ENVE 301 Environmental Engineering Unit Operations. CHAPTER: 5 Aeration
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1 ENVE 301 Environmental Engineering Unit Operation CHAPTER: 5 Aeration Ait. Prof. Bilge Alpalan Kocamemi Marmara Univerity Department of Environmental Engineering Itanbul, Turkey 1
2 Aeration Primary application in water treatment Removal of diolved gae (degaification) CO 2 High olubility of CO 2 reduce the ph ofwater which caue exceive conumption of lime or other neutralizing agent in coagulation and oftening proce.the corroivene of water i alo higher at lower ph value. Expoure of water droplet to air for 2ec will lower the CO 2 by 70-90% CO 2 > 10mg/L aeration i recommended Otherwie lime addition hould be ued to neutralize theco 2 CH 4 Volatile organic tate &odor cauing volatile compound not an efficient method for removing the tate & odor compound produced by algae becaue the algal oil cauing tate and odor not volatile to a ignificant extent. H 2 S (highlyolublein water) 2
3 H 2 S poioning i one of the lauding caue of accident in the field. 5ppm: Moderate odor. 10ppm: Eye irritation begin Hazardou level 30ppm: Strong, unpleaant odor of rotten egg 100ppm: Lo of mell >300ppm: Unconcioune, death 3
4 Primary application of aeration in water treatment(continue) : oxygenation of water (gaification, aborption) Removal of iron (oxidation)(gaification, aborption) Primary application of aeration in wate water treatment: To upply oxygen to aeorobic biological treatment procee Air tripping to remove toxic volatile organic Air tripping to remove volatile compound 4
5 Aerator Gravity Aerator e.g. Cacade aerator Spray Aerator Diffued Air Aeration Sytem Mechanical Aerator 5
6 Cacade Aerator (Gravity Aerator) Waterfalldowna erieof tep utilize the potential energy of water to create interface for efficient ga tranfer theplahingof thewatercreate turbulence and water droplet Ref: Tchobanoglou and Scroeder, 1985, Addion-Weley Publihing Company Not efficient compared to other aeration method Require little pace [ m 2 / (m 3 /ec) ] 6
7 Cacade Aerator (Continue) 1 t Mechanim (effective for degaification) Nappe h = 1 2 gt 2 (freefall ) t= average time of expoure of the urface A to air = 2h g 7
8 2 nd Mechanim (effective for gaification, e.g., oxygenation) Tail water Nappe h = ν= 2 ν 2g 2gh 2 3 h When the nappe ubmerge into the receiving body of water ignificant amount of air i entrained. The entrained air i then dipered in the form of bubble throughout the receiving body of water, which lead to an intene tranfer of gae. 8
9 Cacade Aerator (continue) Nappe The amount of air entrained depend on; velocity of nappe when paing the urface of tail water depth of tail water Tail water h = ν= 2 ν 2g 2gh 2 Depth hould be chooen uch that ; h 3 Final vel. of jet Riing vel. within the tail water = of bubble before reaching the produced tank bottom tail water depth (2/3) h 9
10 Subdiviion into everal tep & decreaing h promote DESORPTION OF GAS each tep lead to formation of new interfacial area Decreaing the number of tep & increaing h promote SORRPTION OF GAS 10
11 For gaification (orption of ga) C C C C o = e K t La C C 1 ( ) = 1 e C C o K t La C -C 0 K t = 1 e La = K = efficiency C C 0 C C 0 = K ( C C ) 0 coeff. C C 0 = KC KC 0 C = C KCo + 0 KC ( 1 K) C = C0 + KC 11
12 If the height of weir being divided in n equal tep each having an efficiency coeff. ( 1 Kn ) Kn C + = C C 1 0 ( 1 Kn ) Kn C + = C C 2 1 ( 1 Kn ) Kn C +... C = C C 3 2 n = C ( C C ) 0 K 1 n K unpolluted water = 0.45( T)h n polluted water = 0.36( T)h T=temperature, o C h= m ewage = 0.29( T)h 12
13 Ref: Pöpel, 1979, Delft Univerity 13
14 EXAMPLE1:Raw water with 2g O 2 /m 3 and a temperature of 10 0 Ci paed over a traight weir of a height of 0,65m. Etimate the downtream oxygen content. For unpolluted water: K=0.45( T)h K=0.45( ) = C = C n = 1 0 C C g/ m n C = 11.3 ( C C ) 0 1 K n ( ) 1 = 5.97g/m 1 14
15 EXAMPLE2: Determine the number of tep of a cacade to achieve maximum oxygenation, auming an available head of 1.5m, an efficiency coefficient K depending on the weir height h a tated byfig 3.1 given below C 3 = 10g/m C0 = One tep: 2g/ m 7 h = 1.5m from Fig.3.1 KC = 7 K = = 0.7 = 10 3 K n C C C = C = 10 ( C C ) = 7.6g/m ( 10 2)( 1 0.7) 3 0 K 1 n 1 n Ref: Pöpel, 1979, Delft Univerity 15
16 Two tep: h = = 0.75m from graph KC = 5 K = = 0.5 = 2 10 C C C = C = 10 = 8g/m ( C C ) ( 10 2)( 1 0.5) 3 Three tep: 0 1 K n 2 n K n 1.5 K 3.5 h = = 0.5m from graph KC = 3.5 K = = = n 10 C C C = C = 10 ( C C ) = 7.8g/m ( 10 2)( ) 3 0 K 1 n n 3 Ref: Pöpel, 1979, Delft Univerity 16
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29 Spray Aerator applied in the coure of water treatment for aborption of oxygen and/or deorption of gae water i ditributed into air in the form of mall droplet by mean of orifice nozzle mounted on a tationary pipe ytem 29 Ref: Metcalf Eddy,1991, McGraw Hill
30 Spray Aerator (Continue) orifice and nozzle may be cotructed to dicharge water vertically at an angle in upward or downward direction Require relatively large area to collect the water 30 Ref: Metcalf Eddy,1991, McGraw Hill
31 Diffued Air Aeration Sytem air i introduced into liquid being aerated in the form of bubble which typically rie through the liquid common device for; tranferring oxygen in aerobic biological treatment ytem air tripping of volatile organic Ref: FINE BUBBLE the ize of bubble varie from coare to fine fine-bubble diffuer coare bubble diffuer Ref: COARSE BUBBLE 31
32 Diffued Air Aeration Sytem (continue) gatranfer rate ize of bubble mallerbubble greatera/ moreefficientthanlargerized bubble for ma tranfer Porou diffuer (e.g., plate, dome, dic, tubular diffuer) Nonporou diffuer (e.g., fixed orifice, valved orifice) Other diffuer (e.g., jet aeration) 32
33 Diffued Air Aeration Sytem (continue) Typical Porou Diffuer DOME DIFFUSER DOME DIFFUSER DISC DIFFUSER Ref: Metcalf & Eddy, 1991, McGraw Hill Dome, dic diffuer are mounted on or crewed into air manifold 33
34 Diffued Air Aeration Sytem (continue) Typical Non Porou Diffuer Valved orifice diffuer Perforated tube diffuer Ref: Metcalf & Eddy, 1991, McGraw Hill VALVED ORIFICE DIFFUSER (non porpou diffuer) Device that contain a check value to prevent backflow when air i hut off. Mount on air ditribution piping. Ref: Metcalf & Eddy, 1991, McGraw Hill Produce larger bubble than porou diffuer Lower aeration efficiency Lower cot, le maintanance 34
35 Diffued Air Aeration Sytem (continue) Typical Other Diffuion Device Jet aerator Apirating aerator Jet aerator dicharge a mixture of pumped liquid and compreed air through a nozzle. 35
36 Ref: Metcalf Eddy,1991, McGraw Hill 36
37 MECHANICAL AERATORS By producing a large air-water interface the tranfer of oxygen from atmophere i enhanced Can be VERTICAL SHAFT or HORIZONTAL SHAFT Ref: Ref: 37
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