Thermal Hydrogen : An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy. by: Jared Moore, Ph.D. October 17 th, 2017
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1 Thermal Hydrogen : An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy by: Jared Moore, Ph.D. jared@meridianenergypolicy.com October 17 th, 2017 Peer reviewed and published, please cite as: Moore, J, Thermal Hydrogen: An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy, International Journal of Hydrogen (2017), 1
2 Modern Economy: Thermal Hydrogen Economy: Service Source Conversion Electricity/Power Heat Chem. Carrier Oxygen CO 2 Hydrocarbons 2
3 Thermal Hydrogen: Load Following Supply and Demand #1 Dispatchable demand at most oversupplied time and place -> #2 Self-subsidize the arbitrage with oxygen value #3 Dispatchable supply at most undersupplied time and place -> Why? To maximize the utilization of: 1) Copper (Transmission and distribution) 2) Iron (Power plant capacity) 3) Lithium (Batteries)
4 Productivity of Oxygen for Creating Different Carriers kwh Required or Yielded per kg of Oxygen Yielded: Syngas (H 2 + CO) kwh / kg O Required: from Electrolysis Yielded: Heat Yielded: Hydrogen (SOFC/MCFC) 0 jared@meridianenergypolicy.com Water Splitting Full Combustion Auto Thermal Reforming -> H2 Auto Thermal Reforming -> Syngas 4
5 Oxyfuel for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) H 2 O + N 2 + CO 2 Steam Turbine Hydrocarbon Combined Cycle Air Cooling Compressor Gas Turbine HX Pump H 2 O/ CO 2 CO 2 Steam Turbine Oxyfuel NGCC Allam Cycle jared@meridianenergypolicy.com O 2 CO 2 Hydrocarbon Compressor CO 2 Turbine (Supercritical) HX Pump Cooling 5
6 Universal Plant : Load Following and Demand Following Power Plant Chemical <--> Heat / Electricity Long: Electricity Supply Short: Idle Power Plant Max Max H 2 O/CO 2 Electrolysis Idle Electricity H 2 O/CO 2 Electrolyser Max H 2 /CO O 2 Electrolyser Idle Nuclear/CSP Heat Nuclear/CSP Heat Idle CH 4 + O 2 Max Electricity CO 2 Turbine CO 2 Turbine CO 2 Sequestration 6
7 Thermal Hydrogen Economy: (where Methanol replaces Gasoline) Batteries Electricity/Power Stationary Power Mobile Power Wind/PV H 2 O/CO 2 Recycling SOFC Nuclear /CSP H 2 O CO 2 Electrolyser H 2 /CO CH 3 OH Heat Oxyfuel Power Plant O 2 CO 2 Sequestration EOR Hydrocarbons (CH x ) Coal Gasifier or Gas Reformer Service Source Conversion Electricity/Power Heat Chem. Carrier Oxygen CO 2 Hydrocarbons Liquid Storage 7
8 How to Distribute Hydrogen as Methanol and Recycle H 2 O and CO 2 from Solid Oxid Fuel Cells 1) Tank filled With Methanol (CH 3 OH) CH 3 OH (Methanol) 2 H 2 O + CO 2 (Exhaust) 4) Exhaust, carbonated water, can be stored on empty side of tank and recollected at gas station. Waste Heat 2) Methanol converted to Syngas via catalyst and waste heat (2 H 2 + CO) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electricity 11.3 N 2 3) Air enters solid oxide fuel cell. Oxygen crosses electrolyte to meet syngas. jared@meridianenergypolicy.com 8
9 kwh / 100 miles Efficiency and Battery Size of Select Mid-Size Automobile Options Plug-in Fuel Cell Hybrid operating in electric mode 70% of the time. Small fuel cell (~10 kw) required to extend range. Consumption (Left Axis) Battery Capacity (Right Axis) Pure electric outweighs PHEV by ~700 lbs., has ~20 to 30% lower efficiency kwh of Battery Capacity Honda Accord Standard (Gasoline) 2014 Honda Accord Hybrid (Gasoline) 2017 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (Hydrogen) 2014 Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid (Electric) 2017 Tesla Model S P90D (Electric) 0 jared@meridianenergypolicy.com 9
10 Thermal Hydrogen Economy: (where Methanol replaces Gasoline and Ammonia replaces Nat. Gas) Batteries Electricity/Power Stationary Power Mobile Power Wind/PV H 2 O/CO 2 Recycling SOFC Engine Nuclear /CSP H 2 O CO 2 Electrolyser H 2 /CO CH 3 OH NH 3 H 2 N 2 Heat Oxyfuel Power Plant O 2 Coal Gasifier or Gas Reformer ASU CO 2 Sequestration Air/Electricity EOR Hydrocarbons (CH x ) Service Source Conversion Electricity/Power Heat Chem. Carrier Nitrogen Oxygen CO 2 Hydrocarbons Liquid Storage 10
11 Thermal Hydrogen Economy using Methanol (CH 3 OH) and Ammonia (NH 3 ) as H 2 Carriers U.S. System in Quads (Services Demanded 2014) 11
12 Estimated Cost per kg of Hydrogen $3.00 $2.50 O&M $/kg H2 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $0.00 Capacity Value of Net kw (e) -year* Value of O 2 Value of O 2 Electrolysis 50% utilization, $400/kW H2 ($135/kW H2 -year) $28/MWh Cost of O 2 Auto Thermal Reformer O&M Reformer $4/MMBTU jared@meridianenergypolicy.com 12
13 P Dispatchable demand and Dispatchable supply Assumes NH $1.2/kg H 2 e (~$0.04/kWh H2 ), CH 3 $1.80/kg H 2 > $110/MWh, PHEV s stop charging, begins relying on SOFC range Distribution ~$100/MWh, Electric heat w COP 2.5 or less replaced w ~$55/MWh, PHEV s begin valuing SOFC waste heat, stop charging in cold ~$65/MWh, CHP displaces electric heat with COP 2.5 or ~$40/MWh, Combustion replaces direct electric > $110/MWh, SOFC s supply power S Transmission ~$20-30/MWh CCS / MCFC s ~$35/MWh Allam cycle plants ~$38/MWh Heat-Assisted Electrolysis (Valued O 2 ~$40/MWh, 1) All Nuclear/CSP is dispatched and heat stops assisting electrolysis 2) CHP dispatched to replaces direct electric ~$28/MWh Electrolysis (Valued O 2 ~$22/MWh Electrolysis (No O 2 Value) meridianenergypolicy.com 13 D Q
14 Supply and Demand in Thermal Hydrogen: #1 Dispatchable demand at most oversupplied time and place -> Heat assisted electrolysis on the transmission (supply) side #2 Self-subsidize the storage (arbitrage) with the value of oxygen Electricity: Allam Cycle or Oxyfuel NGCC Syngas/Hydrogen: Auto-thermal Reforming Use longest hydrocarbon supply while renewing the shortest supply via EOR/EGR. #3 Dispatchable supply at most undersupplied time and place -> Fuel cells enable EV s by providing electric range and direct heat H 2 (or NH 3 ) combustion for timely, distributed heat and/or power Why? To maximize the utilization of: 1) Copper (Transmission and distribution) 2) Iron (Low marginal cost power plant capacity) 3) Lithium (Batteries)
15 Vision for Interior-to-Coast Distribution NH 3 / CH 3 OH H 2 /CO Hydrocarbon (Coal) ATR ASU O 2 (Wind) CO 2 /H 2 O O 2 H 2 /CO Hydrocarbon (Gas) Oil Exports EOR CO 2 (CSP) UEP e - (PV) e - #1 H 2 /CO #2 #3 UEP O 2 ATR NH 3 / +ASU (Nuclear) CH 3 OH CO 2 e - (PV) 15
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