Trends and drivers in the Finnish ventilation and AC market

Transcription

1 Trends and drivers in the Finnish ventilation and AC market Jarek Kurnitski, D.Sc. Docent Helsinki University of Technology Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate, FiSIAQ 1

2 Contents Indoor climate regulation Residential ventilation issues Indoor climate classification and labeling system Indoor climate target and design values Construction and ventilation system cleanliness Product labelling: very-low emission building materials clean ventilation components Energy performance (discussed in the paper) Lack of drivers in energy performance regulation Air tightness 2

3 Finland today Introduction highest penetration rate of mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation and air conditioning in EU mechanical heat recovery ventilation in all new residential buildings AC with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation with chilled beams a standard solution in office and public buildings for last ten years arguably the highest indoor climate standard in the world with ventilation rate of 2 l/s per m 2 and air velocities below 0.2 m/s in office type of buildings 3

4 Background Reasons behind high indoor climate standard in Finland: Cold climate Strong manufacturing industry like in other Nordic countries Minimum req. by quite liberal regulation Above minimum a common practice by voluntary Indoor Climate Classification The Classification arguably the most advanced one in the developed world Energy performance: Primitive energy performance regulation based on U-values 4

5 Ventilation in Building Code Part D2, Indoor climate and ventilation of buildings: most requirements for indoor climate and less requirements for system specific issues guideline values for outdoor and extract airflow rates: since 1966 to 2002 a minimum outdoor air flow rate of 4 l/s per person and 0.5 ach Have form a standard for residential ventilation especially in apartment buildings: mechanical exhaust ventilation in apartment buildings for many decades Houses above minimum, mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation from 1980s 5

6 1) 7) 6) 3) 5) 2) 4) Typical mechanical supply and exhaust system in Finnish houses from 1980s: 1) Exhaust air 2 Extract air 3) Supply air to the bed room 4) Heat recovery exchanger 5) Kitchen exhaust 6) Sound attenuator 7) Outdoor air intake for ventilation. 6

7 No promotion for the use of demand controlled ventilation: lower airflows cannot be taken into account in EP calculations may explain why generally available CO 2, RH and occupancy controls have not made a breakthrough in residential as well as office ventilation 7

8 From 2003 (building code): outdoor airflow rate from 4 to 6 l/s per person new requirement for heat recovery: 30% of heat energy of exhaust air shall be recovered mechanical exhaust ventilation was no longer used and completely replaced by mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation with heat recovery 8

9 Building code vs. office and public buildings: a little effect on AC/ventilation systems mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation already from 1960s (1970s in schools) AHU TE Condenser a) TC Water tank TC TE Chilled beam Chiller a) Room controller TC TE supply return District heat substation Standard solution for last 10 years in Finnish office and public buildings ME TE Thermostat or connected to room controller 9

10 Aiming at high IAQ and TC The clients of building industry want better indoor environment that just a minimum requirements Significance of indoor climate for health, comfort and productivity has been well recognized The voluntary IAQ classification and labeling system is a tool for setting targets above minimum 10

11 The Finnish IAQ Classification System Target values for indoor air quality and climate (S) Instructions for design and construction (P) Requirements for building products (M) Building and constructions HVAC systems Classification of Building materials Classification of ventilation components 11

12 Target values (S) Three categories S1 individual S2 comfortable S3 satisfactory Specified from client s and engineer s viewpoints 12

13 Target values for thermal comfort S1 S2 S3 Temperature Winter (21-22) Summer (23-24) (35) Temporary deviation ± 0,5 ± 1 ± 2 Floor temperature Vertical temp difference Air velocity 20 C 0,13 0,16 0,19 21 C 0,14 0,17 0,20 24 C 0,20 0,25 0,30 Relative humidity Winter

14 How it works? Design criteria Construction criteria Commissioning IAQ and TC standard S1 or S2 HVAC-design values Design specifications for moisture safety M1 materials M1 ventilation products Building site moisture control specifications P1 ventilation cleanliness P1 construction cleanliness Commissioning spec. Operation End result complies with S1 or S2 targets after 6 months use 14

15 Development of criteria Finnish Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate Organisation Product manufacturing Finnish and foreign industry Product testing Independent laboratories Administration of M1-labeling The Building Information Foundation RTS Committee PT 17 Indoor Air Classification - 19 members + secretary (RTS) - industry representation 15

16 Requirements for building products (M) Classification of building material emissions TVOC, ammonia, formaldehyde, carcinogens, odors M1/M2/M3 label issued by the Building Information Foundation 16

17 Requirements for Emission class M1 TVOC < 0,2 mg/m 2 h 70 % of VOCs have to be identified Formaldehyde < 0,05 mg/m 2 h Ammonium < 0,03 mg/m 2 h Carcinogenic compounds < 0,005 mg/m 2 h Dissatisfaction with odour < 15 % Plasters and tiling products, levelling agents, putty, mastics, fillers, screeds and renders shall not contain casein. 17

18 Sensory Testing Naive sensory panel using the acceptability scale A two-phase sensory test (5 / 15 members) M1 0.1 acceptability vote 1.0 M2 0.2 acceptability vote < 0.1 M3 1.0 acceptability vote <

19 HVAC systems Design values Requirements for components odor criteria (substituted by oil and dust criteria for ducts) requirements for cleanability other hygienic requirements Instructions for the design and construction of a clean ventilation system 19

20 Cleanliness criteria for ventilation components Oil concentration g/m 2 of ducts <0.05 terminal units and dampers <0.05 pressed components <0.3 Mineral fibres (MMVF), f/cm 3 <0.01 Dust concentration, g/m 2 <0.5 Odour acceptability of air quality passing through the components >

21 Cleanliness criteria for ductworks Brush cleaned P1 P1 P1 P2 P2 Not accepted 21

22 M1 labeled products Today there are over 1200 classified products by over 110 producers. The largest product groups: Plaster, rendering, putties, fillers, flooring, paints and varnishes, building boards and mineral wool. See for complete listing 22

23 Testing laboratories Open to all laboratories with certified quality assurance system FINLAND VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Turku Regional Institute of Occupational Health DENMARK Eurofins Danmark AS 23

24 Experience from practice since 1995 Over 1200 materials with M1-label -->reduces emissions by a factor of 10 S1 targets have been met in building projects-->realistic Category S2 well accepted as target level- ->above minimum Several new materials and products available -->helps product development 24

25 VOC emissions from M1- classified and non-classified products TVOC SER [µg/m 2 h] n=9 90 n=36 PV C 447 n=6 n=5 385 n= n=35 n=20 Parquets Adhesives n=58 Paints n= n= n=495 All materials M1 M1 Non classified VTT Building and Transport 25

26 Use of M1-products and control of moisture gives good IAQ TVOC, μg/m S S S B108/107 B125/126 B303/304 3B/4B avo A619/B605 6B avo Helsinki Univ. of Tech / HVAC-lab. 26

27 Material emissions vs. ventilation rates Emissions dropped roughly by 10 times and general availability and use of M1 labelled materials makes it possible to use reduced airflow rates in buildings Significant equipment cost as well as energy savings potential (not yet used in practice) Reduction of air flow rates is addressed in new indoor climate standard EN :2007: q tot = n q p + A q B where q tot = total ventilation rate of the room, l/s n = design value for number of the persons in the room,- q p = ventilation rate for occupancy per person, l/s, pers A= room floor area, m 2 q B = ventilation rate for emissions from building, l/s,m 2 27

28 EN ventilation rates airflow reduction by a factor of 2 for very-low polluted buildings Type of building or space Cate - gory Floor area m 2 /person q p q B q tot q B q tot l/s,m 2 l/s,m 2 l/s,m 2 for occupan cy for very lowpolluted building for non-low polluted building Single office I 10 1,0 0,5 1,5 2,0 3,0 II 10 0,7 0,3 1,0 1,4 2,1 III 10 0,4 0,2 0,6 0,8 1,2 Landscaped office I 15 0,7 0,5 1,2 2,0 2,7 II 15 0,5 0,3 0,8 1,4 1,9 III 15 0,3 0,2 0,5 0,8 1,1 Confere nce room I 2 5,0 0,5 5,5 2,0 7,0 II 2 3,5 0,3 3,8 1,4 4,9 III 2 2,0 0,2 2,2 0,8 2,8 28

29 Conlusions Liberal regulation, based on the requirements on the end result with less requirements for the system description Regulation formed a standard for apartment buildings Heat recovery requirement in 2003 changed over to mechanical supply and exhaust heat recovery ventilation in all new apartment buildings Above minimum in other buildings Mechanical supply and exhaust heat recovery ventilation to houses already in 1980-s Voluntary indoor climate classification and labelling system three categories S1, S2, S3 of indoor climate stopped the construction of office and public buildings according to the lowest S3 category corresponding to code requirements common use of very-low-polluting materials as 400 M1 labelled materials in 2000 and 1200 in

30 Litterature Building Code, Part D2: Indoor climate and Ventilation. Emission Classification of Building Materials: Protocol for Chemical and Sensory Testing of Building materials (Finland: VTT:Kristina Saarela, Tiina Tirkkonen, HUT, RTS, FISIAQ) The Classification of Indoor Climate 2000 (FISIAQ, 2001) The Development of Indoor Air Quality During the First Year in New, Residental Buildings (VTT : H. Järnström and K. Saarela, 2005) IA 2005 Beijing, Session Fr-Forum 4: Assessment of the Perceived Indoor Air Quality: Presentation of the Finnish label system. Saarela K, Jarnstrom H., Tirkkonen T and Villberg K. What is behind TVOC in new buildings. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2003, Vol 1, pp , Singapore Järnström H, and Saarela K., The Development of Indoor Air quality during the first year in new residential buildings. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2003, Vol 1, pp , Singapore Järnström H, and Saarela K., Material Emission in new buildings. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2003, Vol 1, pp , Singapore