, in the work we investigated self-texturing of Al-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) using low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition. Figure 3 shows the total and diffused transmittance (TT and DT) of undoped ZnO and Al-doped ZnO films as a function of Al content. For undoped ZnO, the TT is above 83% for the wide range between 600 and 1100nm. As Al content increases, however, the TT value reduces to 73% at 600nm. TT values in the wavelength range from 600 to 1100nm are similar, indicating that Al-doped ZnO transmits light uniformly in the visible and IR range for solar-cell applications. In particular, the introduction of trimethylaluminum doping is very effective in raising the DT value to 29% at 600nm (see Figure 3). The haze factor, defined as the DT/TT ratio, quantifies the light-scattering capability in air of a ZnO thin film. The calculated maximum haze factor was 43% at a wavelength of 600nm for an Al content of 43mTorr. This result is 2.5 times higher than the haze factor of undoped ZnO and 2.8 times higher than for mass-produced fluorine-doped tin oxide. Figure 3. Total- and diffused-transmittance spectroscopy of Al-doped ZnO films as a function of Al content. (a) 0 wt%, (b) 5 wt%, (c) 7 wt%, and (d) 8 wt%. 249

4 The Yonsei University Institute of TMS (Telecommunications, Multimedia, State-of-charge) Information Technology, a Brain Korea have achieved a self-textured Al-doped ZnO surface without chemical etching. The surface roughness of the resulting films proved to be a function of Al content.they obtained a maximum roughness of 82.1nm at an Al content of 7wt%. Based on the surface optical characteristics, we calculated a haze factor of Al-doped ZnO as large as 43% at a wavelength of 600nm. These findings indicate that Al-doped ZnO has a higher light-scattering capacity than fluorinedoped tin oxide, which makes it a plausible alternative in the mass production of transparent conductive oxide for use in solar cells. In the future we will focus on preparing Al-ZnO films with low resistivity and testing their practical application in solar cells. Implementation techniques of the aerospace industry to manufacture photovoltaic cells Lens arrays couple sunlight into a common slab waveguide to create large, inexpensive optics for solar photovoltaics. Silicon-based photovoltaics (PVs) convert less than 20% of incident sunlight into electrical energy, yet account for almost all solar-power generation. High-efficiency solar cells developed for the space industry have demonstrated more than 41% conversion efficiency by layering multiple semiconductor junctions that capture large portions of the solar spectrum. Fabrication and material costs limit these cells to only a few square centimeters, making them impractical for flat-panel installations. Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) incorporate large-area optics that collect and deposit energy onto small, efficient solar cells with the promise of reducing electricity-generation costs compared to silicon-based PVs. Optics for solar concentration typically consist of lenses or mirrors focusing onto secondary elements that eliminate intensity variations at the PV cell. A common approach places dozens of lenses into a shared tracking platform, each focusing onto independent secondary optics and solar cells. The large quantity of components increases mounting, alignment, and electrical-connection costs. Our proposed concentrator design replaces discrete optics with a 2D lens array and a common slab waveguide. Sunlight collected by the array focuses onto localized mirrors positioned to reflect light at angles that exceed the critical angle for total internal reflection and, therefore, couple into the waveguide. Coupled light is homogenized as it propagates towards the exit aperture at the slab edge(s) (see Figure 4). The PV cell and heatsink mount directly to the output edge. The coupling mirrors are fabricated using simple lithography techniques that make the design compatible with largescale manufacturing, including roll processing. Figure 4. Micro-optic concentrators combine a lens array and slab waveguide. At each focus, 120 mirrored prisms couple light into the waveguide (inset). PV: Photovoltaic. [3] The amount of focusing provided by solar concentrators is defined by the geometricconcentration ratio, which describes the ratio of input to output apertures. Optical efficiency is the fraction of light reaching the PV cell. It accounts for surface reflections, material absorption, and losses associated with propagation within the waveguide. 250

5 The micro-optic concentrator uses 120 -apex prisms placed at each focus that symmetrically reflect and couple sunlight into the waveguide. Since the thickness remains uniform, guided light may strike a subsequent coupler and reflect out of the system as loss. The geometric-concentration ratio becomes the waveguide length divided by twice its thickness, with no dependence on width. The lens and acceptance angle determine the size of each coupling prism as well as impact losses within the waveguide. Propagation losses scale with waveguide length, leading to a tradeoff between geometric-concentration ratio and optical efficiency. TRENDS IN USE OF NEW SOURCES OF SOLAR ENERGY It seeks the implementation of solar cells: - Component materials used in exterior cladding of buildings; - Achieving external windows of buildings; - Make clothing items and accessories for solar cells; - Making the surface of solar cell roof tiles; - Implementation of solar cells personal items (sunglasses, bags, backpacks, caps) - Using solar cell component materials for the realization of streets, sidewalks and highways The idea of asphalt for solar power isn t particularly new the concept was first conceived a decade ago, although its only been fully realized in the last couple of years. In 2007, a Dutch engineering company began siphoning the heat from asphalt to heat several homes and offices, as well as an aircraft hanger. The system used a network of plastic pipes through which the asphalt heated the cold water and channeled it into underground containers where it was kept hot until needed. More recently, researchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) have conducted tests using actual pieces of asphalt as well as computer models. The scientists found that hot water created by an asphalt energy system could be used to generate electricity by being passed through a thermoelectric generator. Heated asphalt can also heat buildings by the method of passing the water through pipes under the asphalt just as the Dutch team had discovered. Asphalt has several advantages as a source of solar power. It s a huge infrastructure that is already in place in the United States for example, there are an estimated four million miles of asphalt road surface. In general, asphalt is removed and the roads are resurfaced every decade or so; this would provide the opportunity to put in the necessary equipment with minimal expense. Asphalt also retains its heat after the sun has gone down giving it an advantage over solar panels. Removing the heat from asphalt can actually lower the temperature of the road surface too making towns and cities cooler during hot weather. And unlike solar panels, which are all too visible, virtually all the asphalt collection equipment would be hidden under the ground. Intriguing though these findings are, don t expect to see the widespread use of asphalt solar power any time soon. It may be many years before a network of pipes under the roads is able to provide energy but at least it s a step in the right direction. REFERENCES [1] Max Shtein Thin metal films as simple transparent conductors 28 December 2009, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: / [2] Doyoung Kim and Hyungjun Kim Self-textured transparent conductive oxide film improves efficiency of solar cells February 2010, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: / [3] Jason H. Karp and Joseph E. Ford A micro-optic solar concentrator 26 April 2010, SPIE Newsroom. DOI: / [4] Prachi Patel-Predd Efficient Thin-Film Solar Cells Thursday, December 04, 2008 [5] Jason H. Karp, Joseph E. Ford Trends in Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Technology ( ), University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA (updated September 2008) 251

SOLAR ENERGY. Approximately 120,000 TW of solar energy strikes the earth s surface, capturing only a fraction could supply all of our energy needs.

SOLAR ENERGY. Approximately 120,000 TW of solar energy strikes the earth s surface, capturing only a fraction could supply all of our energy needs. SOLAR ENERGY Approximately 120,000 TW of solar energy strikes the earth s surface, capturing only a fraction could supply all of our energy needs. What is Photovoltaics? Photovoltaics is a high-technology

More information

ME 432 Fundamentals of Modern Photovoltaics. Discussion 30: Contacts 7 November 2018

ME 432 Fundamentals of Modern Photovoltaics. Discussion 30: Contacts 7 November 2018 ME 432 Fundamentals of Modern Photovoltaics Discussion 30: Contacts 7 November 2018 Fundamental concepts underlying PV conversion input solar spectrum light absorption carrier excitation & thermalization

More information

ZnO-based Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films

ZnO-based Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films IEEE EDS Mini-colloquium WIMNACT 32 ZnO-based Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films Weijie SONG Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P. R. China

More information

Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells The Birnie Group solar class and website were created with much-appreciated support from the NSF CRCD Program under grants 0203504 and 0509886. Continuing Support from the McLaren Endowment is also greatly

More information

UV15: For Fabrication of Polymer Optical Waveguides

UV15: For Fabrication of Polymer Optical Waveguides CASE STUDY UV15: For Fabrication of Polymer Optical Waveguides Master Bond Inc. 154 Hobart Street, Hackensack, NJ 07601 USA Phone +1.201.343.8983 Fax +1.201.343.2132 main@masterbond.com CASE STUDY UV15:

More information

An advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells is that they can be deposited on glass substrates and flexible substrates.

An advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells is that they can be deposited on glass substrates and flexible substrates. ET3034TUx - 5.2.1 - Thin film silicon PV technology 1 Last week we have discussed the dominant PV technology in the current market, the PV technology based on c-si wafers. Now we will discuss a different

More information

Research on high efficiency and low cost thin film silicon solar cells. Xiaodan Zhang

Research on high efficiency and low cost thin film silicon solar cells. Xiaodan Zhang Research on high efficiency and low cost thin film silicon solar cells Xiaodan Zhang 2013 China-America Frontiers of Engineering, May 15-17, Beijing, China Institute Institute of of photo-electronics

More information

Latest Solar Technologies

Latest Solar Technologies Latest Solar Technologies Mrs. Jothy.M. Saji Mrs. Sarika. A. Korade Lecturer Lecturer IE Dept, V.P.M s Polytechnic, Thane IE Dept, V.P.M s Polytechnic, Thane Mob no. : 9892430301 Mob no. : 9960196179 Email:

More information

Material Needs for Thin-Film and Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules

Material Needs for Thin-Film and Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules Material Needs for Thin-Film and Concentrator Photovoltaic Modules NREL Sarah Kurtz CDMA Conference: Opportunities for Chemicals and Materials in Wind and Solar Energy December 4, 2009 Philadelphia, PA

More information

Electricity from the Sun (photovoltaics)

Electricity from the Sun (photovoltaics) Electricity from the Sun (photovoltaics) 0.4 TW US Electricity Consumption 100 100 square kilometers of solar cells could produce all the electricity for the US. But they are still too costly. The required

More information

ET3034TUx High efficiency concepts of c- Si wafer based solar cells

ET3034TUx High efficiency concepts of c- Si wafer based solar cells ET3034TUx - 4.4 - High efficiency concepts of c- Si wafer based solar cells In the previous block we have discussed various technological aspects on crystalline silicon wafer based PV technology. In this

More information

Prism Solar Technologies

Prism Solar Technologies 1 Technologies Juan Russo, Optical Scientist Tapping Holographic Technologies to Make Photovoltaics More Cost-Effective 2 About Technologies: manufactures Holographic Planar Concentrator (HPC) film. An

More information

SolarWindow. Innovating Alternative and Renewable Energy Solutions. Corporate» Technology» Media» Investors» Contact

SolarWindow. Innovating Alternative and Renewable Energy Solutions. Corporate» Technology» Media» Investors» Contact Innovating Alternative and Renewable Energy Solutions A A A Corporate» Technology» Media» Investors» Contact SolarWindow New Energy Technologies is developing the first-of-its kind SolarWindow technology,

More information

Thin film silicon technology. Cosimo Gerardi 3SUN R&D Tech. Coordinator

Thin film silicon technology. Cosimo Gerardi 3SUN R&D Tech. Coordinator Thin film silicon technology Cosimo Gerardi 3SUN R&D Tech. Coordinator 1 Outline Why thin film Si? Advantages of Si thin film Si thin film vs. other thin film Hydrogenated amorphous silicon Energy gap

More information

NanoMarkets. Markets for Indium-Based Materials in Photovoltaics Nano-405. Published September NanoMarkets, LC

NanoMarkets. Markets for Indium-Based Materials in Photovoltaics Nano-405. Published September NanoMarkets, LC Markets for Indium-Based Materials in Photovoltaics Nano-405 Published September 2011 NanoMarkets, LC NanoMarkets, LC PO Box 3840 Glen Allen, VA 23058 Tel: 804-360-2967 Web: Chapter One: Introduction 1.1

More information

Basics of Solar Photovoltaics. Photovoltaics (PV) Lecture-21

Basics of Solar Photovoltaics. Photovoltaics (PV) Lecture-21 Lecture-21 Basics of Solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics (PV) Photovoltaics (PV) comprise the technology to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The term photo means light and voltaic, electricity.

More information

Amorphous Oxide Transistor Electrokinetic Reflective Display on Flexible Glass

Amorphous Oxide Transistor Electrokinetic Reflective Display on Flexible Glass Amorphous Oxide Transistor Electrokinetic Reflective Display on Flexible Glass Devin A. Mourey, Randy L. Hoffman, Sean M. Garner *, Arliena Holm, Brad Benson, Gregg Combs, James E. Abbott, Xinghua Li*,

More information

The Potential of Photovoltaics

The Potential of Photovoltaics The Potential of Photovoltaics AIMCAL 2008 2008 Fall Conference Vacuum Web Coating Brent P. Nelson October 22, 2008 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency

More information

Solar Cell: From Research to Manufacture

Solar Cell: From Research to Manufacture Solar Cell: From Research to Manufacture Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1245 2010 Materials Research Society 1245-A01-01 Thin Film Silicon Photovoltaic Technology - From Innovation to Commercialization

More information

The next thin-film PV technology we will discuss today is based on CIGS.

The next thin-film PV technology we will discuss today is based on CIGS. ET3034TUx - 5.3 - CIGS PV Technology The next thin-film PV technology we will discuss today is based on CIGS. CIGS stands for copper indium gallium selenide sulfide. The typical CIGS alloys are heterogeneous

More information

KGC SCIENTIFIC TYPES OF SOLAR CELL

KGC SCIENTIFIC  TYPES OF SOLAR CELL KGC SCIENTIFIC www.kgcscientific.com TYPES OF SOLAR CELL How Photovoltaic Cell Work When sunshine that contain photon strike the panel, semiconductor material will ionized Causing electron to break free

More information

Developing Enhanced Substrates for OLED SSL

Developing Enhanced Substrates for OLED SSL Developing Enhanced Substrates for OLED SSL DOE SSL R&D Manufacturing Workshop San Diego CA 7 May, 2014 Dr. W. Dennis Slafer MicroContinuum, Inc. 57 Smith Place Cambridge, MA 02138 www.microcontinuum.com

More information

Solar Cells. Mike McGehee Materials Science and Engineering

Solar Cells. Mike McGehee Materials Science and Engineering Solar Cells Mike McGehee Materials Science and Engineering Why solar cells are likely to provide a significant fraction of our power We need ~ 30 TW of power, the sun gives us 120,000 TW. Solar cells are

More information

Thin film photovoltaics: industrial strategies for increasing the efficiency and reducing costs

Thin film photovoltaics: industrial strategies for increasing the efficiency and reducing costs STATO E PROSPETTIVE DEL FOTOVOLTAICO IN ITALIA 26 giugno 2014 ENEA Via Giulio Romano n. 41, Roma Thin film photovoltaics: industrial strategies for increasing the efficiency and reducing costs Anna Battaglia,

More information

AIMCAL Fall Technical Conference & 19th International Conference on Vacuum Web Coating

AIMCAL Fall Technical Conference & 19th International Conference on Vacuum Web Coating AIMCAL Fall Technical Conference & 19th International Conference on Vacuum Web Coating A.G. Talma, R. Schlatmann, J.W.G. Mahy Akzo Nobel Chemicals bv, P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands. Phone

More information

Study for double-layered AZO/ATO transparent conducting thin film

Study for double-layered AZO/ATO transparent conducting thin film Journal of Physics: Conference Series Study for double-layered AZO/ATO transparent conducting thin film To cite this article: Miaomiao Cao et al 2013 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 419 012022 View the article online

More information

Photoelectrochemical Cells for a Sustainable Energy

Photoelectrochemical Cells for a Sustainable Energy Photoelectrochemical Cells for a Sustainable Energy Dewmi Ekanayake Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States With the increasing demand of the energy, researches

More information

Thin Film PV Transparent Conductive Oxide History, Functions, and Developments. Chris Cording AGC Flat Glass North America

Thin Film PV Transparent Conductive Oxide History, Functions, and Developments. Chris Cording AGC Flat Glass North America Thin Film PV Transparent Conductive Oxide History, Functions, and Developments Chris Cording AGC Flat Glass North America Introduction Thin-film modules often require a front Transparent Conductive Oxide

More information

White Paper: Pixelligent Internal Light Extraction Layer for OLED Lighting

White Paper: Pixelligent Internal Light Extraction Layer for OLED Lighting White Paper: Pixelligent Internal Light Zhiyun (Gene) Chen, Ph.D., Vice President of Engineering Jian Wang, Ph.D., Manager, Application Engineering Pixelligent Technologies LLC, 6411 Beckley Street, Baltimore,

More information

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH EFFICIENCY FLEXIBLE CdTe SOLAR CELLS

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH EFFICIENCY FLEXIBLE CdTe SOLAR CELLS DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH EFFICIENCY FLEXIBLE CdTe SOLAR CELLS A.Romeo, M. Arnold, D.L. Bätzner, H. Zogg and A.N. Tiwari* Thin Films Physics Group, Laboratory for Solid State Physics, Swiss Federal Institute

More information

Research Article Effects of Hydrogen Plasma on the Electrical Properties of F-Doped ZnO Thin Films and p-i-n α-si:h Thin Film Solar Cells

Research Article Effects of Hydrogen Plasma on the Electrical Properties of F-Doped ZnO Thin Films and p-i-n α-si:h Thin Film Solar Cells Photoenergy Volume 21, Article ID 2557, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/.1155/21/2557 Research Article Effects of Hydrogen Plasma on the Electrical Properties of F-Doped ZnO Thin Films and p-i-n α-si:h Thin

More information

PV System Components

PV System Components PV System Components PV modules each containing many PC cells. Connected in series or parallel arrays. Charge Controllers Optimally charges a storage battery for an off grid system, or Grid tie Inverters

More information

Polycrystalline and microcrystalline silicon

Polycrystalline and microcrystalline silicon 6 Polycrystalline and microcrystalline silicon In this chapter, the material properties of hot-wire deposited microcrystalline silicon are presented. Compared to polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline

More information

Solar Cells and Photosensors.

Solar Cells and Photosensors. Designing Photonic Crystals in Strongly Absorbing Material for Applications in Solar Cells and Photosensors. Minda Wagenmaker 1, Ebuka S. Arinze 2, Botong Qiu 2, Susanna M. Thon 2 1 Mechanical Engineering

More information

Photovoltaics under concentrated sunlight

Photovoltaics under concentrated sunlight Photovoltaics under concentrated sunlight April 2, 2013 The University of Toledo, Department of Physics and Astronomy Principles and Varieties of Solar Energy (PHYS 4400) Reading assignment: Sections 9.4

More information

Low-cost, deterministic quasi-periodic photonic structures for light trapping in thin film silicon solar cells

Low-cost, deterministic quasi-periodic photonic structures for light trapping in thin film silicon solar cells Low-cost, deterministic quasi-periodic photonic structures for light trapping in thin film silicon solar cells The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits

More information

SnO 2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel Method for Honeycomb Textured Silicon Solar Cells

SnO 2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel Method for Honeycomb Textured Silicon Solar Cells ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Volume 10, Number 1, 2007, 25 33 SnO 2 Thin Films Prepared by Sol Gel Method for Honeycomb Textured Silicon Solar Cells E. MANEA 1, E. BUDIANU 1,

More information

"ITO Film Trend for Touch Panel Applications"

ITO Film Trend for Touch Panel Applications AIMCAL Web Coating Conference 2011 October 23-26 Reno, Nevada USA 1 "ITO Film Trend for Touch Panel Applications" Teijin Chemicals Ltd. Haruhiko Itoh 2 Content 1. Structure and Features of TCF 2. Touch

More information

1 Introduction 1.1 Solar energy worldwide

1 Introduction 1.1 Solar energy worldwide 1 Introduction 1.1 Solar energy worldwide Solar energy, the earth s source of life, has an enormous potential to also become earth s inexhaustible and clean energy/electricity source. Each year the earth

More information

High Transmittance Ti doped ITO Transparent Conducting Layer Applying to UV-LED. Y. H. Lin and C. Y. Liu

High Transmittance Ti doped ITO Transparent Conducting Layer Applying to UV-LED. Y. H. Lin and C. Y. Liu High Transmittance Ti doped ITO Transparent Conducting Layer Applying to UV-LED Y. H. Lin and C. Y. Liu Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli,

More information

Photonic Drying Pulsed Light as a low Temperature Sintering Process

Photonic Drying Pulsed Light as a low Temperature Sintering Process Photonic Drying Pulsed Light as a low Temperature Sintering Process Lou Panico Xenon Corporation W E S T E R N M I C H I G A N U N I V E R S I T Y PRESENTATION OVERVIEW What is Printed Electronics Materials

More information

Solar Power. Technical Aspects and Environmental Impacts. 6 th March 2011 Sustainable Energy Options (UAU212F) - University of Iceland

Solar Power. Technical Aspects and Environmental Impacts. 6 th March 2011 Sustainable Energy Options (UAU212F) - University of Iceland Solar Power Technical Aspects and Environmental Impacts 1 Solar Power 1. Introduction 2. Passive Solar Energy utilization 3. Solar Thermal Heat Utilization 4. Solar thermal power plants 5. Photovoltaic

More information

tion band derived electrons. Achieving high performance p-type oxide TFTswilldefinitelypromoteaneweraforelectronicsinrigidandflexible substrate away

tion band derived electrons. Achieving high performance p-type oxide TFTswilldefinitelypromoteaneweraforelectronicsinrigidandflexible substrate away Preface Thin film transistor (TFT) is a combination of thin films necessary to create the function of a transistor. It consists of a thin film of a semiconducting material which forms the conducting channel

More information

the Netherlands Key words: Sputtering Deposition; ZnO; Resistivity; Transmittance

the Netherlands Key words: Sputtering Deposition; ZnO; Resistivity; Transmittance Advanced Materials Research Online: 011-0-1 ISS: 1-95, Vols. 19-19, pp 7-75 doi:.0/www.scientific.net/amr.19-19.7 011 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Electrical and Optical Properties of Indium and

More information

AIMCAL R2R Conference

AIMCAL R2R Conference Contents Introduction Markets OLED Structures Technology Fabrication Process Evaluation (Microstructure & etc) Summary Introduction [Merit of Rigid OLED Display] Cheap product cost Mass production Free

More information

HANA BENEŃOVÁ 1, PETR MACH 2

HANA BENEŃOVÁ 1, PETR MACH 2 Wydawnictwo UR 2017 ISSN 2080-9069 ISSN 2450-9221 online Edukacja Technika Informatyka nr 3/21/2017 www.eti.rzeszow.pl DOI: 10.15584/eti.2017.3.11 HANA BENEŃOVÁ 1, PETR MACH 2 Suggestion for Modify of

More information

Spectral selectivity of doped zinc and aluminium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis for solar energy applications

Spectral selectivity of doped zinc and aluminium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis for solar energy applications Spectral selectivity of doped zinc and aluminium oxide thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis for solar energy applications P C Simpemba 1,2, K Chinyama 1, J Simfukwe 1 and N R Mlyuka 3 1 The Copperbelt

More information

Low-temperature fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells by transfer. of composite porous layers supplementary material

Low-temperature fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells by transfer. of composite porous layers supplementary material Low-temperature fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells by transfer of composite porous layers supplementary material Michael Dürr, Andreas Schmid, Markus Obermaier, Silvia Rosselli, Akio Yasuda, and

More information

Plasmonic Photovoltaics

Plasmonic Photovoltaics Plasmonic Photovoltaics Investigators Harry A. Atwater, Howard Hughes Professor and Professor of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology Krista Langeland, Ph.D. student,

More information

EELE408 Photovoltaics Lecture 18 Photovoltaic Arrays & Modules

EELE408 Photovoltaics Lecture 18 Photovoltaic Arrays & Modules EELE08 Photovoltaics Lecture 18 Photovoltaic Arrays & Modules Dr. Todd J. Kaiser tjkaiser@ece.montana.edu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Montana State University - Bozeman Photovoltaic

More information

High Rate Deposition of Reactive Oxide Coatings by New Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Source Technology

High Rate Deposition of Reactive Oxide Coatings by New Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Source Technology General Plasma, Inc. 546 East 25th Street Tucson, Arizona 85713 tel. 520-882-5100 fax. 520-882-5165 High Rate Deposition of Reactive Oxide Coatings by New Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Source

More information

Simple UV-based Soft-lithography Process for. Fabrication of Low-Loss Polymer PSQ-L-based. Waveguides

Simple UV-based Soft-lithography Process for. Fabrication of Low-Loss Polymer PSQ-L-based. Waveguides Simple UV-based Soft-lithography Process for Fabrication of Low-Loss Polymer PSQ-L-based Waveguides Jie Teng 1, 2, 4, Stijn Scheerlinck 4, Geert Morthier 4, Roel Baets 4, Hongbo Zhang 2,3, Xigao Jian 2,3,

More information

Influence of In/Sn ratio on nanocrystalline indium tin oxide thin films by spray pyrolysis method

Influence of In/Sn ratio on nanocrystalline indium tin oxide thin films by spray pyrolysis method Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Archives of Physics Research, 2011, 2 (1): 19-25 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-0970 CODEN (USA):

More information

Keywords: liquid crystal, ion beam irradiation method, pretilt angle, amorphous carbon.

Keywords: liquid crystal, ion beam irradiation method, pretilt angle, amorphous carbon. THE STABILITY OF LIQUID CRYSTAL PRETILT ANGLE ON ION BEAM IRRADIATED AMORPHOUS CARBON FILMS DEPENDING ON AIR EXPOSING SEQUENCE AND SURFACE CLEANING METHOD Jongbok Kim Department of Materials Science and

More information

Transparent conductive oxides and their shielding efficiency against electromagnetic interferences

Transparent conductive oxides and their shielding efficiency against electromagnetic interferences Transparent conductive oxides and their shielding efficiency against electromagnetic interferences Kiril Angelov, Hristo Komitov, Asan Mustafov Abstract: The report presents a short overview on the most

More information

International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: Vol.9, No.01 pp , 2016

International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: Vol.9, No.01 pp , 2016 International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN: 0974-4290 Vol.9, No.01 pp 185-191, 2016 Study and Optimization Optical and Electrical properties of the p, i and n- Layers of Single

More information

Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of ITO Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation and Ion-Assisted Deposition

Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of ITO Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation and Ion-Assisted Deposition Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 42 : 362-366 (2008) Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of ITO Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation and Ion-Assisted Deposition Artorn Pokaipisit 1 *, Mati

More information

Efficiency Enhancement of Bulk-Heterojunction

Efficiency Enhancement of Bulk-Heterojunction Efficiency Enhancement of Bulk-Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells Michael Krüger, Yunfei Zhou, Michael Eck Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF), University of Freiburg, Germany Institute for Microsystems

More information

Optical Control of Surface Plasmon Coupling in Organic Light Emitting Devices with Nanosized Multi-cathode Structure

Optical Control of Surface Plasmon Coupling in Organic Light Emitting Devices with Nanosized Multi-cathode Structure Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference on Nanotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications Prague, Czech Republic, August 11-13, 2014 Paper No. 234 Optical Control of Coupling in Organic Light Emitting

More information

Introduction. 1.1 Solar energy

Introduction. 1.1 Solar energy 1 Introduction This chapter provides a general background on solar cells. In particular, the necessity of developing thin-film silicon tandem solar cells is discussed. The working principles of two different

More information

Laser-Crystallised Thin-Film Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Jonathon Dore SPREE Research Seminar - 27th June, 2013

Laser-Crystallised Thin-Film Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Jonathon Dore SPREE Research Seminar - 27th June, 2013 Laser-Crystallised Thin-Film Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Jonathon Dore SPREE Research Seminar - 27th June, 2013 Contents Introduction motivation for thin-film Thin-film PV technologies Diode laser

More information

Chapter 3 Silicon Device Fabrication Technology

Chapter 3 Silicon Device Fabrication Technology Chapter 3 Silicon Device Fabrication Technology Over 10 15 transistors (or 100,000 for every person in the world) are manufactured every year. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) ULSI (Ultra Large Scale

More information

Comparison of DC and RF sputtered aluminium-doped zinc oxide for photovoltaic applications

Comparison of DC and RF sputtered aluminium-doped zinc oxide for photovoltaic applications Loughborough University Institutional Repository Comparison of and sputtered aluminium-doped zinc oxide for photovoltaic applications This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional

More information

Nanotechnologies. National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)

Nanotechnologies. National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Nanotechnologies Liyuan Han Advanced Photovoltaics Center National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Expectations to PV market 12,000 World mark ket scale (MW) 10,000

More information

Properties of Inclined Silicon Carbide Thin Films Deposited by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

Properties of Inclined Silicon Carbide Thin Films Deposited by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation 182 Properties of Inclined Silicon Carbide Thin Films Deposited by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Oday A. Hamadi, Khaled Z. Yahia, and Oday N. S. Jassim Abstract In this work, thermal evaporation system was

More information

ISSN GANENDRA, Vol. V, No. 1. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE ZnO THIN FILMS BY DC MAGNETRON SPUTTERING

ISSN GANENDRA, Vol. V, No. 1. PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE ZnO THIN FILMS BY DC MAGNETRON SPUTTERING PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE ZnO THIN FILMS BY DC MAGNETRON SPUTTERING Sudjatmoko, Suryadi, Widdi Usada, Tono Wibowo, and Wirjoadi Centre for Research and Development of Advanced

More information

Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. By: Sanjay Tiwari

Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. By: Sanjay Tiwari Organic Light-Emitting Diodes By: Sanjay Tiwari Inorganic Vs. Organic Material Properties Limitations At Early Stage Organic materials have often proved to be unstable. Making reliable electrical contacts

More information

Light-Induced Degradation of Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells

Light-Induced Degradation of Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Light-Induced Degradation of Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells To cite this article: F U Hamelmann et al 2016 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 682 012002 View the

More information

Winter College on Optics and Energy February Anti-reflection and light-trapping. D. Bagnall Southampton University U.K.

Winter College on Optics and Energy February Anti-reflection and light-trapping. D. Bagnall Southampton University U.K. 212-7 Winter College on Optics and Energy 8-19 February 2010 Anti-reflection and light-trapping D. Bagnall Southampton University U.K. Anti reflection and light trapping Professor Darren Bagnall Electronics

More information

Preparation and Characterization of Micro-Crystalline Hydrogenated Silicon Carbide p-layers

Preparation and Characterization of Micro-Crystalline Hydrogenated Silicon Carbide p-layers Preparation and Characterization of Micro-Crystalline Hydrogenated Silicon Carbide p-layers Erten Eser, Steven S. Hegedus and Wayne A. Buchanan Institute of Energy Conversion University of Delaware, Newark,

More information

A discussion of crystal growth, lithography, etching, doping, and device structures is presented in

A discussion of crystal growth, lithography, etching, doping, and device structures is presented in Chapter 5 PROCESSING OF DEVICES A discussion of crystal growth, lithography, etching, doping, and device structures is presented in the following overview gures. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PROCESSING: AN OVERVIEW

More information

Amorphous silicon / crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell

Amorphous silicon / crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell Workshop on "Physics for Renewable Energy" October 17-29, 2005 301/1679-9 "Amorphous Silicon / Cyrstalline Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell" E. Centurioni CNR/IMM AREA Science Park - Bologna Italy Amorphous

More information

Coatings. Ion Assisted Deposition (IAD) process Advance Plasma Source (APS) plasma-ion assisted Deposition. Coatings on Optical Fibers

Coatings. Ion Assisted Deposition (IAD) process Advance Plasma Source (APS) plasma-ion assisted Deposition. Coatings on Optical Fibers Anti-Reflection Custom Ion Assisted Deposition (IAD) process Advance Plasma Source (APS) plasma-ion assisted Deposition Anti-Reflection on Optical Fibers OptoSigma supplies a wide selection of optical

More information

Solar and Wind Energy

Solar and Wind Energy Jerry Hudgins Solar and Wind Energy Department of Electrical Engineering 1 Average Irradiation Data (Annual) from Solarex. The units on the map are in kwh/m 2 /day and represent the minimum case values

More information

A ZnOS Demonstrator Solar Cell and its Efficiency

A ZnOS Demonstrator Solar Cell and its Efficiency Performance Enhancement of Large Area Solar cells by incorporating Nanophosphors: 1 A ZnOS Demonstrator Solar Cell and its Efficiency High quality ternary ZnO 1-x S x (0 x 1.0) nanocrystals in the whole

More information

Laser treatment of gravure-printed ITO films on PET

Laser treatment of gravure-printed ITO films on PET Laser treatment of gravure-printed ITO films on PET Howard V Snelling, Anton A Serkov, Jack Eden, Rob J Farley Physics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, HU6 7RX, UK Presentation

More information

Silver Diffusion Bonding and Layer Transfer of Lithium Niobate to Silicon

Silver Diffusion Bonding and Layer Transfer of Lithium Niobate to Silicon Chapter 5 Silver Diffusion Bonding and Layer Transfer of Lithium Niobate to Silicon 5.1 Introduction In this chapter, we discuss a method of metallic bonding between two deposited silver layers. A diffusion

More information

Advances in Intense Pulsed Light Solutions For Display Manufacturing. XENON Corporation Dr. Saad Ahmed Japan IDW 2016

Advances in Intense Pulsed Light Solutions For Display Manufacturing. XENON Corporation Dr. Saad Ahmed Japan IDW 2016 Advances in Intense Pulsed Light Solutions For Display Manufacturing XENON Corporation Dr. Saad Ahmed Japan IDW 2016 Talk Outline Introduction to Pulsed Light Applications in Display UV Curing Applications

More information

The critical role of gas and chemical suppliers in PV cell manufacture

The critical role of gas and chemical suppliers in PV cell manufacture The critical role of gas and chemical suppliers in PV cell manufacture Gases and chemicals contribute a significant part of the bill of materials for PV cells, and as the industry grows, material suppliers

More information

Ceramic Processing Research

Ceramic Processing Research Journal of Ceramic Processing Research. Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 638~642 (2008) J O U R N A L O F Ceramic Processing Research Study of Ga-Doped ZnO films deposited on PET substrates by DC magnetron sputtering

More information

Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA 2

Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA 2 Enhance Solar Water Splitting Performance by Utilizing Near Infrared Radiation with Composite Films of Hematite and Rare Earth Doped Upconversion Materials Ming Zhang, 1 Yongjing Lin, 2 Thomas J. Mullen,

More information

Tuvinian Research Institute SB RAS, International st., 117 A, Kyzyl , Republic of Tuva, Russia

Tuvinian Research Institute SB RAS, International st., 117 A, Kyzyl , Republic of Tuva, Russia Journal of Mechanics Engineering and Automation 6 (2016) 212-216 doi: 10.17265/2159-5275/2016.04.007 D DAVID PUBLISHING Valeri I. Kotelnikov and Elena A. Ryazanova Tuvinian Research Institute SB RAS, International

More information

ROLL TO ROLL FABRICATION PROCESS OF THIN FILM SILICON SOLAR CELLS ON STEEL FOIL

ROLL TO ROLL FABRICATION PROCESS OF THIN FILM SILICON SOLAR CELLS ON STEEL FOIL ROLL TO ROLL FABRICATION PROCESS OF THIN FILM SILICON SOLAR CELLS ON STEEL FOIL B.B. Van Aken, M. Dörenkämper, C. Devilee, M.C.R. Heijna, J. Löffler and W.J. Soppe ECN Solar Energy, P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG

More information

Sputtered Zinc Oxide Films for Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells: Material Properties and Surface Texture

Sputtered Zinc Oxide Films for Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells: Material Properties and Surface Texture Poster FVS Workshop 2002 Sputtered Zinc Oxide Films for Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells: Material Properties and Surface Texture Texture etching of sputtered ZnO:Al films has opened up a variety of possibilities

More information

Process Development for Porous Silicon Light-Emitting Devices

Process Development for Porous Silicon Light-Emitting Devices Process Development for Porous Silicon Light-mitting Devices Jason Benz Advisor: K. Hirschman Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY 14623 Absfract - The primary focus of this project was to continue

More information

PHOTOVOLTAICS HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS

PHOTOVOLTAICS HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND NATURAL RESOURCES VIRGIN ISLANDS ENERGY OFFICE 45 ESTATE MARS HILL FREDERIKSTED, VIRGIN ISLANDS 00840 TELEPHONE 340 773-1082 STX * FAX 340 772-0063 340 774-3320 STT * FAX 340

More information

R&D ACTIVITIES AT ASSCP-BHEL,GURGAON IN SOLAR PV. DST-EPSRC Workshop on Solar Energy Research

R&D ACTIVITIES AT ASSCP-BHEL,GURGAON IN SOLAR PV. DST-EPSRC Workshop on Solar Energy Research R&D ACTIVITIES AT -BHEL,GURGAON IN SOLAR PV at the DST-EPSRC Workshop on Solar Energy Research (22 nd 23 rd April, 2009) by Dr.R.K. Bhogra, Addl. General Manager & Head Email: cpdrkb@bhel.co.in Dr.A.K.

More information

Ultra High Barrier Coatings by PECVD

Ultra High Barrier Coatings by PECVD Society of Vacuum Coaters 2014 Technical Conference Presentation Ultra High Barrier Coatings by PECVD John Madocks & Phong Ngo, General Plasma Inc., 546 E. 25 th Street, Tucson, Arizona, USA Abstract Silicon

More information

Modeling Of A Diffraction Grating Coupled Waveguide Based Biosensor For Microfluidic Applications Yixuan Wu* 1, Mark L. Adams 1 1

Modeling Of A Diffraction Grating Coupled Waveguide Based Biosensor For Microfluidic Applications Yixuan Wu* 1, Mark L. Adams 1 1 Modeling Of A Diffraction Grating Coupled Waveguide Based Biosensor For Microfluidic Applications Yixuan Wu* 1, Mark L. Adams 1 1 Auburn University *yzw0040@auburn.edu Abstract: A diffraction grating coupled

More information

Section 2: Sources of Energy

Section 2: Sources of Energy Section 2: Sources of Energy Types of Energy¹ All the things we use every day to meet our needs and wants are provided through the use of natural resources.natural resources are either renewable or nonrenewable.

More information

Effect of Doping Concentration on the Structural Properties of Zn: SnO 2

Effect of Doping Concentration on the Structural Properties of Zn: SnO 2 IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-issn: 2278-4861.Volume 7, Issue 3 Ver. II (May. - Jun. 2015), PP 45-49 www.iosrjournals.org Effect of Doping Concentration on the Structural Properties of Zn:

More information

Polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cells

Polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cells Polycrystalline CdS/CdTe solar cells Al Compaan Distinguished University Professor of Physics, Emeritus (Lecture for Heben/Ellingson solar cells class) March 3, 2011 1 Absorption spectra of various semiconductors

More information

FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SURFACE ENGINEERING AND THIN FILMS IST FUNCTIONAL COATINGS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SURFACE ENGINEERING AND THIN FILMS IST FUNCTIONAL COATINGS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SURFACE ENGINEERING AND THIN FILMS IST FUNCTIONAL COATINGS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY 1 1 Functional coatings for the automobile Functional coatings for automotive engineering

More information

IMRE/ETPL Flagship Project

IMRE/ETPL Flagship Project IMRE/ETPL Flagship Project Nanoparticulate Barrier Films & Gas Permeation Measurement Techniques for Thin Film Solar & Display Application Problems Senthil Ramadas Institute of Materials Research & Engineering

More information

Properties of Highly Transparent Conductive Ga-Doped ZnO Films prepared on Polymer Substrates by Reactive Plasma Deposition with DC Arc Discharge

Properties of Highly Transparent Conductive Ga-Doped ZnO Films prepared on Polymer Substrates by Reactive Plasma Deposition with DC Arc Discharge Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology Volume 22, Number 4 (2009) 497-502 2009 CPST Properties of Highly Transparent Conductive Ga-Doped ZnO Films prepared on Polymer Substrates by Reactive Plasma

More information

Energy-efficient glazing

Energy-efficient glazing Energy-efficient glazing Low-E solar reflective coatings Float glass is traditionally used in the building and automotive industries to provide both clear and tinted transparent barriers to the elements.

More information

Nanoscience in (Solar) Energy Research

Nanoscience in (Solar) Energy Research Nanoscience in (Solar) Energy Research Arie Zaban Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Israel Nanoscience in energy conservation: TBP 10 TW - PV Land Area Requirements 10 TW 3 TW 10 TW Power Stations

More information

PHYSICSOF SOLARCELLS. Jenny Nelson. Imperial College, UK. Imperial College Press ICP

PHYSICSOF SOLARCELLS. Jenny Nelson. Imperial College, UK. Imperial College Press ICP im- PHYSICSOF SOLARCELLS Jenny Nelson Imperial College, UK ICP Imperial College Press Contents Preface v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1. Photons In, Electrons Out: The Photovoltaic Effect 1 1.2. Brief History

More information

6.1 Summary. Summary and Scope for Further Study

6.1 Summary. Summary and Scope for Further Study Summary and scope for further study Summary and Scope for Further Study 6.1 Summary Detecting gases and determining their composition has constantly been on the increase in recent years. The demand for

More information

Winter College on Optics and Energy February Thin Film Technologies. D. Bagnall Southampton University U.K.

Winter College on Optics and Energy February Thin Film Technologies. D. Bagnall Southampton University U.K. 2132-6 Winter College on Optics and Energy 8-19 February 2010 Thin Film Technologies D. Bagnall Southampton University U.K. Thin Film Technologies Professor Darren Bagnall Electronics and Computer Science,

More information