Equilibrium Sediment Transport and Evolution Trend Simulation of the Lower Yellow River

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1 Senor & Tranducer, Vol. 21, Special Iue, May 213, pp Senor & Tranducer 213 by IFSA Equilibrium Sediment Tranport and Evolution Trend Simulation of the Lower Yellow River 1,2* Shaolei GUO, 2 Dongpo SUN, 1 Xiuru WANG 1 College of Soil and Water Conervation, Beijing Foretry Univerity, Beijing 18, P. R. China 2 North China Univerity of Water Reource and Electric Power, Henan Zhengzhou 4511, P.R China * guo_haolei@163.com Received: 23 March 213 /Accepted: 14 May 213 /Publihed: 3 May 213 Abtract: The non-equilibrium development of the couring and ilting evolution of the Lower Yellow River i caued by the different characteritic of river channel. On the bai of the water and ediment data of the Lower Yellow River between 196 and 28, tatitic method wa ued to analyze the ediment tranport of different dicharge flow. The combination of 25 m 3 / < Q < 4 m 3 / and 2 kg/m 3 < S < 6 kg/m 3 i conidered a better combination for the Lower Yellow River. Combined with the model experiment data, the evolution trend of the Lower Yellow Rive channel in the later ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir were analyzed, and the importance of the equilibrium development of the upper and lower reache in the later ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir wa pointed out. Copyright 213 IFSA.. Keyword: Model tet, Lower yellow river, Equilibrium ediment tranport, Regulation value. 1. Introduction In the Lower Yellow River, there are three type of river channel: wandering, tranitional, bending. When the flow tranmit in the Lower Yellow River (Fig.1), the cour and ilting characteritic of the three reache which are different becaue of the different characteritic of river channel often reult in the diadvantageou phenomenon that uptream cour and downtream ilt or uptream ilt and downtream cour. The ediment tranporting capacity of ome reache can not be fully which influence the effect of ediment tranporting, and that i caued by the non-equilibrium development cour and ilting evolution of the Lower Yellow River. Facing with increaingly carce water reource, the channel of the Lower Yellow River can develop equilibrium at what water and ediment condition, and how can achieve thi condition by joint operation of reervoir. Thoe have great help to olve the problem of ilting and flood control of the Lower Yellow River. It i well-known that the water and ediment condition of the Lower Yellow River i complicated and variable. Many cholar have given different regulation value of the water and ediment condition from different apect baed on the condition of balance ediment tranport [1-11]. However, it i difficult to achieve balance ediment tranport becaue of the complicated relationhip of ediment tranport, couring and ilting, the rapid change of the boundary condition of the riverbed under the influence of the flow, the changeable river channel and water and ediment condition. Moreover, balance i relative in nature, unbalance i abolute. So Equilibrium ediment tranport, an approximate balance ediment tranport, i more feaible in the Lower Yellow River [12, 13]. In thi condition the couring and ilting variation i not eriou (< 1 %), and in a long period of time the ediment tranport i balanced. Han proved it from theory [12]. Article number P_SI_

2 Senor & Tranducer, Vol. 21, Special Iue, May 213, pp Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the Lower Yellow River. In order to find the controllable relation between dicharge and ediment in which condition equilibrium ediment tranport could be achieve in the Lower Yellow River, tatitic method would be ued to analyze the different dicharge and the ediment concentration of flow on the bai of water and ediment data of the Lower Yellow River between 196 and 28. Alo the couring and ilting trend would be forecated in the later ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir on the bai of the Lower Yellow River phyical model tet. All of thee would provide theoretical upport to equilibrium ediment tranport of different reach in the Lower Yellow River. 2. Material and Method 2.1. Meaured data and Method The Lower Yellow River meaured data of Huayuankou hydrologic tation, Jiahetan hydrologic tation, Gaocun hydrologic tation, Aihan hydrologic tation and Lijin hydrologic tation between 196 and 28 are ued in thi article. And all the data i in the condition that the dicharge and ediment concentration have not large change (<2 %) in 3-5 day, no overflow, no hyper-concentrated flow and the average dicharge of flow i more than 1 m 3 /. During the analyi, the Lower Yellow River i divided into four reach: Huayuankou Jiahetan, Jiahetan Gaocun, Gaocun Aihan, Aihan Lijin. Huayuankou Jiahetan and Jiahetan Gaocun are wandering reach. Gaocun Aihan i tranitionalreach. Aihan Lijin i bending reach. Firt the data of Huayuankou hydrologic tation are elected. Then other hydrologic tation data are elected on the bai of flow velocity. Tranport rate method, which i baed on the data of ediment tranport rate, i ued to calculate the edimentation amount. Statitic method i ued to analyze the different magnitude and the ediment concentration of flow of the Lower Yellow River Model Tet The model i built to tudy the fluvial proce in the different ue period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir. The main model cale are in Table 1. The model ha been ued during the beginning ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir. It reliability ha been verified. After the beginning ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir, the reervoir i changed over to ediment-retaining period for the deigned uage. In order to forecat the evolution trend of the Lower Yellow Rive channel in the that period, the dicharge and ediment proce which i deigned by the actual data of i ued in the model. And cro ection method which i baed on the cro ection data i ued to calculate the couring and ilting. Scale name Horizontal cale Table 1. The Main Model Scale. L Vertical cale H Geometry deformation D Velocity cale V Roughne cale n Time cale of flow movement Sediment diffuion cale Grain-ize cale d Sediment concentration cale S Time cale of riverbed deformation t2 t 1 t Model Scale 6 6 Remark According to the ite condition and tet requirement Meet the geometry deformation limit condition, etc. 1 D / t L H V 1/2 H 2/3 1 1/2 R J n V / t L V / / V H L 1/2 ( / ) d Little adjutment with water temperature and with the verification tet( i upended ediment) /( ) and with t L V the verification tet 136

3 Senor & Tranducer, Vol. 21, Special Iue, May 213, pp Reult and Dicuion In order to analyi the couring and ilting law in channel with different dicharge, channel couring-ilting rate of reach wa introduced. Channel couring-ilting rate for the reach wa the ratio of couring and ilting amount to incoming ediment amount. The Fig. 2-5 wa given after analyzing the relationhip of channel couring-ilting rate and ediment concentration when the dicharge wa between 1 m 3 / and 5 m 3 / in the year The correlation of channel couring-ilting rate and ediment concentration in the four reache could be expreed in the formula The Dicharge Between 1m 3 / and 2 m 3 / ΔW S /W S = 37.72lnS (1) ΔW S /W S = 4.73lnS (2) ΔW S /W S = 46.86lnS (3) ΔW S /W S = 68.28lnS (4) Here ΔW S i couring or ilting amount of the reach, W S i incoming ediment amount of the reach and S i ediment concentration. A hown in the Fig. 2, the channel couring-ilting rate of the four reache increaed with the increae of ediment concentration. The channel couring-ilting rate of Huayuankou Gaocun wa cloe to when the ediment concentration of Huayuankou and Jiahetan wa about 18 kg/m 3. The channel couring-ilting rate of Gaocun-Lijin wa cloe to when the ediment concentration of Gaocun and Aihan wa about 15 kg/m The Dicharge between 2m 3 / and 3 m 3 / ΔW S /W S = 43.62lnS (5) ΔW S /W S = 55.17lnS (6) ΔW S /W S = 33.21lnS (7) ΔW S /W S = 48.81lnS (8) (c) Gaocun-Aihan (d) Aihan-Lijin Fig. 2. The relation of Sediment Concentration and the channel couring-ilting rate in the lower Yellow River between 1 m 3 /-2 m 3 /. 137

4 Senor & Tranducer, Vol. 21, Special Iue, May 213, pp According to the Fig. 3 preented, the channel couring-ilting rate of the four reache increaed with increae of ediment concentration. The channel couring-ilting rate of Huayuankou Jiahetan wa cloe to when the ediment concentration of Huayuankou wa about 3 kg/m 3. The channel couring-ilting rate of Jiahetan Gaocun wa cloe to when the ediment concentration of Jiahetan wa about 3 kg/m 3. The channel couring-ilting rate of Gaocun Aihan wa cloe to when the ediment concentration of Gaocun wa about 3 kg/m 3. The channel couring-ilting rate of Aihan Lijin wa cloe to when the ediment concentration of Aihan wa about 28 kg/m Sediment concentration of Aihan (kg/m 3 ) (c) Gaocun-Aihan (d) Aihan-Lijin Fig. 3. The relation of Sediment Concentration and the channel couring-ilting rate in the lower Yellow River between 2 m 3 /-3 m 3 / The dicharge between 3m 3 / and 4 m 3 / ΔW S /W S = 29.31lnS (9) ΔW S /W S = 32.25lnS (1) ΔW S /W S = 37.82lnS (11) ΔW S /W S = 26.86lnS (12) According to the Fig. 4 preented, the channel couring-ilting rate of the four reache increaed with increae of ediment concentration. All the reache were couring except the larger ediment concentration The dicharge between 4 m 3 / and 5 m 3 / ΔW S /W S = 42.56lnS (13) ΔW S /W S = 37.43lnS (14) ΔW S /W S = 55.29lnS-24.1 (15) ΔW S /W S = 44.47lnS (16) A could been een in the Fig. 5, all the reache were couring when the dicharge wa more than 4 m 3 /. 138

5 Senor & Tranducer, Vol. 21, Special Iue, May 213, pp Sediment concentration of Aihan (kg/m 3 ) (c) Gaocun-Aihan (d) Aihan-Lijin Fig. 4. The relation of Sediment Concentration and the channel couring-ilting rate in the lower Yellow River between 3 m 3 /-4 m 3 /. It could be een from the Fig. 2-5 that when the combination of dicharge and the ediment concentration wa different, the couring-ilting of the four reache ha different. But when the combination of dicharge and the ediment concentration changed in the range of 2 m 3 / < Q < 3 m 3 / and 2 kg/m 3 < S < 6 kg/m 3, the couring-ilting of the four reache were cloe to (<1 %). Combining the cognition to the ediment carrying capacity and the actual dicharge and the ediment concentration of the lower Yellow River, the combination of 2m 3 /<Q<3m 3 / and 2kg/m 3 <S<6kg/m 3 wa conidered a better combination for the Lower Yellow River equilibrium ediment tranport in long period of time. It could be ued a the control condition of Hayuankou. Conidering the decreae of the flow when the flow flowed Hayuankou to Lijin, the control dicharge could be 25m 3 /<Q<4m 3 /. In thi condition, the four reache might be couring or ilting in a hort period of time. According to the adjutment of the flow and channel in a long period of time, Equilibrium ediment tranport could be achieved. Alo ingle combination of dicharge and the ediment concentration hould be avoided when the Xiaolangdi Reervoir wa ued to regulate the dicharge and the ediment concentration The Forecat of Scouring and Silting Trend in the Later Sediment-retaining Period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir It could be een from graph 6 that ilting ditribution increaed generally from Tiexie to Taochengpu. That wa becaue ome river training work which decreae the wandering range of channel were built up between Tiexie and Huayuankou. And in the initial operation tage of Xiaolangdi Reervoir, the channel geometry of that reach became better and better. Overflow of that reach became le in the later ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir and the main channel wa couring. Between Huayuankou and Jiahetan, river training work were alo built up, overflow wa not too much. The ilting in that reach wa not eriou. Between Jiahetan and Taochengpu, the ilting wa very eriou. A wa hown in Fig. 6, the depoition amount increaed harply in that reach. That wa becaue overflow wa too much and there were three big floodplain area. The ediment that carried by the overflow depoited in quantity on the floodplain area. It could be een from the analyi that the ediment tranporting capacity of uptream and downtream in the Lower Yellow River had great difference. If the 139

6 Senor & Tranducer, Vol. 21, Special Iue, May 213, pp quondam dicharge and the ediment concentration were ued in the later ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir, ilting i inevitable below Jiahetan. Equilibrium ediment tranport could olve thi problem if the combination of 25 m 3 / < Q < 4 m 3 / and 2 kg/m 3 < S < 6 kg/m 3 wa ued Sediment concentration of Aihan (kg/m 3 ) (c) Gaocun-Aihan (d) Aihan-Lijin Fig. 5. The relation of Sediment Concentration and the channel rate of ilting in the lower Yellow River between 4 m 3 /-5 m 3 /. Cumulative ilting (1 8 t ) Tiexie Main channel Floodplain area Full channel Gubaizui Laitongzhai Huayuankou Liuyuankou Mazhai Chanfang Jiahetan The ditance to Xiaolangditation(km) Fig. 6. The accumulated cour of the model tet between Tiexie and Taochengpu. Gaocun Suizhuang Yangji Sunkou Taochengpu 14

7 Senor & Tranducer, Vol. 21, Special Iue, May 213, pp Concluion The analyi of model tet reult how that the ediment tranporting capacity of uptream and downtream in the Lower Yellow River had great difference. If the quondam dicharge and the ediment concentration were ued in the later ediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reervoir, ilting i inevitable below Jiahetan. But equilibrium ediment tranport can olve thi problem. The combination of dicharge and the ediment concentration changed in the range of 25 m 3 / < Q < 4 m 3 / and 2 kg/m 3 < S < 6 kg/m 3 i conidered a better combination for the Lower Yellow River equilibrium ediment tranport in long period. Acknowledgement The tudy i financially upported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51394, No ). Reference [1]. Hu, C. H., Chen, J. G., and Guo, Q. C. Shaping and maintaining a medium-ized main channel in the Lower Yellow River, International Journal of Sediment Reearch, 27, 3, 212, pp [2]. Ma, Y. X., Huang, H. Q., Nanon, G. C., Li, Y. and Yao, W. Y. Channel adjutment in repone to the operation of large dam: The upper reach of the lower Yellow River, Geomorphology, 147, SI, 212, pp [3]. Xia, J. Q., Lin, B. L., Falconer, R. A., and Wang, Y. P. Modelling of man-made flood routing in the lower Yellow River, Proceeding of the Intitution of Civil Engineer-Water, 165, 7, 212, pp [4]. Chen, J. G., Zhou, W. H., and Chen, Q. Reervoir Sedimentation and Tranformation of Morphology in THE Lower Yellow River during 1 Year' Initial Operation of the Xiaolangdi Reervoir, Journal of Hydrodynamic, 24, 6, 212, pp [5]. Fu, X. D., Jiang, L. W., and Wu, B. S. Sediment delivery ratio and it uncertaintie on flood event cale: Quantification for the Lower Yellow River. Science China-Technological Science, 53, 3, 21, pp [6]. Liu J.-X., Gao G.-M., Study on Characteritic of Scouring and Depoition of lower channel of the Yellow River, Yellow River, 22, 8, 2, pp [7]. Liang Z.-Y., Liu J.-X., Zhang H.-J., Relation between cour iltation and flow ediment combination for flood in the lower Yellow River, Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 24, 2, 25, pp [8]. Liang Z.-Y., Li C.-P., Critical dicharge between cour and iltation in alluvial river, Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 3, 23, pp [9]. Liang Z.-Y., Yang L.-F., Relation of channel geometry to water and ediment rate for the lower Yellow River, Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 24, 6, 25, pp [1]. Han Q.-W., Some rule of ediment tranportation and depoition-couring in the lower Yellow River, Journal of Sediment Reearch, 3, 24, pp [11]. Han Q.-W., Huge Sediment Tranporting Capacity and Trend of Equilibrium of t he Lower Yellow River, Yellow River, 3, 2, 28, pp [12]. Han Q.-W., Equilibrium trend of ediment tranportation and river morphology, Journal of Sediment Reearch, 4, 211, pp [13]. Peng R.-S., River Training and Equilibrium Sediment Tranport of the Lower Yellow River, Yellow River, 33, 3, 211, pp Copyright, International Frequency Senor Aociation (IFSA). All right reerved. ( 141