Fossil Fuels: Natural Gas. Outline: Formation Global supply and Distribution NGCC Carbon management Biological Artificial

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1 Fossil Fuels: Natural Gas Outline: Formation Global supply and Distribution NGCC Carbon management Biological Artificial

2 Formation of Natural Gas

3 Migration Phases separate according to density, with the most dense water on the bottom, least dense gas on top and oil between the two.

4 % World Gas Reserves By Region 36 5 North America W. Europe 3 36 Eastern Europe 4 C./S. America 8 Africa Middle East 8 Asia & Oceania 79% of the world s gas reserves are in 12 countries Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002

5 % World Oil/Gas/Coal Reserves By Region: Geopolitical Issues In Focus North America W. Europe Eastern Europe C./S. America Middle East Asia & Oceania Africa Coal Gas Oil Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002

6 Global Supply and Distribution By country: By region: Country Total Recoverable Natural Gas (x10 12 ft 3 ) Region Total Recoverable Natural Gas (x10 12 ft 3 ) Iran Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Algeria United States Nigeria Venezuela Iraq Indonesia Middle East Eastern Europe Africa Asia & Oceana North America Central & South America Western Europe ft 3 gas at STP = 1 MJ; 1x10 16 ft 3 = 1x10 22 J At current burn rate of ca 3 TW=1x10 20 J/yr is 150 yrs

7 Economics New of Baseload New Baseload Electric Plant Electric Costs Plant Costs long run Are with Driving $3.20 gas US and $1.20/mmBtu Gas Demand coal Fuel costs Levelized power cost ($/MWh) O&M costs Capital costs 10 - Coal (PCC) high-env Coal (PCC) low-env Clean Coal (FB) Gas CCGT Nuclear Source: Deutsche Bank estimates 15

8 Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) Combine gas turbine generators with steam turbine generators powered by steam from the waste heat of the gas turbine generator = 43.7% = 62.5% = 33.3%

9 World s LNG Facilities and Markets: Growing Regional and Global Markets Source: World LNG/GTL Review Existing Facilities Proposed Facilities Markets

LNG Costs and Infrastructure Gas Production: $.30 - $1.30 Liquefaction:..$1.00 - $2.50 Shipping.

40 Source: GTI LNG Source Book, 2001 17 LNG Liquefaction (Export ) Terminals 40 Regasification

10 LNG Costs and Infrastructure Gas Production: $.30 - $1.30 Liquefaction:..$ $2.50 Shipping.$.60 - $1.10 Regasification...$.40 - $1.50 TOTAL: $ $6.40 Source: GTI LNG Source Book, LNG Liquefaction (Export ) Terminals 40 Regasification (Import) Terminals 130 LNG Tankers (120 M Metric Ton Capacity) Source: University of Houston Institute for Energy Law & Enterprise

11 Gas To Liquids Technology: Accessing Stranded Gas, Serving Middle Distillate Market Gas to Liquids technology enables us to bring stranded gas to markets by converting gas into high quality liquid fuels that can be transported to market in the existing petroleum infrastructure

12 Location of World s Known and Expected Methane Hydrate Deposits

13 Methane Hydrates: Long Term Potential, Significant Hurdles Enormous potential resource. USGS estimates that there are 320,000 tcf in the US. Methane is 10 times more effective than CO 2 in causing global warming. Impacts of methane hydrate production unknown. Gas hydrates may cause landslides on the continental slope Production methods unclear Role in ecosystem not clearly understood

14 Fossil Fuels: Carbon Management (i.e. Carbon Sequestration) 3 ways to reduce CO 2 emissions: (1) Use fossil fuels more efficiently (2) Use fuels that are not carbon-based (3) Capture and sequester CO 2 before it is leaked into the atmosphere According to IPCC 1992 business as usual calculations, CO 2 emissions get reduced by 1 billion tons C yr -1 (GtC/yr) by 2025 and 4 GtC/yr by GtC/yr 2 TW

15 Global Carbon Cycle --Net atm flux of 3.5 GtC/yr

16 Global Carbon Cycle --Fossil emissions of 6 GtC/yr mitigated partially by sinks

17 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr

18 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr --But land use changes undo 1.4 GtC/yr of sequestration

19 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr --But land use changes undo 1.4 GtC/yr of sequestration --Net 0.3 GtC/yr

20 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr --Oceans sequester 2.2 GtC/yr

21 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr --Oceans sequester 2.2 GtC/yr --Doubling these might not be so unreasonable

22 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr --Oceans sequester 2.2 GtC/yr --Ocean holds ~ 4 x 10 4 GtC, and could in theory hold another 1x10 4 GtC more, which is more than the total C content of known fossil fuel reservoirs

23 Ocean Sequestration ----Direct sequestration: inject liquid or gaseous CO 2 below 1000 ft below sea level, where it will sink to the ocean floor and take many decades to return to the surface --Indirect sequestration: fertilize ocean with trace minerals important for photosynthesis (Fe) to increase biomass of photosynthetic algae, which in turn fix more C --These systems are simple to engineer and could be completed with modern technology

24 Ocean Sequestration ----Direct sequestration: inject liquid or gaseous CO 2 below 1000 ft below sea level, where it will sink to the ocean floor and take many decades to return to the surface --Indirect sequestration: fertilize ocean with trace minerals important for photosynthesis (Fe) to increase biomass of photosynthetic algae, which in turn fix more C --These systems are simple to engineer and could be completed with modern technology BUT: --CO 2 dissolved in water forms small amounts of H 2 CO 3, which lowers the water ph --Biological systems are exquisitely sensitive to ph, no one knows what the impact of this could be --Increased atmospheric CO 2 concentrations have already lowered average ocean ph by 0.1, still have not understood the effect this small change will have --CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion is often contaminated with NO x and SO x that could be deadly for marine life

25 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr --Oceans sequester 2.2 GtC/yr --Doubling these might not be so unreasonable Terrestrial ecosystems store ~2000 GtC, about 75% of which is stored in soils

---Net annual sequestration ~2 GtC/yr --Estimate that could be increased (transiently) to as much as 10 GtC/yr --This will be done by doing things that we SHOULD be doing anyway, like reforestation,

26 ---Net annual sequestration ~2 GtC/yr --Estimate that could be increased (transiently) to as much as 10 GtC/yr --This will be done by doing things that we SHOULD be doing anyway, like reforestation, restoring wetlands, and halting soil erosion --These efforts are ongoing in developed nations, and have been successful (not yet clear but it is possible that North America is now a net C sink) --Not likely to happen soon in developing nations and limited overall sequestration capacity Terrestrial Sequestration

27 Global Carbon Cycle --Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 1.7 GtC/yr --Oceans sequester 2.2 GtC/yr --Doubling these might not be so unreasonable Store CO 2 in subterranean geological formations

28 Geologic Sequestration ----Builds on the vast body of knowledge about underground reservoirs gathered in the last 100 yrs during the search for coal, oil, and natural gas Benefits: --Geologic oil and gas reservoirs remained sealed for millions of years, possible that they can hold CO 2 for long time periods --80% of commercial CO 2 is already used in oil and gas recovery to displace the desired product (called enhanced oil recovery (EOR)) --CO 2 can be pumped into deep, unmineable coal seams to displace CH 4 --Natural gas is usually contaminated with up to 20% CO 2 which can be removed and returned to the gas reservoir --Unlike other CO 2 sequestration possibilities, geologic sequestration already occurs on an industrial (albeit still insignificant) scale US geologic formation Deep saline aquifers Natural gas reservoirs Operation natural gas fields Coal bed methane field CO 2 storage capacity (GtC) /yr 10

29 CO 2 Burial: Saline Reservoirs 130 GJ total U.S. sequestration potential Global emissions 6 Gt/yr in 2002 Test sequestration projects DOE, 1999

30 Geological Sequestration in the US Near sources (power plants, refineries, coal fields) Near other infrastructure (pipelines) Need sufficient storage capacity locally Must be verifiable (populated areas problematic) DOE Vision & Goal: 1 Gt storage by 2025, 4 Gt by 2050

1000m below the sea bed --1 MtC sequestered annually, expected to continue for 20 yrs --This strategy was

31 Sleipner West Field, North Sea --CH4 reservoir in Sleipner West field is contaminated with 10% CO2 --After gas is pumped from reservoir, CO2 is removed by dissolution in amine solvents --CO2 is returned to an aquifer 1000m below the sea bed --1 MtC sequestered annually, expected to continue for 20 yrs --This strategy was prompted by Norway s high C tax ($50/tC compared with $15/tC for storage) Slides from Julio Friedmann, U. of Maryland

32 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) --CO 2 displaces oil in reservoir --Supercritical CO 2 can dissolve petroleum, liquid becomes less viscous and easier to pump active projects in US

33 Chemical Sequestration --Use CO 2 as a starting material for inorganic and organic syntheses CO 2 + 1/2 CaSiO 3 + 1/2 H 2 O 1/2 Ca 2+ + HCO /2 SiO 2 CO 2 + 1/3 Mg 3 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 MgCO 3 + 2/3 SiO 2 + 2/3 H 2 O CO 2 + CO + CaSiO 3 CaC 2 O 4 + SiO 2 ΔH < 0 CO 2 + 3H 2 CH 3 OH + H 2 O ΔH = Kcal/mol 3 H 2 O 3 H 2 + 3/2 O 2 ΔH = Kcal/mol

34 Chemical Sequestration --CO 2 can be used as starting material in a variety of organic syntheses: --This is complicated chemistry, drives much current chemical research

Outline of DNE21+ Model -CO2 Capture & Storage (CCS)- August 20, 2008

1. Introduction Outline of DNE21+ Model -CO2 Capture & Storage (CCS)- August 20, 2008 CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) refers to the capture, transportation, storage and sequestration of CO 2. The main processes