ELE2212 Lecture 2: Introduction to Renewable Energy. Dwight Reid

Transcription

1 ELE2212 Lecture 2: Introduction to Renewable Energy Resources Dwight Reid

2 Introduction What is Renewable Energy Renewable energy can be defined as energy sources that are constantly being replenished by nature. Unlike fossil or nuclear fuels they are not depleted when used. They are considered the most sustainable form of energy.

3 Introduction Why We Need Renewable Energy Conventional energy sources (fossil fuels) supply the vast majority of our energy needs but have two major problems that make them unsustainable: 1. They are finite and are being depleted. 2. They pollute the environment when used.

4 Introduction Depleting Fossil Fuels Conventional (cheap, easily extracted) fossil reserves are already largely depleted in some areas. Unconventional sources (oil sands, shale oil and gas) are difficult and expensive to extract. This increases the cost to bring them to market and methods of extraction can have detrimental environmental effects, e.g. hydraulic fracking

5 Introduction Deep-ocean drilling of oil and hydraulic fracturing of natural gas are examples of resource extraction that would not have been economically viable in the past.

6 Introduction Environmental Pollution by Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels can pollute the environment at all stages of their production and use, from extraction, transportation, and burning. Fossil fuel production facilities pollute ground water and the sea under normal conditions and even more so when there is an accident (Exxon Valdez, BP Deep Horizon). Burning releases gases that lead to global warming, smog and acid rain and particulates that can cause respiratory illness.

7 Introduction Renewable Energy Sources Offer the promise of being infinite and non-polluting. Based on natural resources at desired locations. Large plants require detail feasibility studies and assessment of resources at locations with a least one year of data collected. Sources of renewable energy include: Moving water (Hydro power) Wind Solar Geothermal Biomass

8 Hydro Power Hydro power is conventionally extracted using hydroelectric power plants. Hydroelectric power plants use running water to spin a turbine and generate electricity. Hydropower is by far the largest source of renewable energy. Hydroelectricity is very economical, with costs per kilowatt-hour similar to coal. Note:Renewable power pricing will be covered in next lecture

9 Hydro Power Hydroelectric plant layout

10 Hydro Power Example hydroelectric plants Jamaica ST. ELIZABETH Maggoty (7.2 MW) ST. ANN Upper White River (3.8 MW) ST. ANN Lower White River (4.9 MW) ST. ANN Roaring River (3.8 MW) TRELAWNY Rio BeunoA (2.5 MW) TRELAWNY Rio BuenoB (1.1 MW) ST. ANDREW Rams Horn (0.8 MW) ST. ANDREW Constant Spring (0.6 MW)

11 Hydro Power Example hydroelectric plants (world) USA Hoover Dam (2000 MW) China Three Gorges Dam (22,500 MW) South America (border of Brazil and Paraguay) ItaipuDam (14,000 MW)

12 Hydro Power Hydro Power Potential Jamaica is estimated to have 80 MW of recoverable hydro power potential

13 Wind Power Wind energy is the energy present in the moving wind. Conventionally extracted using the wind to spin the blades of wind turbines. Wind power is the second largest sources of renewable energy behind hydro. With technological advancements, wind power is becoming more and more economical and wind energy prices are already on par with fossil fuels in some areas.

14 Wind Power Example Wind Turbine

15 Wind Power Example wind power plants Jamaica Wigton, Manchester Phase 1 (20.7 MW) Phase 2 (18 MW) Phase 3, under construction (24 MW) Munroe, St. Elizabeth Total (3 MW) Bluue Mountain Renewables(BMR), St Elizabeth Under construction (34 MW)

16 Wind Power Example wind power plants (world) China USA Gansu Wind Farm (onshore) 7000MW installed, 20,000 MW by 2020 Alta Wind Energy Center(onshore) 1500 MW installed, 3000 MW by 2040 UK (offshore) London Array (off-shore) 630 MW installed, phase two scrapped (students research why)

17 Wind Power Potential Wind Power Jamaica is estimated to have 60 MW of recoverable wind power potential

18 Solar Power Solar energy is the energy contained in the sunlight reaching the earth (1000 W/m 2 ). Conventionally extracted from the light or from the heat. Relatively easy to extract for small scale power, e.g. domestic solar electricity and solar hot water. Continuing technological advancements make solar energy more and more economical and competitive with fossil fuels.

19 Solar Power Example Solar Power Extraction Concentrated Solar Solar Hot Water Solar Electricity

20 Solar Power Example solar power plants. Jamaica Grand Palladium Resort & Spa, Hanover Capacity of 1600 kw Grid-tied but never sends power to the grid WISYNCO, St. Catherine Capacity of 1000 kw Grid-tied but never sends power to the grid Manufacturing plant Planned 20 MW in Clarendon

21 Solar Power Example solar power plants (world) USA Ivanpah Solar Power Facility Spain Capacity 380 MW Concentrated solar thermal Solar power tower technology Solaben Solar Power India Capacity 200 MW Concentrated solar thermal Solar parabolic trough technology Chranka Solar Park

22 Solar Power Example solar power plants (world) India Chranka Solar Park China Capacity 600 MW Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology Longyangxia Dam Solar Park Capacity 320 MW Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology

23 Solar Power Potential Solar Power Jamaica s solar energy potential is considered to be very vast due to our geographical location. No number has been placed on it.

24 Geothermal Power This is the heat energy in the earth itself. Thought to be composed of heat from the original formation of the earth and also heat from the decay of radioactive material. Large manifestations are seen in volcanoes and also in hot springs. Extracted for electricity using very deep wells in geothermal power plants operating on a steam cycle.

25 Geothermal Power Illustration

26 Geothermal Power Illustration

27 Geothermal Power Example geothermal power plants. Guadeloupe Bouillante Geothermal Plant Capacity of 15 MW Additional 30 MW planned by 2021 Phillipines BacmanI Capacity of 110 MW Number of wells 22 BacmanII Capacity of 20 MW Number of wells 8

28 Geothermal Power Geothermal power potential Jamaica is estimated to have 0MW of geothermal potential.

29 Biomass Organic matter derived from biological material, mostly plants. Can be burned directly or converted into various biofuels. Biomass is sometimes grown directly for such use (e.g. corn ethanol) or is a bi-product of another production process (e.g. Sugar cane bagasse).

30 Illustration Biomass

31 Biomass Example biomass plants Jamaica Worthy Park, St Catherine Capacity 2.5 MW Feedstock Bagasse Uses combined heat and power (CHP) technology Only source of power for plant USA USA United States Sugar Corporation Capacity 50 MW Feedstock Bagasse Uses combined heat and power (CHP) technology UK UPM Caledonian Capacity 26 MW Feedstock Paper mill residue Uses combined heat and power (CHP) technology

32 Biomass Power Biomass power potential Jamaica is estimated to have 68 MW of biomass power potential from existing sugar cane lands.

33 Renewable Energy in the World World Electricity Energy Source Mix (IEA 2012)

34 Renewable Energy in the World World Renewable Electricity Energy Source Mix (IEA 2012)

35 END