A Practical Guide to Poultry Lighting

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1 A Practical Guide to Poultry Lighting 2016 Ian Rubinoff, DVM, MPH, DACPV Hy-Line International Technical Services Veterinarian

2 Outline Poultry biology Understanding light Measuring light Impact of painting lights red Lens dispersion and dimming LED light overview Choosing the right light

3 Human wavelength recognition % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

4 Fowl wavelength recognition % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

5 Comparison 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

6 Lux versus clux The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standard for measuring light intensity is set at the peak human response Humans only have one photopic spectral peak that is calculated between nm. Chickens have 3 photopic spectral peaks (around 480, 560, and 625 nm); therefore some additional calculations are required. Depending on the light source and peak spectrum, there can be a 50% or greater difference between the lux and clux.

7 Poultry biology Basic Physiological effects of light: 1. Facilitate sight - Food search 2. Stimulate Internal Cycles - Circadian- day length changes 3. Initiate and regulate hormone release - Metabolic regulation: fat & muscle deposition - Reproduction - Calcium, phosphorus, and bone formation

8 Poultry biology Reception: 1. Retinal - Cone photoreceptors - Visual perception - Dopamine & UV-A melatonin 2a. Pineal Soul gland - Photoreceptors (>4 lux) - Circadian clock: serotonin and melatonin 2b. Hypothalamic Sexual Maturity - Deep encephalic photoreceptor - Sexual hormones 2a. 2b.

9 Spectral transmission into the hypothalamus in birds 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

10 Spectral transmission into the hypothalamus in birds Transmission relative to red (650 nm) Wavelength (nm) Quail Sparrow Pigeon Ducks Violet ( ) Blue ( ) Green ( ) Yellow ( ) Orange ( ) Red (650) Red (700)

11 Poultry physiology Wavelength differences Ultraviolet A-B light Vitamin D conversion, calcium and phosphorus metabolism, bone formation, immune system, blood pressure and circulation, muscle development Visual light Birds have 4 types of single-cone photoreceptors and tetra-chromatic color vision A 5 th single-cone is luminance based for motion detection Infrared light Perceived as heat

12 Understanding light

13 Basic Concepts Light Portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Radiation Ultra Violet (UV) Visible Infra red (IR) Light Environment: Duration e.i., Photoperiod, Day length Luminance e.i., Intensity Wavelength e.i., Color

14 Electromagnetic spectrum Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

15 Chromaticity Chromaticity is a method to measure the relative warmness or coolness of light Expressed in degrees of Kelvin Was originally developed for incandescent lights >4000K - cool K neutral and balanced <3000K - warm

16 Luminous Flux Luminous flux the total emitted visible light from a bulb, measured in lumens Source Gigahertz-Optik LED Tester Data Sheet

17 Luminous Intensity Luminous intensity (directional flux) quantifies the luminous flux emitted by a light source in a certain direction, measured in candelas or candles Source Gigahertz-Optik LED Tester Data Sheet

18 Illuminance Power Illuminance power the luminous flux per area illuminated by the light, measured in lux or foot candles (fc). The calculation is 1 lux = 1 lumen/m 2 or 1 lux = fc (lumen/m 2 ). 100 lumen 100 lumen 100 lux 1 m 2 10 lux 10 m 2

19 Light measurement Light meters are used to measure lux or foot candle 1 fc = lux or 1 lux = fc Equals conversion between 1 ft 2 and 1 m 2 All light meters are not created equal Traditional light meters only take into account peak human vision at around 555 nm Animal specific light meters can calculate the full spectrum vision Good light meters are scientific instruments and are priced accordingly!

20 Measuring LED light intensity Traditional light meters cannot be used to measure LED lights accurately in a poultry house Most light meters are calibrated for visible light at a "white" color temperature, usually ~2800K and most closely associated with ~ nm wavelengths. Traditional light meters do give a rough indication of light intensity. Traditional light meters are still useful for assessing the difference in light intensity between different areas

LED spectrometers Used by professional photographers Gives readings for CCT, CRI, Lux, λp

21 Measuring LED s light intensity Ideal LED light meters can be poultry or LED specific Poultry spectrometers Once and Hato Provide lux and clux reading Also gives CCT, CRT, λp LED spectrometers Used by professional photographers Gives readings for CCT, CRI, Lux, λp (peak wavelength) Does not give clux, but this can be roughly assessed based on observing the spectrum

22 Spectrometer reading

23 Spectra of different light sources

24 Sunlight at noon 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

25 Sunlight at dawn 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

26 Incandescent 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

27 Cool CFL (5000K) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

28 Warm CFL (2700K) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

29 Cool LED (5000K) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

30 Warm LED (2700K) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

31 ONCE Innovations LED 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

32 Colored curtains

33 Painting bulbs red

34 Painting bulbs red Many producers paint bulbs red as tool to dim light and/or prevent pecking What is the actual effect of painting a bulb red?

35 Dimming effect of red paint LED2 5000K painted LED2 5000K LED2 2700K painted LED2 2700K LED1 5000K painted LED1 5000K LED1 2700K painted LED1 2700K INC1 2750K painted INC1 2750K CFL1 5000K painted CFL1 5000K CFL1 2700K painted CFL1 2700K Lux

36 Dimming effect of red paint Lux Painted red % dim CFL1 2700K % CFL1 5000K % INC1 2750K % LED1 2700K % LED1 5000K % LED2 2700K % LED2 5000K % CFL1 2700K % CFL1 5000K %

37 Incandescent 4.0 Full light Red light

38 Compact fluorescent 6.0 Full light Red light

39 Cool LED 5000K 3.0 Full light Red light

40 Painting bulbs red Red paint creates significant dimming 58 88% in this experiment Does not provide uniform dimming Red paint blocks almost all blue, green, and yellow spectrum The level of spectrum cutoff depends on the paint used This paint was around nm Red paint does not create any new red spectrum Only utilizes the red spectrum already available but at a lower intensity Installing dimmable lights can accomplish a very similar effect to painting with no extra labor or new bulb cost

41 LED dimming and lens dispersion

42 Dimming LED lights Dimmers need to be compatible with the specific LED lights installed Incompatible dimmers may cause LED lights to flicker, overheat, or burn out more quickly Incandescent and LED dimmers both operate similarly; however, LED dimmers must have greater control of wattage output The main reason for the difference in dimmer compatibility is the filament in an incandescent light source is a simple resistor

to control the output of electricity to ensure consistent performance when

43 Dimming LED lights LED light do not have a resistive filament, and by design are complex loads A good LED dimmer will have resistance built into the dimmer to control the output of electricity to ensure consistent performance when dimmed LED lights maintain efficiency when dimmed, and may also increase the bulb life.

44 Lens dispersion Understand the difference in bulb directionality 180 o bulb very different than an 30 o bulb Lights with high level of light dispersion CFL, incandescent Directionality can be useful or detrimental depending on the intended purpose Directional bulbs can save energy by focusing light where needed Bulb directionality matters in both cage and floor houses Floor spotlighting, floor eggs Cage cages that are too dark or too bright

45 Light dispersion

46 Lux Light dispersion Light bulb 8' 10' (1) 6' (2) Under (1) Diagonal (2)

47 Light dispersion in cages

48 Illuminance power (lux/clux) Light dispersion in cages 180 lux top lux bottom Light Distance between lights (feet) Light 2

49 LED Benefits Full spectrum light Most efficient light bulb measured in lumens per watt Low infrared radiation (heat) Non-glass materials allow for manufacture from waterproof and shatterproof materials Spectrum can be shifted Easier to dim than CFL bulbs Typically manufactured from non-toxic materials Long lifespan up to hrs (50,000 60,000 hours) Rapidly reaches peak light intensity after being turned on Ideal for areas where lights are turned on and off frequently Able to be used in cold weather

50 LED Shortcomings Expensive current poultry specific LED lights may cost $20 - $35 per bulb. General LED lights run $2 - $15 Correct dimmer must be used otherwise the light may flicker and burn out more quickly Not all LED s have a good lens to diffuse the light in all directions The lack of sufficient light diffusion may cause dramatic changes in light intensity at the feeder if lights are placed too far apart 4 m centers may be too far apart for most LED lights, 2 m or 3 m centers are more ideal

Types of LED bulbs General Available at online and in hardware

agriculture environments Some may not be warrantied for

Good technical support Good track record of installation

51 Types of LED bulbs General Available at online and in hardware stores Becoming less expensive Not created for usage in agriculture environments Some may not be warrantied for agriculture use Typical warm and cool spectra Poultry specific Good technical support Good track record of installation Designed to meet electric codes in barns Great warranties for light performance Most expensive

52 Return on investment Estimated Light type Hour/ day Energy cost Cost per # Lights Watt/ Bulb use kw/hr ($) bulb ($) LED CFL Incandescent Other Estimated Light type Hour/ day Energy cost Cost per # Lights Watt/ Bulb use kw/hr ($) bulb ($) LED CFL Incandescent Other Operation plus bulb cost ROI Operation plus bulb cost ROI Bulb LED CFL INC Other Bulb LED CFL INC Other Install bulb cost 1, $ - Install bulb cost $ - Yearly energy cost 1, , , Yearly energy cost 1, , , ROI for LED* 16 months ROI for LED* 5 months Estimated Light type Hour/ day Energy cost Cost per # Lights Watt/ Bulb use kw/hr ($) bulb ($) LED CFL Incandescent Other Operation plus bulb cost ROI Bulb LED CFL INC Other Install bulb cost 1, $ - Yearly energy cost 2, , , ROI for LED* 8 months Estimated Light type Hour/ day Energy cost Cost per # Lights Watt/ Bulb use kw/hr ($) bulb ($) LED CFL Incandescent Other Operation plus bulb cost ROI Bulb LED CFL INC Other Install bulb cost 3, $ - Yearly energy cost 1, , , ROI for LED* 51 months

53 What bulb should I choose? Great question! Depends on available capital Building a new farm, renovating, or only retrofitting What kind of housing system Barn, aviary, colony, enrichable cage, traditional cage Understand that LED light technology is rapidly improving Quality will improve and cost will decrease in the coming years

54 Regardless of bulb Be aware of the specifics of the bulb chosen Lumen output, spectrum, test the bulb in the house first if possible Invest in a proper dimmer LED s are computer chips and need surge protection Think long term For laying hens, use a 2700K K bulb to help ensure red spectrum availability For pullets, either warm or cool bulbs can be used Space the bulbs appropriately to minimize shadows or excessively bright areas

Introduction to Energy Efficient Lighting ECEN 2060

Introduction to Energy Efficient Lighting ECEN 2060 US Residential & Commercial Energy Consumption 1 Energy losses during generation, transmission and distribution of electricity * DOE, EIA, Annual Energy