Estimation of Grass Plant Biomass
|
|
- Gabriella Roberts
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Module # 12 - Component # 3 Estimation of Grass Plant Biomass Objectives To achieve an understanding of the purpose and methods for estimating Grass plant biomass. Expected Outcomes To be able to understand the purpose of studying the grass plant biomass. To be able to understand the methods for estimating grass plant biomass. To be able to relate the results of a study of the grass plant biomass to fire management decisions.
2 2 Grass Biomass The biomass of grass plants is the total leaf mass of the plants in a given environment or community. It is measured as either live or dry-weight (mass) per unit area. The estimation of herbaceous biomass is important for two reasons: 1. Indicates the total amount of herbage on offer to animals and is in direct correlation with the grazing capacity of the area. 2. Determines the fuel load of the grass layer. This information is invaluable in the determining of fire use for habitat management. The herbaceous / grass layer contributes the most to the fuel load in savannas and consists mainly of grasses. The determination of the fuel load must be time and cost efficient, and easily conducted with accuracy. Several methods exist to determine the phytomass of grass swards. Methods are based on samples that are extrapolated to vegetation units. These methods differ in their approach, practicality and efficiency. The strip sampling and quadrat sampling methods determine the grass phytomass in a given strip or quadrat by harvesting the grass, drying it and determining the mass. However the method of choice by the majority of wildlife managers is the Disc Pasture Method.
3 3 Disc Pasture Method The disc pasture method is widely regarded as the most efficient method for determining the herbaceous layer. The method is as follows: The apparatus used is called a disc pasture meter, as illustrated in Figure #1. The disc pasture meter consists of an aluminium rod of 1,8m (5.9 ft) with an aluminium sleeve of 1,2m (3.9 ft) that slides freely on the central rod. A steel base plate is attached to the lower end of the sleeve rod and an aluminium disc with a diameter of 45,8 cm (18 in.) is attached to the baseplate. The sleeve with the disc attached to it has a total mass of 1,5kg (3.3 lbs.). The central rod is calibrated in 1cm (0.4 in.) intervals starting at the upper end of the sleeve rod when the disc is level with the lower end of the central rod. If calibration data does not exist for the study area it must be calculated. This is done by taking a reading after which a shallow cylinder, corresponding to the size of the disc, is placed over the disc. The cylinder is then firmly pressed to the ground and all the grass material within the cylinder harvested, dried and weighed. A regression of the mass of the grass material harvested on settling height is then drawn. Sample sites are located in the same HVU s (homogenous vegetation units) as for the plant community classification survey. A 200m (655 ft) transect is chosen and 100 readings are taken by recording the disc height at 2m ( 6 ½ ft.)intervals. The disc is released from a standard height of 600mm ( 23 ½ in.) above the ground. The settling height of the disc on the grass sward is taken.
4 4 After the procedure has been carried out in each HVU a mean settling height for each unit is determined. This is then substituted into the regression equation to calculate the estimated fuel load. A = Central rod B = Level of meter reading C = Sleeve D = Disc Figure # 5 - The disc pasture meter.
5 5 Case Study: Msasa Nature Reserve The disc pasture meter was used to obtain estimates for the plant biomass production of the study area. The following regression equation was used: Y = x X (square root of X) Where Y = estimated fuel load in kg/ha X = mean disc height in cm The mean disc heights and estimated fuel loads of the communities are represented in Table # 4. Community Minimum disc height (cm) Maximum disc height (cm) Mean disc height (cm) Fuel load (kg/ha) Table # 4 - Disc height and estimated fuel loads for the communities of Msasa Nature Reserve
6 6 Fuel Loads and Burn Potential The methods and mechanics of veld burning have been covered previously in Module # 2 Component # 4: (Bush encroachment and Fires). However in order to make an informed decision on what to burn and the frequency at which it should be burnt, the results of plant biomass studies are important. The decision to burn or not to burn is recently become a contentious issue as a number of long term studies are completed. It had long been thought that should a block of vegetation support a high enough fuel load, then regular burning was the key to healthy veld management. However in a number of long term studies, where over 20 years adjacent blocks of vegetation closely monitored. One was burnt annually, another burnt biannually, another burnt once every 5 years and others not burnt at all (control). We find that none of the blocks show any significant increase or decrease in species richness, biomass or biodiversity, other than the fact that the burnt blocks are slightly more open having fewer trees; and in comparing trees shows that the unburnt blocks have larger more mature trees. The lack of significant change is largely due to that fact that Savanna ecosystems show a remarkable degree of resilience, and therefore the blocks do not exhibit any long term impact and consequently show little differentiation. The conclusion from these studies is that certain grasslands should be left alone in terms of a burning programme and are only burnt in the event of a natural fire caused by lighting strikes. The Kruger National Park (where most of the above mentioned studies were done) have abandoned their block burning programme in favour of a patch mosaic model, that mimics a natural fire occurrence. In this programme an area is identified based on fuel loads and species composition, and a lit match is dropped and left to burn out naturally.
7 7 However burning, as related previously, may have other management aims not related to habitat health. Burning is frequently used to encourage the movement of game and may be used in certain circumstances to control bush encroachment. Blocks of veld (mixed savanna grassland) that reveal fuel loads < 2000 kg/ha will be unable to sustain a burn, and fires started here quickly burn out. Blocks of veld (grassland) that reveal fuel loads below 4000kg/ha should not be burnt, and doing so invites habitat degradation and the resultant soil erosion. Blocks of veld that have fuel loads between 4000kg/ha and 7000kg/ha may be burnt to remove moribund vegetation (old grasses that suppress new growth) to encourage new growth. Blocks of veld with fuel loads in excess of 7000kg/ha may be burnt to control bush encroachment. However burning these blocks results in an all consuming fire and great care should be taken to prevent its spread. NB. It is important to note that these guidelines will vary according to site-specific conditions and management objectives for an area. For this reason, the burning program for the Msasa reserve differs from these guidelines. To successfully burn to control bush encroachment, the aspect of timing is very important. Fires should be lit in relation to the trees phenology (the study of their natural growth, flowering, leaf abscission and die back cycles). To effectively retard tree growth the burn should take place just after the tree has flowered. At this time the tree has just used up a significant amount of its resources in producing its reproductive structures and is therefore physiologically weak. To burn successfully the environmental conditions should also match the following criteria: 25 o C (77 o F) 30 % relative humidity < 20 kph (12 ½ mph) wind
8 8 Conclusion The considerably high fuel loads recorded in the communities is indicative of the situation on the ground, with the exception of Community 6 where dense patches of Hyparrhenia hirta occurs amongst the otherwise overutilized veld. Community 2 was not considered as the high percentage rock and often steep slopes would have given unreliable results. Grassveld deteriorates if it is not utilized for too long. The frequency of burning depends on the reproduction rate of the grass which in turn is related to rainfall and the degree and proportion to which the veld is utilized. The amount of fuel calculated can now be used to determine a burning program. The management conclusion and recommendations reached with regard to a burning programme are detailed in Module # 14 Component # 1: Game Reserve Management.
Bush Encroachment and Control
1 Module # 2 Component # 4 Bush Encroachment and Control Objectives To understand the threat that bush encroachment represents and to be able to recommend and implement effective control measures Expected
More informationAssessment of Veld Condition
1 Module # 12 Component # 4 Assessment of Veld Condition Objectives To achieve an understanding of the concept of veld condition, the methods to determine it and the relationship and role of veld condition
More informationModule # 13 Component # 1 Determining Grazing Capacity
1 Module # 13 Component # 1 Objective Understand the purpose and methods for calculating grazing capacity and how it relates to the management of an area Expected Outcome Define grazing capacity Understand
More informationDetermining Browsing Capacity
1 Module # 13 Component # 2 Objective Understand the purpose and methods for determining browsing capacity and to relate the browsing capacity to management decisions for a given area Expected Outcome
More informationGrazing Land Management and Water Quality
Grazing Land Management and Water Quality In generally management of grazing lands requires fewer chemical inputs such as fertilizers and herbicides. However, grazing lands account for a larger land surface
More informationNRIA Technical Communication No. 1
NRIA Technical Communication No. 1 May 2013 Veld fires Friend or Foe? By Paul Avenant It is that time of the year again winter time and black columns of smoke rises up into the air as valuable veld fodder
More informationHow would you measure shrub cover here? FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory. Density: What is it?
How would you measure shrub cover here? Message of the Day: Quadrat & Line Intercept methods are used in multiple disciplines and are all essentially the same FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory
More informationThis thesis addresses two components of fire ecology as applied to SDTFs. The first is how fire is influenced by the environment, and the second, how
Synopsis Fire ecology encompasses the study of the factors, biotic and abiotic, that influence the occurrence of fire in an area, as well as the effects fire has on the flora and fauna native and non-native
More information8/5/2011. Lesson Overview. Disturbance/Fragmentation. Shifting Mosaic. Number one cause of biodiversity loss. Types of disturbance. - Scale, frequency
Lesson Overview Disturbances Fragmentation Types Measuring Corridors Effects Texas Example 1 Shifting Mosaic Landscape a shifting mosaic. - Made up of patches in different phases of successional development.
More informationCHAPTER 5. The influence of livestock grazing around water points on the primary production of herbaceous plants
CHAPTER 5 The influence of livestock grazing around water points on the primary production of herbaceous plants 5.1 Introduction The measurement of available phytomass is of great value to the range manager
More informationMike Peel (Agricultural Research Council, Rangeland Ecology Group
1 Lowveld Protected Areas: To Manage or Not to Manage Mike Peel (Agricultural Research Council, Rangeland Ecology Group mikep@arc.agric.za) As we are all aware, the Lowveld has experienced average to above
More informationSavFIRE burning trial. Effects of point vs. perimeter ignitions on fire mosaics in the Kruger National Park
SavFIRE burning trial Effects of point vs. perimeter ignitions on fire mosaics in the Kruger National Park 22 October - 8 December 2006 Winston Trollope 1, Navashni Govender 2, Chris Austin 1, Alex Held
More information{ } Introduction to. Livestock
{ } Introduction to Livestock 1 February 2015 { } Glossary of Grazing Terms February 2015 2 A Accessibility (n) The ease with which an area of vegetation can be accessed for grazing. Acre (n) A unit of
More informationRick Kersbergen UMaine cooperative Extension
Rick Kersbergen UMaine cooperative Extension Richard.kersbergen@maine.edu Why do we need pastures? Pasture reasons.. Why pastures? Pastures are Maine s Unfair Advantage From Maine Grass Farmers Network
More informationEcological principles involving the use of fire in grassland and grassy woodland
Ecological principles involving the use of fire in grassland and grassy woodland Sarah Sharp Summary: In grassland and woodland, grasses in particular, can become overgrown, and inhibit the successful
More informationA Pictorial Comparison of Seasonal Timing and Frequency of Prescribed Fire in Longleaf Pine Stands
FORESTRY & WATER RESOURCES A Pictorial Comparison of Seasonal Timing and Frequency of Prescribed Fire in Longleaf Pine Stands When using prescribed fire in longleaf pine stands, land managers should consider
More informationWhat is Forestry? Defining a Forest 14/05/2018. What do you think of when you hear, forest? What do you think of when you hear, forest?
What is Forestry? 1 2 3 4 6 An ecosystem in which the dominant plants are trees where I hunt 2 main types: 5 1 7 But forests also include: 8 Forests vary in size, composition, and function. Shrubs Decomposers
More informationSustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services Core Case Study: Costa Rica A Global Conservation Leader
More informationextinction rates. (d) water availability and solar radiation levels are highest in the tropics. (e) high temperature causes rapid speciation.
NOTE: Questions #57 100 that follow may have been based in part on material supplied by a textbook publisher. For that reason, the answers to them are provided free (as they were to the students that semester.
More information3 Assessing your pasture
3 Assessing your pasture Objective: To improve pasture productivity through regular assessments of sward growth and quality. Challenge: Develop sward assessment skills Increase grass intake by at least
More informationA Method of Determining Stocking Rate Based on Monthly Standing Herbage Biomass
A Method of Determining Stocking Rate Based on Monthly Standing Llewellyn L. Manske PhD Range Scientist North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center Report DREC 12-45 Stocking rate
More informationBurn your bush before it bites back!
Burn your bush before it bites back! 21 years of the Kidman Springs Shruburn experiment 2014 Tour Notes Dionne Walsh & Robyn Cowley NT DPIF 1 Rosewood West Paddock high productivity cracking black soil
More information2018 Arkansas State Wildlife Grant Pre-proposal
2018 Arkansas State Wildlife Grant Pre-proposal EXPANDING PINE FLATWOODS HABITAT RESTORATION AT LONGVIEW SALINE NATURAL AREA TO BENEFIT SPECIES OF GREATEST CONSERVATION NEED Project Summary High priority
More information2.5. Accuracy Testing
Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 542 8 of 19 to quantify due to difficulties in measuring tree height in the field. We assume that each CHM has an uncertainty of less than 1 m, and changes in canopy height between
More informationWater Savings from Crop Residue in Irrigated Corn
Water Savings from Crop Residue in Irrigated Corn Norman L. Klocke Professor, Water Resources Engineer Kansas State University Garden City, Kansas Voice: 620-276-8286 Fax: 620-276-6028 Email: nklocke@ksu.edu
More informationProduction and Conservation Trade-off (PaCT) assessment tool
Production and Conservation Trade-off (PaCT) assessment tool Seeking to better understand the trade-offs associated with different forms of management practices on ecological and economic outcomes Spatial
More informationAim: To determine the amount of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in air at different sites in a city NCERT
Exercise 22 Aim: To determine the amount of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in air at different sites in a city Principle: Environmental pollution is the unfavorable alteration of our surroundings wholly
More informationGrazing System Effects on Soil Compaction in Southern Iowa Pastures
Animal Industry Report AS 661 ASL R2987 2015 Grazing System Effects on Soil Compaction in Southern Iowa Pastures James R. Russell Iowa State University, jrussell@iastate.edu Justin J. Bisinger Iowa State
More informationIntroduction. Ben Butler 1
Calculating Accurate Aboveground Dry Weight Biomass of Herbaceous Vegetation in the Great Plains: A Comparison of Three Calculations to Determine the Least Resource Intensive and Most Accurate Method Ben
More informationCalifornia s Rangelands. Annual Grassland Dominated Systems
*Grazing Systems on California s Rangelands Annual Grassland Dominated Systems What is a Grazing System & are they applicable for California Grazing Systems refers to specialized grazing management that
More informationA. Bernués, J.L. Riedel, M.A. Asensio, M. Blanco, A. Sanz, R. Revilla, I. I. Casasús
LNCS2.4 An integrated approach to study the role of grazing farming systems in the conservation of rangelands in a protected natural park (Sierra de Guara, Spain) A. Bernués, J.L. Riedel, M.A. Asensio,
More informationFacts about Rangelands
Facts about Rangelands Rangelands occupy the largest area under one type of land use in the non tropical dry areas. They are complex ecosystems (influenced by geology, gy climate, as well as current and
More informationAVALONIA LAND CONSERVANCY FEE LAND STEWARDSHIP PRINCIPLES
AVALONIA LAND CONSERVANCY FEE LAND STEWARDSHIP PRINCIPLES This document has been prepared for guidance in developing Property Management Plans for individual properties Avalonia owns in fee. It sets forth
More informationUnit III Grassland Management Practices
Unit III Grassland Management Practices Lesson 2: Grazing Management Systems The key to efficient livestock production is feeding and management. Grazing management combines these two elements. The way
More informationImpacts of Cattle Grazing Management on Sediment and Phosphorus Loads in Surface Waters
Animal Industry Report AS 650 ASL R1921 2004 Impacts of Cattle Grazing Management on Sediment and Phosphorus Loads in Surface Waters Matthew M. Haan Iowa State University James R. Russell Iowa State University
More informationWestern Kansas Range and Forage Monitoring. Western Kansas Range and Forage Monitoring
Western Kansas Range and Forage Monitoring Keith Harmoney - Ag Research Center - Hays Western Kansas Range and Forage Monitoring Primary Goal: Provides reliable information to help quantify grassland system
More informationTrenches combined with living hedges or grass lines Rwanda - Imiringoti
Trenches combined with living hedges or grass lines Rwanda - Imiringoti Trenches combined with living hedges or grass lines are slow-forming terraces to control soil erosion by changing the length of the
More informationWhat to do with a 60 + year old unmanaged red pine stand?
What to do with a 60 + year old unmanaged red pine stand? Background Red pine (Pinus resinosa) was extensively planted in the early parts of the 20 th century on abandoned agricultural land to control
More informationT=GDJ<=DJI I=>H JC>I!
Tyou have mainly learned about human activities that cause ecosystems to change and some that allow them to resist change. These include overfishing, the introduction of invasive species, and runoff of
More informationSustainable Pasture Management Practices in Tajikistan
Sustainable Pasture Management Practices in Tajikistan Glossary: Livestock unit (LU) Carrying capacity Summer pastures Intensive pastures Village pastures Sustainable pasture management Natural resources
More informationGrassland Curing Guide
Grassland Curing Guide The CFA produces its Grassland Curing Guide in both printed and electronic versions. The printed copy provides an accurate and true colour representation suitable for estimating
More informationDon t Mow. Let it Grow!
Don t Mow. Let it Grow! The Science Behind the Need for Riparian Buffer Protection. Chelsea Walker, WCD Watershed Specialist chelsea@wcdpa.com 724-837-5271 What is a Riparian Buffer? A riparian buffer
More informationNancy L. Young, Forester USAID/USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
Forest Management Nancy L. Young, Forester USAID/USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Material translated by: Mohammadullah Karimi, Training & Liaison Officer Afghan Conservation Corps Managing
More informationEnvironments and Ecosystems
Background 1. What is a habitat? 2. What is a microhabitat? 3. What is biodiversity? 4. What is sustainability? 5. What is succession? 1 Part I: Biomes Biomes notes: Freshwater Biomes Marine Biomes Forest
More informationFOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory. Growth and Yield: Overview. Growth and Yield: Overview
FOR 274: Forest Measurements and Inventory Growth, Yield and Biomass Overview Growth Percentage Allometrics and Volume Modeling Growth and Yield Husch, Beers and Kershaw pp250-257, chapters 15 & 16 Growth:
More informationESTIMATION OF FORAGE MASS OF OLD WORLD BLUESTEM USING A VISUAL OBSTRUCTION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
ESTIMATION OF FORAGE MASS OF OLD WORLD BLUESTEM USING A VISUAL OBSTRUCTION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE 1999 Animal Science Research Report Authors: Story in Brief Pages 194-199 C.J. Ackerman, H.T. Purvis II,
More informationManaging Drought Resistance into Grasslands. Llewellyn L. Manske PhD Range Scientist North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center
Managing Drought Resistance into Grasslands Llewellyn L. Manske PhD Range Scientist North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center The percent reduction in herbage production during
More informationAfforestation/Reforestation Afforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism Projects in Uttar Pradesh State August
Afforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism Projects in Uttar Pradesh State August 9, 2014 Suresh Chauhan TERI, New Delhi Presentation outlines 1. Guidelines for preparing Project Design Document
More informationHERMANUSDOORNS. Veld assessment report. By Frits van Oudtshoorn
HERMANUSDOORNS Veld assessment report By Frits van Oudtshoorn November 2013 INTRODUCTION Hermanusdoorns game farm was visited on Friday 8 November 2013 to visually asses the veld condition and to make
More informationinto Existing Forage Stands
Sod-Seeding into Existing Forage Stands Manitoba has nearly 4 million acres (1.6 million hectares) of unimproved pasture and hayland. However, productivity from much of this area is limited due to a number
More informationACTIVE LIGHT SENSING OF CANOPIES IN CROP MANAGEMENT: PASTURES AND ARABLE CROPS
ACTIVE LIGHT SENSING OF CANOPIES IN CROP MANAGEMENT: PASTURES AND ARABLE CROPS Jessica Roberts, Birgit Schäbitz and Armin Werner Lincoln Agritech PO Box 69 133, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand Email: jess.roberts@lincolnagritech.co.nz
More informationGreen Glacier: The Looming Threat to the Oklahoma Beef Industry and Rural Communities
Green Glacier: The Looming Threat to the Oklahoma Beef Industry and Rural Communities Sam Fuhlendorf, Regents Professor and Groendyke Chair in Wildlife Conservation Natural Resource Ecology and Management
More informationPat L. Shaver USDA-NRCS-WNTSC Portland, OR
Pat L. Shaver USDA-NRCS-WNTSC Portland, OR Process to collect and document professional knowledge and observations on selected indicators and attributes of rangeland health. How Ecological Processes are
More informationUSFS Rangeland Management Seminar July 26 th August 9 th, Glossary of Terms
USFS Rangeland Management Seminar July 26 th August 9 th, 2015 Glossary of Terms Accessibility The ease with which herbivores can reach plants or plant parts. Agroforestry intentionally combines agriculture
More informationBiodiversity Scoping Assessment Majuba Power Station Continuous Ash Disposal Facility
Habitat status (HS) - The status or ecological condition of available habitat in the study area is assessed. Often, a high level of degradation of a specific habitat type will negate the potential presence
More informationFire & Characteristics of Wildfire
Fire & Characteristics of Wildfire Curriculum Links: Grade 7 Physical Science--Heat and Temperature (HT) Objectives In this lesson students will develop an operational definition of wildfires. They will
More informationFire Susceptibility in Oregon
Bomber 1 Fire Susceptibility in Oregon A Fire Risk comparison of Crater Lake National Park and the Umpqua National Forest Created in connection with Geography 368: Oregon Field Seminar Produced By Michael
More informationMineral Cycling in a Tropical Moist Ecosystem
Mineral Cycling in a Tropical Moist Ecosystem Mineral Cycling in a Tropical Moist Forest Ecosystem FRANK B. GOLLEY. JOHN T. McGINNIS, RICHARD G. CLEMENTS, GEORGE I. CHILD, AND MICHAEL J. DUEVER WITH CONTRIBUTIONS
More informationSelecting a Study Site
Selecting a Study Site Vocabulary hectare (ha): A metric unit of area. 1 ha = 10,000 m 2 = 2.47 acres. 1 acre = 0.40 ha. meter (m): A metric unit of length. 1 m = 3.28 ft. 1 ft = 0.3048 m. 1 m x 1 m =
More informationGoal of the Lecture. Lecture Structure. FWF 410: Wildlife Habitat Evaluation. To introduce students to the basic steps of wildlife habitat evaluation.
FWF 410: Wildlife Habitat Evaluation Matthew J. Gray, Ph.D. College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Tennessee-Knoxville Goal of the Lecture To introduce students to the basic
More informationTropical Grasslands (2005) Volume 39,
Tropical Grasslands (25) Volume 39, 22 3 22 Estimation of herbage mass in a bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) and a centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) pasture using a capacitance probe, a sward stick
More informationAbstract. Key words: Diversity, Biomass, Carbon & Nutrients, RS & GIS techniques.
ANALYSIS OF LAND USE, DIVERSITY, BIOMASS, C AND NUTRIENT STORAGE OF A DRY TROPICAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM OF INDIA USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES T. Thakur 1 and S.L. Swamy.2 1 Mission Biofuels
More informationIthaca Creek Habitat Monitoring
Ithaca Creek Habitat Monitoring My name is: Class: Date: Ithaca Creek is part of the Catchment. Today when I was walking at the creek I decided that I wanted to investigate how healthy my waterway was.
More informationRange Management Laboratory. Lab 4 Range Biomass Determination
Range Management Laboratory Lab 4 Range Biomass Determination Instructional Objectives: 1. Review problem on line intercept data 2. Continue review of range vegetation analysis A.Diversity B.Vigor C.Quality
More informationRe: Initial Comments on the Mount Laguna and Pine Valley Community Defense and Healthy Forest Restoration Project
Marian Kadota Adaptive Management Services Enterprise Team U.S. Forest Service 1072 Casitas Pass Road #288 Carpinteria, CA 93013 mkadota@fs.fed.us Re: Initial Comments on the Mount Laguna and Pine Valley
More informationBackground. Ecosystem Savanna Greenhouse gases Drought Livestock
Lesson Plan Activity # 1 Time: Two 50 minute periods Summary: In this lesson, students will learn about the complexities of climate change by examining the human land climate interactions in the East African
More information8/10/2011. Lesson Overview. Rangelands. Rangelands. Brush management on rangelands. Advantages and disadvantages. Specific mechanical treatments
Lesson Overview Brush management on rangelands Advantages and disadvantages Specific mechanical treatments Brush dominates areas across TX that were previously dominated by grasses. Coping with dense brush
More informationClimate and Biodiversity
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT, 18e G. TYLER MILLER SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN 7 Climate and Biodiversity Core Case Study: A Temperate Deciduous Forest Why do forests grow in some areas and not others? Climate Tropical
More informationMANITOBA ENVIROTHON WATER AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
MANITOBA ENVIROTHON WATER AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Outcome Water and Aquatic Ecosystems as Resources Properties of Water, Water Bodies and Watersheds, and Aquatic Species Identification A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6
More informationAgroforestry in 12 principles
Agroforestry in 12 principles Agroforestry refers to all agricultural practices that integrate trees into cropping or livestock production systems and are inspired, in agronomic terms, by the numerous
More informationEffects of Herbivory on woody plant functional traits, structural diversity and ecosystem services in a semiarid. Staline Kibet
Effects of Herbivory on woody plant functional traits, structural diversity and ecosystem services in a semiarid savanna Staline Kibet Background 3000 yrs BP 1790 1880 1890 1895 1904 & 1911 1960 1970
More informationAutecology of Silverleaf Scurfpea on the Northern Mixed Grass Prairie
Autecology of Silverleaf Scurfpea on the Northern Mixed Grass Prairie Llewellyn L. Manske PhD Research Professor of Range Science North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center Report
More informationEffects of Grazing Management Treatments on Rangeland Vegetation
Effects of Grazing Management Treatments on Rangeland Vegetation Report DREC 03-3027 Llewellyn L. Manske PhD Range Scientist North Dakota State University Dickinson Research Extension Center Introduction
More informationFOREST EVALUATION. Materials: Compass Abney level or clinometer 25 ft. tape measure (100 ft. would be better) Background. Life Skills: 4H NREM 210
4H NREM 210 FOREST EVALUATION Objectives Participants will be able to define silviculture Participants will be able to conduct a forest evaluation using methods identified in this activity Background Every
More informationWildlife Management Concepts
The Maryland Envirothon Wildlife Management Concepts Before an individual can evaluate wildlife habitat and make management recommendations, some basic concepts about habitat and its relation to different
More informationRiparian Vegetation Protections. Heritage Tree Protection
PLACER Protections in place: Oak Tree Retention/ Replacement Requirements General Plan Language Specific Voluntary Rural Design require preservation of native trees and groves through replacement and dedication
More informationCATALOGUE OF BEST PRACTICES
CATALOGUE OF BEST PRACTICES BACKGROUND In the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, areas of mountain cover 8% of the territory, of which approximately 2% is grassland, where grazing has been the
More informationResearch Projects. General List of Contents. 3.1 List of Priority Research Areas 3.2 Projects Lists 3.3 Project Reports
Research Projects General List of Contents 3.1 List of Priority Research Areas 3.2 Projects Lists 3.3 Project Reports All files are available to members at http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/cfeor/login/index.html
More informationSouthern Rowe Mesa Restoration Project. Scoping Report
Southern Rowe Mesa Restoration Project Scoping Report Purpose and Need The purpose of this project is to promote a mosaic of healthy forest stands and natural grasslands on approximately 17,500 acres on
More informationResidue Retention and Mulching in CF
Residue Retention and Mulching in CF These are two different things Residue Retention is achievable Mulching, much less so Residue Retention Mulching Residue Retention Maximize soil cover by retaining
More information3.3 Human Impact on Biodiversity
3.3 Human Impact on Biodiversity Learning Goals: 1. Explain how human activities are reducing 2. Explain how logging and fires are reducing forest 3. Explain how human activities are reducing aquatic I.
More informationLesson 4 LAI, NDVI, Biomass Plot-count and Point-center-quarter methods
Lesson 4 LAI, NDVI, Biomass Plot-count and Point-center-quarter methods Possible Tasks for Class Projects Classification of bicycle bumps forest Analysis of the soil-vegetation relationships Indirect ordination
More information12-1. TIMBER ESTIMATION 291
12-1. TIMBER ESTIMATION 291 FOREST INVENTORY A forest inventory is the procedure for obtaining information on the quantity, quality, and condition of the forest resource, associated vegetation and components,
More informationSilviculture Lab 5: Pine Silviculture & Natural Regen Page 1 of 6
Silviculture Lab 5: Pine Silviculture & Natural Regen Page 1 of 6 Learning Objective: Following this lab students will describe the importance of field observations to the silvicultural prescription writing
More informationCOP 21 Side-event «The relevance of soils for climate change mitigation and adaptation» Tuesday 1 December from 16:30 to 18:00 (room «Brussels»)
Practical work on improving management of organic soils in temperate region (permafrost, peatlands, pasturelands in Caucasus) benefitting climate, ecosystems and people, as demonstrated by Clima East COP
More informationAssessment of biodiverse grassland: Comments to ISCC Guidance Document Supplementing ISCC EU 202
slide 1 of 20 Assessment of biodiverse grassland: Comments to ISCC Guidance Document Supplementing ISCC EU 202 Ecologist M. Sc. Elson Fernandes de Lima Casa da Floresta Assessoria Ambiental Ltda. 8th ISCC
More informationCan we distinguish between climate and land abandonment effects?
AVEC Workshop. Effects of land abandonment and global change on plant and animal communities. Can we distinguish between climate and land abandonment effects? Mark Mulligan, King s College London Outline
More informationCOMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION What is Community structure?! In a given region, how many species occur together?! How many inter-relationships can be supported? How do these affect the number
More informationPractice Ecology Test
1. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in nodules in the roots of legumes. Both of them benefit. This is an example of A) commensalism B) predation C) parasitism D) mutualism E) competition 2. Epiphytes grow
More informationProject Title: Barnes Valley Canyon Prescribed Burn Project (1,500 acres) NEPA Document Number: OR
Environmental Assessment for Elected Prescribed Fires (Barnes Valley and Pitch Log reek) Bureau of Land Management - Lakeview District Klamath Falls Resource Area Project Title: Barnes Valley anyon Prescribed
More informationClimate Change, Carbon and Wildfires
12 7 October 2014 Climate Change, Carbon and Wildfires Christopher D. Johns Research Analyst Climate Change Key Points Recent evidence indicates that as much as 10% of wildfire produced carbon remains
More informationState of Nevada Department of Transportation Materials Division METHOD OF TEST FOR DENSITY (UNIT WEIGHT) AND VOLUME OF CONCRETE
State of Nevada Department of Transportation Materials Division METHOD OF TEST FOR DENSITY (UNIT WEIGHT) AND VOLUME OF CONCRETE SCOPE This test method describes the procedure for determining the density
More informationApproved VCS Methodology VM0021
Approved VCS Methodology VM0021 Version 1.0, 16 November 2012 Soil Carbon Quantification Methodology 2012 The Earth Partners LLC. Methodology developed by: The Earth Partners LLC. Copyright 2012 The Earth
More informationRangeland and Oak Relationships 1
Rangeland and Oak Relationships 1 Dick R. McCleery 2 Abstract: Hardwood rangelands are becoming an endangered resource on the Central Coast of California. Straightforward inventory processes and management
More informationOlives ecosystems and biodiversity - considerations for action in the EU
Olives ecosystems and biodiversity - considerations for action in the EU IOC Madrid 18/11/09 Guy Beaufoy EFNCP 1 How important are olive ecosystems for European biodiversity? The EU aims to stop biodiversity
More informationLESSON TEN: What Is an Ecological Site and What Causes Plant Community Change?
LESSON TEN: What Is an Ecological Site and What Causes Plant Community Change? Ecological Sites Ecological sites are a distinctive kind of land that is different from all other kinds of land based on soil
More informationVCS MODULE VMD0023 ESTIMATION OF CARBON STOCKS IN THE LITTER POOL
VMD0023: Version 1.0 VCS MODULE VMD0023 ESTIMATION OF CARBON STOCKS IN THE LITTER POOL Version 1.0 16 November 2012 Document Prepared by: The Earth Partners LLC. Table of Contents 1 SOURCES... 2 2 SUMMARY
More informationChapter 59 ~ The Biosphere How biotic and abiotic factors interact in an ecosystem
I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues. Chapter 59 ~ The Biosphere How biotic and abiotic factors interact in an ecosystem QOD What strategies do different
More informationLand Management Strategies to Control Kentucky Bluegrass Invasion
Land Management Strategies to Control Kentucky Bluegrass Invasion and Ryan Limb North Dakota State University School of Natural Resource Sciences, Fargo Early-intensive and patch-burn grazing are being
More informationAgronomic Properties, Dry Matter Production and Nutritive Quality of Guinea Grass (Megathrysus maximus) Harvested at Different Cutting Intervals
Agronomic Properties, Dry Matter Production and Nutritive Quality of Guinea Grass (Megathrysus maximus) Harvested at Different Cutting Intervals Jusoh*, S., A.R. Alimon and M.S. Kamiri Department of Animal
More information