Thermal Treatment an Essential Element of Sustainable Waste Management. Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology

Transcription

1 Thermal Treatment an Essential Element of Sustainable Waste Management Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology

2 The beginning Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 2/24

3 and not the end Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 3/24

4 Cement kilns for hygienic waste treatment Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 4/24

5 Plastic waste as fuel Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 5/24

6 Development of MSW incineration ROSTFEUERUNG ELEKTROFILTER RAUCHGASREINIGUNG DENOXANLAGE ABHITZEKESSEL Abfall Reingas Metallschrott H 2 O Kesselasche Schlacke ABWASSER- REINIGUNG Abwasser EF-Asche Wasser basisches Prozesswasser saures Prozesswasser Filterkuchen Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 6/24

7 Emissions from MSW incinerators emissions relative to 1930, in % NO x SO x HCl Hg dioxins Cd Pb dust emissions 1930 (=100 %) Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 7/24

8 Priorities in thermal waste treatment Fraction of total turn-over of C, Cl, Cd etc. in combustible wastes 1.0 Fraction of national consumption C Cl Zn Cd Hg Pb Energy Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 8/24

9 Incineration as a tool to analyse MSW composition 20 4 Cl Hg Feb 00 Mar 00 Apr 00 May 00 Jun 00 Jul 00 Aug 00 Sep 00 Cl concentration in g/kg 0 Feb 00 Mar 00 Apr 00 May 00 Jun 00 Jul 00 Aug 00 Sep 00 Why do we need MSW incineration? Hg concentration in mg/kg Time [Month] Time [Month] Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 9/24

10 Why do we need MSW incineration? Prehistoric men Modern men off-gas 5,1 off-gas 19 food 6 excreta 0,8 all goods 86 sewage 61 stock <0,1 stock solid waste 0.1 solid waste 3 flows [t/(c.yr)] stocks [t] Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 10/24

11 Increase and changes in material flows Use of construction material in the US concrete (residential) tonnes per year wood (residential) wood (non-residential) steel (non-residential) glass brick plastics aluminum 10 4 steel (residential) 10 3 lead copper Year 1875 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 11/24

12 Large and growing substance flows example lead 1*10 9 global population global lead production [t/y] 1*10 7 1*10 5 1*10 3 1*10 1 1*10-1 1*10-3 per capita lead production [g/c.y] years before 1980 factor Source: Settle & Patterson Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 12/24

13 Consumption emissions surpassing production emissions example cadmium production related flows Tons per year Consumer related flows Quelle: Bergbäck, 1992 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 13/24

14 Man made material flows surpass geogenic flows example cadmium geogenic man made A T M O S P H E R E 0,2 1,4 0,7 1, OCEAN LITHOSPHERE 4 ANTHROPOSPHERE fluxes 10 3 t/a reservoir 10 3 t CRUST; SEDIMENT Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 14/24

15 Goals of waste management A N T H R O P O S P H E R E recycling materials production consumption waste treatment resources emissions landfill material ore deposit E N V I R O N M E N T Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 15/24

16 Need for clean cycles paper cycle Austria1996 Waste paper import 73 Waste paper 191 Production 454 Export 368 [kg/(c.yr)]? Import 93 MSW 48 MSW Consumption 179 Industry 81 Household Export 13 Waste paper recycling 118 Data: Austrian Paper Industry, 1996 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 16/24

17 Plastic flows and stocks in Austria IMPORT Source: R. Fehringer, 1998 raw material intermediate products 990 plastic products 530 wastes 11 regranulate 26 products 10 regranulate 17 primary processing stock: product manufacturing stock: duro- and polymers plastic products consumption Einsatz stock: wastes collection, transporting, sorting stock: duro- and polymers plastic products intermediate products production wastes 28 wastes wastes wastes wastes recycling energy landfill recovery stock: 0 stock: 0 stock: off gas 59 [ kt/y 1994] EXPORT 7% 80% 850 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 17/24

18 Additives in plastic materials Material Total consumption Packaging material Total stock in kt/yr in kt/yr in %* in kt Plastics 1, ,100 Softeners Ba/Cd- stabilizers <1 2.6 Pb-stabilizers <1 18 Fire retardants ~0 22 * % of total consumption Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 18/24

19 Partitioning of cadmium contained in waste plastic Plastic recycling MSW incineration Recycling plastic 73 % Flue gas <1 % E-Filter dust 92 % 100 % CADMIUM Residue III 10 % Residue I 14 % Residue II 2 % Sludge 1 % 100 % CADMIUM Waste water <1 % Filter cake <1 % Bottom ash 8 % Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 19/24

20 Concentration or dilution? + Treatment of MSW and similar wastes 40-50% SCE Ø Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn 0 +/- 0% Landfill Incineration 15-20% MBT plus Incineration - (20-40)% Cement kiln - (20-40)% Composting - SCE: substance concentrating efficiency = f (entropy st ) source: Rechberger & Brunner, 2000 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 20/24

21 Recycling of cadmium by MSW incineration Import use stock + x recycling 85 % waste collection metal condensate waste thermal treatment furnace air pollution control 100% 10% 5 % bottom ash APC res. landfill 15 % Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 21/24

22 Heavy metals in incineration residues and earth crust Lead Zinc Cadmium Mercury ,000 10,000 [mg/kg] earth crust HT-residue bottom ash MSW Döberl et al. (2001) Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 22/24

23 Capacities of sinks are limited!. Source: Nieman/Novartis; Döberl soil Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 23/24

24 Thank you Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 24/24

25 Plastic recycling and additives (Ex. cadmium) Cd: 100% 0,15 plastic waste [t/yr, 1994] mechanical separation 0,01 residues 0,14 water n.d. shredder, extruder n.d. n.d. steam waste water 0,14 Cd: 93 % recycling plastic Source: R. Fehringer, 1996 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 25/24

26 3. Conseqeunces for waste management From landfills to final sinks a long way! C e >> C n C e >> C n accumulated substance turnover [%] 100% geochemical biochemical physical/chem time [a] Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 26/24

27 The stock as a future waste and resource [t/c.y] air off gas water sewage fossil fuels construction materials & consumer goods stock: 350 t/c export goods solid wastes 3 3 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 27/24