Where have we been. Where are we going today? Lecture Outline. Geoengineering. What is a system?
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1 Where have we been 1. Course Introduction 2. What is the environment 3. Examined in some detail weather disasters for 2010 and Touched on Scale 5. Touched on borders. Examples a) Air pollution from Asia b) Fires and Air and Water Pollution exchanges between WA and BC Where are we going today? Some thoughts on geo-engineering What are systems? What are biogeochemical cycles? Why are they important? What is common about them? Carbon cycle (Today) Let s make predictions for 2011 Water Cycle (Wednesday) Geoengineering Playing with biogeochemical cycles Playing with energy budgets Seminar Series: Winter 2011 Geoengineering: Science, ethics and policy: wood/geoengineering/ Lecture Outline What are systems? What are biogeochemical cycles? Why are they important? What is common about them? Carbon cycle (Today) Water Cycle (Monday) What is a system? System: a collection of matter, parts, or components which are included inside a specified, often arbitrary, boundary. Example: Ecosystem Flux Flux Systems Cold often have inputs Hot and outputs. For Water dynamic systems, Water by definition, one or more Output aspects of the system change with time. Input Example of a simple dynamic system: Outputs bathtub, & a water heater, or your bank account. Pool inputs have fluxes The Fluxboundary of a dynamic Heat system is chosen for convenience -- often the Loss boundary Because is arbitrary of fluxes, pool states Electric change Energy Systems: Watershed Subalpine Night Carbon dioxide C-pool Sugar Tree Clump Foliage 1
2 Scaling: Movement between systems Where are we? Seconds Time Centuries O r g a CO n H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO - 3 2H + + CO 2-2(atmos) CO 2(aq) + H 2 O 3 i s m Molecular Space Region 1. What are systems? 2. What are biogeochemical cycles? 3. Why are they important? 4. What is common about them? 5. Carbon cycle 6. Water Cycle (Monday) What are biogeochemical cycles? Earth system has four parts Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Biogeochemical cycles: The chemical interactions (cycles) that exist between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Abiotic (physio-chemical) and biotic processes drive these cycles Focus on carbon and water cycles (but could include all necessary elements for life). N - cycle weakly touched on! What is common amongst them? Each compound (e.g., water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, mercury, etc.) typically exists in all four parts of the Earth System Biologically useful forms are often low There are Pools Fluxes in and out of pools Chemical or biochemical transformations Transformations are important can lead to positive & negative consequences Can discuss at multiple scales Carbon dioxide C-pool Sugar It is with scaling that we encounter huge problems - will illustrate with the carbon cycle. Transformations Examples Policy Issue: of Transformations 1. Trees Carbon capture cycle: carbon, Organic compounds to CO 2 Carbon (processes: is stored respiration, in trees decomposition, or fire) 2. Carbon Carbon can cycle: be released CO 2 to slowly organic (respiration, compounds decomposition) (process: Or photosynthesis) 3. Rapidly Nitrogen (fire) cycle: N 2 to NO 3 (atmospheric nitrogen to plant utilizable nitrate) (process: N-fixation) 4. Policy Nitrogen Issue: cycle: N 2 to NH 3 (plant utilizable ammonia) Rapidly (process: growing Haber-Bosch plants (trees Industrial or crops) N-fixation) need nitrogen 5. fertilizer Water cycle: Liquid water to water vapor (process: Fertilizer evaporation can come and from evapo-transpiration) organic and non-organic sources 6. Organic Water sources cycle: Water are inefficient vapor to liquid water (process: Inorganic condensation) sources are fossil fuel intensive 2
3 Where are we? Carbon Cycle 1. What are systems? 2. What are biogeochemical cycles? 3. Why are they important? 4. What is common about them? 5. Carbon cycle 6. Water Cycle (Monday) 1 Gt = 10 9 metric tons = grams 1 Gt = 40,000 aircraft carriers = 0.5 ppm 2010 = 10 Changes in Atmospheric C Key Aspects of the Carbon Cycle Carbon is the skeleton of all life. Foundation of the food chain or web Foundation of fossil fuels Foundation of carbon-neutral based fuels Ethanol Cellulosic biofuels Biodiesel Carbon dioxide is a critical gas: Taken up by plants in photosynthesis Released by plants and animals in respiration Released during decomposition (and fires) Greenhouse gas Question: Photosynthesis is a flux or a pool? 1. Flux 2. Pool 3. Both 3
4 Fe fertilization would mainly affect the carbon cycle in the ocean Focus: System, Feedbacks & Scale 1. By changing ph 2. By increasing photosynthesis in phytoplankton 3. By changing the solubility of carbon dioxide in salt water 4. By increasing light penetration in a water column Pick the correct statement Seconds Time Centuries Organism Molecular Space Region System - 1 Let s increase the down arrow! Plant trees Questions Where How many and who monitors What happens with a fire What happens when trees die System - 2 Let s recycle carbon Let s have biofuels/biomass Need N Is this recycling idea (e.g., biomass burning, biofuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, etc.): 1. Great idea 2. Ok idea 3. Sometimes ok 4. Poor idea 5. Never 6. Need more information Positive CO 2 increase Respiration CO 2 increase Feedback Negative CO 2 increase ET Clouds form Sun energy reflected decreases 4
5 Discussion 1. Geoengineering 2. Biomass burning (or conversion & then burn) 3. Questions Geoengineering Playing with biogeochemical cycles Playing with energy budgets Seminar Series from Winter 2011: od/geoengineering/ Shallin Busch s lecture on later in the quarter: do any solve ocean acidification? We should be able to usetillman s criteria to evaluate? Questions: Are we getting warmer? 2. Or are we actually leveling off, or getting cooler? 3. Why? Figure illustrates yearly average, running average, and Is - it data natural from or December human-caused? not analyzed yet; will be cooler variation in annual values 5. La Nina How year do changes (1998, for in global example, climate was affect a very humans? strong El Nino year) 6. Solar How radiation does population, is low as we affluence are near and the technology bottom of a affect cyclethis? Coal burning aerosol impacts (reflector) Your prediction for 2011, the year that has just ended, global temperature average (land & ocean) 1. Coldest year in the last 10 years 2. Coldest year in last 20 years 3. Coldest year since About average for the last 10 years 5. Warmest year in the last snow 58 snow bet. Jan 31 & Feb 28 5
6 Where are we? 1. What are systems? 2. What are biogeochemical cycles? 3. Why are they important? 4. What is common about them? 5. Carbon cycle 6. Your predictions 7. Water Cycle (Wednesday) 6
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