Stream Ecology. Physical Characteristics
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- Winfred Marshall
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1 Stream Ecology Objectives: To measure physical, chemical and biotic characteristics of a stream Learn how to use aquatic sampling gear and chemical kits Learn to quantify and assess species diversity in natural environments The purpose of this lab is to explore physical and biotic characteristics of an aquatic environment. We will do this by studying a section of the Pond Brook. Part 1 of the exercise will deal with measuring physical parameters., such as flow rate, water chemistry, and temperature; Part II deals with the biotic parameters, such as types and numbers of species found in the rocks and sediments. Physical Characteristics The dimensions of a stream channel can affect flow rates and influence the types of habitats available for fish and invertebrates. A riffle is a section of a river or stream that is characterized by fast flow and turbulent surface water such as at a small rapid. A run is a section of a river characterized by laminar or smooth flow of surface water. Stream flow characteristics We will be examining the flow characteristics of the river at the surface. It can also be done at different depths using a flow meter, but we will not be using one in this lab. 1) Flow rates at the surface: In this exercise, we will measure the surface flow rate mid- stream using a tennis ball and a stopwatch. You will need to measure a distance of 5-6 meters between two transects/points across/along the stream. A student will release a tennis ball above the upstream point. Students on shore will time the passage of the tennis ball from the upstream point to the downstream point. Record the data on the datasheet provided. A student standing downstream should retrieve the tennis ball by hand or with the kick net. Repeat this procedure three times. Stream temperature characteristics At the site, measure air temperature and then measure water temperature at least 3 times. 1) Take the water temperature close to where the flow measurements were taken. Temperature is not likely to vary according to depth at different positions across the stream, but you may wish to show this by taking readings. Record the data. Stream dimensional characteristics Typically, when studying a river or stream, ecologists will determine the width and depth of the river or stream. 1) Width using the 30m measuring tape stretch the tape tautly across the stream (it should not touch the water). An average width bust be estimated since the shoreline is uneven.
2 2) Depth at regular intervals across its width (ie. every 1-3 meters) use a meter stick to measure the depth of the water. Chemical aspects For this exercise, students will determine the levels of various chemicals that are vital to animals and plants in aquatic systems. The purpose of this exercise is to learn how to measure the levels of some of these chemicals. Comparison of these values to other rivers and streams to standard water values will provide a measure of the purity of the water. We will do selected analyses, limited to our sample kits and resources. Activity Our sampling location is next to the President s house. While at the stream, each group needs to collect the following: 1. A water sample using a few collection bottles. Completely fill the bottle to the brim, and cap it off under the water. By allowing no excess oxygen in the sample you will have much more accurate Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and other chemistry readings. 2. Surface flow readings using a tennis ball, 30m tape and stopwatch. Two students from each group stand 5-6m apart from each other in the middle of the stream. The upstream student drops the ball and one of the students on shore measures the time it takes for the ball to reach the downstream student. Repeat these measurements three times. 3. Measurements of air and water temperatures, stream width and depth. 4. Aquatic macroinvertebrate samples using the kicknets and either kicking directly upstream from the net for 20 seconds or scrubbing rocks for 20 seconds immediately upstream from the kicknet. Take the sample from the shore and transfer sample to the specimen bags to take back to the lab. Once each group has finished collecting samples, return back to the classroom for sample analyses. Equipment Tennis ball Thermometer (air and water) Kick- nets Water collection bottles 30m tape meter stick waders stopwatch forceps trays
3 Stream Ecology Data Sheets Names: Data Table 1. Flow rates in each habitat calculated from a surface float Distance moved (m) Time (sec) Flow Rate (m/sec) Distance moved (m) Time (sec) Flow Rate (m/sec) Air Temperature o F: Water Temperature o F: Reading #1 =, #2, #3, Mean Temp= Data Table 2. Water depth in meters (m). Depth (m) Depth (m) Mean Depth (m) Depth (m) Mean Data Table 3. Summary of stream chemical characteristics. Test Reading 1 Reading 2 Mean Reading 1 Reading 2 Mean
4 Table 4. Macroinvertebrate Data Sheet
5 Table 5. Water Chemistry results List the test in the left column under factor and the results in the right column. Factor Result
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