Groundwater Risk Assessment

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Groundwater Risk Assessment"

Transcription

1 Groundwater Risk Assessment ELQF - 6 November 2012 Katy Baker Technical Director ARCADIS (UK) Limited Imagine the result

2 Problem definition The importance of the CSM 2

3 The definition of the problem: 3

4 Depth (z-axis) Depth (z-axis) Reality of plumes 4 Expanding plume Contaminant concentrations in the high-k zones exceed those in the low-k zones. Contracting plume Contaminant concentrations in the high-k zones are lower than those in the low-k zones. Back-diffusion is occurring.

5 Sorption and back-diffusion 5 Colorado State Univ lab studies - Courtesy Dr. Tom Sale 5

6 CSM development Sufficiently robust CSM to consider undertaking a risk assessment? What is the aquifer? (geologic maps, BGS logs, site specific logs) Porous vs. fractured system? Leaching from unsaturated zone? Lateral flow, vertical flow, or combination? 6

7 Hydraulics vs Contaminant Fate & Transport First step is to understand (and model) the hydrogeology and hydraulics Second step is to understand (and model) contaminant migration within the system Third step is to evaluate significance of migration (typically comparison of predicted groundwater concentration against acceptable concentration) 7

8 Hydraulics What to consider? 8

9 Characterizing groundwater flow Darcy s Law: flow of fluid through porous medium Discharge vs. Velocity But what is important to remember? 9

10 Physical Aquifer Properties Property Primary Data Sources Hydraulic gradient Site specific: requires levelling of groundwater wells Hydraulic conductivity Literature: hydrogeologic map, relationship between groundwater/river Site specific: rising/falling head tests, pumping tests, particle size analysis Literature: typically wide ranges Effective porosity Site specific: difficult to measure Literature: difficult if mixed geology 10 Sensitivity analysis can help select appropriate values, but all are correlated, care not to select all conservative E.g. gradient of 0.01 and conductivity of 5nm/day does not reflect a real scenario

11 Contaminant Transport What to consider? 11

12 Water vs. contaminants? 12 Majority of contaminants do not move at the same speed as groundwater Rate of migration limited by interaction with the aquifer Dispersion, degradation, attenuation Processes are dependent on the type of contaminant and the aquifer properties Contaminants (e.g. bromide) which travel at comparable velocity as groundwater are good tracer compounds (help to calibrate groundwater models)

13 Controls on migration in groundwater Mixing in groundwater Attenuation via: retardation, dispersion and degradation 13

14 Controls on migration of NAPL? Lateral migration (LNAPL and DNAPLs) Vertical migration (DNAPLs) 14

15 Contaminant/Source Properties Property Primary Data Sources Physico-chemical Type (e.g. organic vs. inorganic) Chemical properties (e.g. solubility, organic carbon-water partition coefficient (Koc)) Source dimensions Source vs. plume, site data Degradation Primarily for organics Site specific: relatively easy to demonstrate degradation occurring (e.g. use of daughter products), measuring half life more difficult Literature: primarily based on degradation dissolved phase (organics) Retardation Interaction with aquifer (e.g. cation exchange, sorption to organic matter) Insensitive for steady-state, infinite source 15

16 Boundary Conditions 16

17 Setting the boundaries Independent of model, always need to consider: What is the receptor of concern? Protection of receptor? 17

18 Receptor of concern Setting of compliance point Specific receptor or hypothetical? Groundwater vs. surface water Beneath source vs. distance down-gradient Hazardous vs. non-hazardous (50m or more?) Legal compliance vs. risk assessment 18

19 Protection of receptor Selection of compliance criteria Traditionally EQS vs. DWS Impact of Water Framework Directive? Consider what receptor is being protected Environment Agency database If no obvious compliance criterion? Background levels, method detection, Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC), back-calculate from acceptable dose for specific organisms... 19

20 Groundwater Risk Assessment Methodology 20

21 Risk Assessment Remedial Targets Methodology (RTM): Hydrogeological Risk Assessment for Land Contamination, Environment Agency (2006) [formerly the P20 methodology] Simplest: direct comparison to compliance criterion Often used as Generic Assessment Criteria Does not dictate which model to use Not obliged to use model at all Define compliance criterion Back-calculate acceptable concentration in groundwater beneath site Back-calculate acceptable concentration in overlying soil (if needed) Compare Derived Assessment Criteria to Site Data Imagine the result

22 Assessment without model Imagine the result

23 Risk Assessment Software Packages 23

24 Choice of Software What is the assessment aiming to achieve? What is the timescale? What is the complexity of the environmental setting? Have sufficient data been collected? Has the assessor enough experience to run the model? Imagine the result

25 Examples of Software Packages 2-D Modelling Packages: Remedial Targets Worksheet (RTW) v3.1 [EA] ConSim v2.2 [Golder Associates/EA] FLOWPATH II [Waterloo Hydrogeologic] 3-D Modelling Packages: Visual MODFLOW [Waterloo Hydrogeologic] Imagine the result

26 RTW Imagine the result

27 Typical Modelling Scenarios Soil contamination (with shallow groundwater body) Historical groundwater contamination forming a plume Time to set up: hours Training level: low Model Capabilities Deterministic Forward prediction of off-site concentrations Backward calculation of remedial targets Continuous source term Steady-state conditions, or time-variant (validation purposes) Domenico equations, Ogata Banks equation Imagine the result

28 Assessment Levels SOIL: Level 1: partitioning from soil to porewater Level 2: dilution of leached porewater in aquifer Level 3: attenuation (dispersion, degradation, retardation) within plume as it moves off-site GROUNDWATER: Level 3: attenuation (dispersion, degradation, retardation) within plume as it moves off-site Imagine the result

29 Site Specific Data? Ideally, site specific data collected where possible Sensitivity testing undertaken manually Soil source parameters - Fraction of Organic Carbon, source dimensions (bulk density, porosity, infiltration) Aquifer parameters - Hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, source dimensions (degradation rate, effective porosity) Imagine the result

30 Black box model? No and while simple, still flexible Time effect can be investigated (time for contaminant breakthrough) Can validate against real site conditions Primary challenge is the mixing of hydraulics and contaminant fate & transport 30

31 Source vs. plume 31

32 ConSim Imagine the result

33 Typical Modelling Scenarios Soil contamination (with significant unsaturated zone) Historical groundwater contamination forming a plume Time to set up: hours Model Capabilities Training level: low-medium Probabilistic Forward prediction of off-site concentrations Continuous source term or declining Time-variant Unsaturated zone flow via single or dual porosity system Attenuation (retardation, biodegradation) in unsaturated zone Effectively Ogata Banks for saturated zone Soakaway option Imagine the result

34 Assessment Levels SOIL: Level 1: partitioning from soil to porewater Level 2: attenuation of leaching porewater and subsequent dilution within aquifer Level 3: attenuation (dispersion, degradation, retardation) within plume as it moves off-site GROUNDWATER: Level 3a: attenuation (dispersion, degradation, retardation) within plume as it moves off-site Imagine the result

35 Site Specific Data? Site specific data to be collected where possible Sensitivity testing undertaken by the model (probabilistic) Soil source parameters - Fraction of Organic Carbon, source dimensions (bulk density, porosity) Unsaturated zone Aquifer parameters - Fraction of Organic Carbon, thickness, porosity, permeability (infiltration rate) - Hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity (degradation rate, effective porosity) Imagine the result

36 FLOWPATH II - inputs Imagine the result

37 Outputs Imagine the result

38 38

39 Typical Modelling Scenarios Relatively complex hydrogeology Groundwater contamination, knowledge of off-site conditions Time to set up: days-weeks Training level: medium-high Model Capabilities Groundwater model and contaminant transport model Forward prediction of off-site concentrations Time-variant with source control Single layer Lateral cell-by-cell anisotropy, grid system Model domain definition Domain inputs and outputs (e.g. pumping wells) Groundwater heads, particle tracking, contaminant plumes Imagine the result

40 Site Specific Data? Necessity to validate/calibrate model Sensitivity testing undertaken through the validation process Site data needed for across model domain if possible: - Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer - Top of aquifer - Base of aquifer - Observation wells (groundwater elevations) - Model inputs/outputs (e.g. river dimensions, pumping rates) - Aquifer recharge (literature data?) - Porosity (literature data?) Imagine the result

41 Visual MODFLOW - inputs Imagine the result

42 Outputs 42

43 Typical Modelling Scenarios Complex hydrogeology Good knowledge of off-site conditions Time to set up: weeks Training level: high Model Capabilities 3D Groundwater model and contaminant transport model MODFLOW, MODPATH, MT3DMS Multiple layer model Lateral cell-by-cell anisotropy, grid system Model domain definition Detailed domain inputs and outputs (e.g. pumping wells) Groundwater heads, particle tracking, contaminant plumes (steady state, time variant) Imagine the result

44 Site Specific Data? Necessity to validate/calibrate model Sensitivity testing undertaken through the validation process Large data requirements: - Detailed knowledge about aquifer, in 3D - Detailed knowledge of model domain, including boundary conditions - Detailed knowledge of model inputs/outputs - Knowledge of contaminant distribution, to allow best estimate at forward prediction Imagine the result

45 Risk evaluation Conclusions 45

46 Do we understand the risks? Comparison of all concentrations, maximum, average in source area? What level of risk is suggested by modelling? (e.g. just above assessment criteria) How realistic is the setup? (e.g. steady state vs. time limited, infinite vs. finite source) Can additional site specific data be collected? Additional steps to consider? (e.g. dilution within a receptor surface water or abstraction, attenuation in hyporheic zone) 46

47 Conclusions Conceptual site model underpins all groundwater risk assessments Hydraulics vs. contaminant fate & transport Wide range of software tools to use but can consider alternatives if justified Reality checking of models is important Reality checking of risk evaluation is equally important 47

48 Thank you Contact Information 48

Groundwater Modeling Guidance

Groundwater Modeling Guidance Groundwater Modeling Guidance Richard J. Mandle Groundwater Modeling Program Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Draft 1.0 10/16/02 Executive Summary The use of groundwater models is prevalent

More information

Risk of well water pollution from the surface of a recharge area

Risk of well water pollution from the surface of a recharge area Water Pollution VIII: Modelling, Monitoring and Management 233 Risk of well water pollution from the surface of a recharge area J. Krivic Geological Survey of Slovenia Abstract An aquifer acts as a pollution

More information

Groundwater Models and Modeling Considerations

Groundwater Models and Modeling Considerations Groundwater Models and Modeling Considerations MPCA Industrial Landfill Guidance Workgroup April 30, 2009 Terry Johnson, P.G. Waste Management Inc., The Three Legs of the Stool 1. Engineering design and

More information

4.4 MODEL CODE DESCRIPTION 4.5 WATER SOURCES AND SINKS 4.6 MODEL DOMAIN AND BOUNDARIES. SLR South Africa

4.4 MODEL CODE DESCRIPTION 4.5 WATER SOURCES AND SINKS 4.6 MODEL DOMAIN AND BOUNDARIES. SLR South Africa Page 4-18 The developed model should therefore be seen as an initial site model which should be refined and recalibrated once more groundwater monitoring and other data become available. 4.4 MODEL CODE

More information

(,,,) = ( )exp ( + C(x,y,z,t) = the concentration of the contaminant at location x, y, z from the source at time t.

(,,,) = ( )exp ( + C(x,y,z,t) = the concentration of the contaminant at location x, y, z from the source at time t. INTRODUCTION Quick Domenico.xls (QD) is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet application of An Analytical Model For Multidimensional Transport of a Decaying Contaminant Species, by P.A. Domenico, Journal of Hydrology,

More information

Modelling contamination of a drinking water supply well in the Sabarmati river bed aquifer, Ahmedabad, India

Modelling contamination of a drinking water supply well in the Sabarmati river bed aquifer, Ahmedabad, India Impacts of Urban Growth on Surface Water and Groundwater Quality (Proceedings of IUGG 99 Symposium HS5, Birmingham, July 1999). IAHS Publ. no. 259, 1999. 73 Modelling contamination of a drinking water

More information

REPORT ON APPROACHES AND METHODS FOR EVALUATION VERTICAL TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT TOOLS PROJECT.

REPORT ON APPROACHES AND METHODS FOR EVALUATION VERTICAL TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT TOOLS PROJECT. Ltd. 500 4260 Still Creek Drive Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5C 6C6 Telephone (604) 296-4200 Fax (604) 298-5253 REPORT ON APPROACHES AND METHODS FOR EVALUATION VERTICAL TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER HYDROGEOLOGICAL

More information

Evaluating Impoundment Closure Scenarios using Fate and Transport Modeling

Evaluating Impoundment Closure Scenarios using Fate and Transport Modeling 2017 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference in Lexington, KY - May 9-11, 2017 http://www.flyash.info/ Evaluating Impoundment Closure Scenarios using Fate and Transport Modeling Jacob J. Walczak 1, Meng Wang

More information

Methodology for Establishing Cleanup Levels for Contaminated Sites

Methodology for Establishing Cleanup Levels for Contaminated Sites Methodology for Establishing Cleanup Levels for Introduction: In Oklahoma, appropriate cleanup levels for a specific site are provided by the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Achieving these

More information

TECHNICAL GUIDANCE. Groundwater Protection Model ON CONTAMINATED SITES

TECHNICAL GUIDANCE. Groundwater Protection Model ON CONTAMINATED SITES Groundwater Protection Model 13 TECHNICAL GUIDANCE ON CONTAMINATED SITES Version 2.0 November 1, 2017 This document provides guidance to qualified professionals on using the ministry s Groundwater Protection

More information

Plume Cut-Off Treatment Example

Plume Cut-Off Treatment Example Page 1 of 5 H R C T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N # 2. 5. 2 Plume Cut-Off Treatment Example A biologically active barrier treatment zone can be constructed by applying HRC in rows of injection points.

More information

Objective. Technical Approach

Objective. Technical Approach Computational and Experimental Investigation of Contaminant Plume Response to DNAPL Source Zone Architecture and Depletion in Porous and Fractured Media (ER-1610) Objective Dense non-aqueous phase liquid

More information

Demonstrating Stormwater Infiltration to UICs is Protective of Groundwater Quality

Demonstrating Stormwater Infiltration to UICs is Protective of Groundwater Quality Demonstrating Stormwater Infiltration to UICs is Protective of Groundwater Quality GWPC Presentation September 28, 2010 Heidi Blischke, GSI Water Solutions, Inc. Barb Adkins, City of Portland, Oregon Rod

More information

This section presents the physics of multi-phase fluid flow in porous media.

This section presents the physics of multi-phase fluid flow in porous media. Outline for LNAPL Training Module 1 The Basics Approximate time: 2 hours This section presents the physics of multi-phase fluid flow in porous media. I. What is NAPL? a. LNAPL (mix of hydrocarbons) b.

More information

SCREENING LEVEL RISK ASSESSMENT (SLRA) UPDATE CSR STAGE 11 AMENDMENT WEBINAR #6 DECEMBER 5, 2017

SCREENING LEVEL RISK ASSESSMENT (SLRA) UPDATE CSR STAGE 11 AMENDMENT WEBINAR #6 DECEMBER 5, 2017 SCREENING LEVEL RISK ASSESSMENT (SLRA) UPDATE CSR STAGE 11 AMENDMENT WEBINAR #6 DECEMBER 5, 2017 GEORGE SZEFER Senior Contaminated Sites Officer This PowerPoint presentation and a recording of the audio

More information

Plume Area Treatment Example

Plume Area Treatment Example Page 1 of 5 H R C T E C H N I C A L B U L L E T I N # 2. 5. 1 Plume Area Treatment Example HRC injection grids are commonly employed at project sites where a localized plume of chlorinated solvent contamination

More information

Modeling LNAPL Depletion at a Former Xylene Processing Facility (Germany) Porewater Solutions Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Modeling LNAPL Depletion at a Former Xylene Processing Facility (Germany) Porewater Solutions Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Modeling LNAPL Depletion at a Former Xylene Processing Facility (Germany) www.porewater.com by Grant R. Carey, Ph.D. Porewater Solutions Ottawa, Ontario, Canada gcarey@porewater.com 1 LNAPL Depletion Modeling

More information

Tel Fax Web Auckland Tauranga Wellington Christchurch

Tel Fax Web  Auckland Tauranga Wellington Christchurch PATTLE DELAMORE PARTNERS LTD Level 1, Suite 6 89 Grey Street, Tauranga 3110 PO Box 13274, Tauranga 3141, New Zealand Tel +64 7 213 0858 Fax +64 9 523 6901 Web www.pdp.co.nz Auckland Tauranga Wellington

More information

Section 5 Relative Effects of Manure Spreading and Confined Feeding Operations on Groundwater Quality

Section 5 Relative Effects of Manure Spreading and Confined Feeding Operations on Groundwater Quality Section 5 Relative Effects of Manure Spreading and Confined Feeding Operations on Groundwater Quality 5.1 Introduction The third objective of the Livestock Manure Impacts on Groundwater Quality in Alberta

More information

CSAP PD Webinar. SLRA and Groundwater Models - Nov.10th, 2016

CSAP PD Webinar. SLRA and Groundwater Models - Nov.10th, 2016 CSAP PD Webinar SLRA and Groundwater Models - Nov.10th, 2016 1 WEBINAR FORMAT: The Webinar consists of a Adobe Connect website portal which was supplied to you as a link and where the presentations can

More information

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MINERAL ENGINEERING GEOEE 408 CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MINERAL ENGINEERING GEOEE 408 CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MINERAL ENGINEERING GEOEE 408 CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY Mid-term Examination Tuesday March 4 th, 2008 75 minutes Answer all three questions. For water

More information

Surface Water and Seawater Interactions in the Coastal Environment of Biscayne Bay, Southeast Florida

Surface Water and Seawater Interactions in the Coastal Environment of Biscayne Bay, Southeast Florida Surface Water and Seawater Interactions in the Coastal Environment of Biscayne Bay, Southeast Florida William C. Hutchings, MS, PG Nicholas Albergo, PE, DEE Paper No. 191-8 2005 Salt Lake City Annual Meeting

More information

Risk Assessment Methodologies in Ranking Decontamination Actions on National and Local Level. a Hungarian Experience

Risk Assessment Methodologies in Ranking Decontamination Actions on National and Local Level. a Hungarian Experience Risk Assessment Methodologies in Ranking Decontamination Actions on National and Local Level a Hungarian Experience a workshop on Contaminated Lands in Accession Countries: Benchmarking Historical Heritage

More information

FAX

FAX 21335 Signal Hill Plaza Suite 100 Sterling, Virginia 20164 www.geotransinc.com 703-444-7000 FAX 703-444-1685 Mr. William Kutash Florida Department of Environmental Protection Waste Management Division

More information

Groundwater modelling to help diagnose contamination problems

Groundwater modelling to help diagnose contamination problems Groundwater modelling to help diagnose contamination problems ZHANG Chuan-mian 1*, GUO Xiao-niu 1, Richard Henry 1, James Dendy 2 AECOM 1 8181 East Tuffs Avenue, Denver, CO 80237, USA. 2 105 Mitchell Road,

More information

IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION EVALUATION USING THE WATERLOO EMITTER

IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION EVALUATION USING THE WATERLOO EMITTER IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION EVALUATION USING THE WATERLOO EMITTER Douglas A. Sweeney, M.Sc., P.Eng. and Ian Mitchell, M.Sc., P.Geo. October 2004 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introduction Case Study Waterloo Emitter

More information

Executive Summary performance assessment

Executive Summary performance assessment Executive Summary In the United States, low-level radioactive waste is defined as any radioactive waste arising from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle that is not classified as high-level waste (including

More information

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 2. The effect of remediation on the distribution and mobility of both the LNAPL and water within the zone of interest.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 2. The effect of remediation on the distribution and mobility of both the LNAPL and water within the zone of interest. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY For many decades, the oil production industry has recognized that significant limitations exist to complete extraction of oil from geologic formations. Attempts to recover fuels and crude

More information

Conceptual Site Models for Environmental Investigations and Remediation

Conceptual Site Models for Environmental Investigations and Remediation Remediation Technology Symposium (RemTech) 2012 Conceptual Site Models for Environmental Investigations and Remediation October 18, 2012 Tai T. Wong, P.Eng. Authors and Presenter Authors: James Carss,

More information

Science Olympiad. Mentor Invitational Hydrogeology ANSWER KEY. Name(s): School Name: Point Totals

Science Olympiad. Mentor Invitational Hydrogeology ANSWER KEY. Name(s): School Name: Point Totals Science Olympiad Mentor Invitational Hydrogeology ANSWER KEY Team Number: Raw Score: Rank: Name(s): School Name: Point Totals Possible Part 1: Groundwater Concepts and Vocabulary 30 Part 2: The Hydrogeology

More information

LNAPL migration through soil cement barrier with and without flow condition

LNAPL migration through soil cement barrier with and without flow condition As. J. Energy Env. 2009, 10(03), 185-193 Asian Journal on Energy and Environment ISSN 1513-4121 Available online at www.asian-energy-journal.info Research Article LNAPL migration through soil cement barrier

More information

LNAPL Recovery Using Vacuum Enhanced Technology. Theresa Ferguson, R.G. June 2014

LNAPL Recovery Using Vacuum Enhanced Technology. Theresa Ferguson, R.G. June 2014 LNAPL Recovery Using Vacuum Enhanced Technology Theresa Ferguson, R.G. June 2014 Presentation Overview v LNAPL in the Subsurface v What is Vacuum Enhanced Technology? v Technology Description and Application

More information

Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Flow in the Navajo Sandstone Aquifer at the Tuba City, Arizona, Disposal Site 15167

Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Flow in the Navajo Sandstone Aquifer at the Tuba City, Arizona, Disposal Site 15167 Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Flow in the Navajo Sandstone Aquifer at the Tuba City, Arizona, Disposal Site 15167 ABSTRACT Richard Bush*, Timothy Bartlett** *US DOE, Office of Legacy Management **Stoller

More information

Groundwater Modeling

Groundwater Modeling Groundwater Modeling 8:00-8:30 a.m. Welcome and Introduction (Course Goals) 8:30-9:45 a.m. 1.1 Lecture Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater 9:45-10:00 a.m. Break A. Hydrologic Cycle B. Subsurface Distribution

More information

Kerdiffstown Landfill Remediation Project

Kerdiffstown Landfill Remediation Project Envir onmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) Vol ume 4 of 4: Appendices ( Part 4) Kildare C ounty Council Kerdiffstown Landfill Remediation Project Kildare County Council Environmental Impact Assessment

More information

The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER S GUIDE

The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER S GUIDE The Hydrogeology Challenge: Water for the World TEACHER S GUIDE Why is learning about groundwater important? 95% of the water used in the United States comes from groundwater. About half of the people

More information

MODELING BIOREMEDIATON AT ABANDONED WASTE DUMPING AND LANDFILL SITE USING MODFLOW AND RT3D PACKAGES

MODELING BIOREMEDIATON AT ABANDONED WASTE DUMPING AND LANDFILL SITE USING MODFLOW AND RT3D PACKAGES JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY The Electronic Journal of the International Association for Environmental Hydrology On the World Wide Web at http://www.hydroweb.com VOLUME 19 2011 MODELING BIOREMEDIATON

More information

Hydraulic containment landfills

Hydraulic containment landfills Assessing the risks from hydraulically contained landfill sites Dr Hugh Potter Environment Agency Hydraulic containment landfills h ~200 non-hazardous waste landfills are sub-water table h 40-50 of these

More information

Dr. Robert Mitchell Ground Water Contamination. ES234 Winter

Dr. Robert Mitchell Ground Water Contamination. ES234 Winter Geology 474/574 Dr. Robert Mitchell Ground Water Contamination ES234 Winter 2017 650-3591 robert.mitchell@wwu.edu http://kula.geol.wwu.edu/rjmitch/ Office Hours: MWF from 9:00 to 10:00 am, or by arrangement

More information

Remedy Evaluation Framework for Inorganic, Non-Volatile Contaminants in the Vadose Zone

Remedy Evaluation Framework for Inorganic, Non-Volatile Contaminants in the Vadose Zone PNNL-21815 RPT-DVZ-AFRI-004 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Remedy Evaluation Framework for Inorganic, Non-Volatile Contaminants in the Vadose Zone MJ Truex

More information

Geology 627, Hydrogeology Review questions for final exam h t 1/ 2

Geology 627, Hydrogeology Review questions for final exam h t 1/ 2 Geology 67, Hydrogeology Review questions for final exam 004 Multiple choice and fill in the blank. There may be more than one correct choice for each question. 1. Which hydrogeologic quantities are represented

More information

Synopsis. Geoffrey R. Tick Dorina Murgulet Hydrogeology Group The University of Alabama UA Project Number Grant # 09-EI UAT-2

Synopsis. Geoffrey R. Tick Dorina Murgulet Hydrogeology Group The University of Alabama UA Project Number Grant # 09-EI UAT-2 Assessment of Groundwater Flow Paths and Discharge to the Coastal Region of Baldwin County, Alabama to Understand Contaminant Transport using a Cross- Sectional Groundwater Flow and Transport Synopsis

More information

Establishing Contact

Establishing Contact ENHANCED IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION Implementation Design & System Operation CONTACT!!! Impacts of Geology / Contaminant Distribution Delivery system Design / Selection Mike Marley : ~ 1:45 to 3:00pm Establishing

More information

ATTACHMENT 12: CDISCO Description and Sensitivity to Input Parameters

ATTACHMENT 12: CDISCO Description and Sensitivity to Input Parameters ATTACHMENT 12: CDISCO Description and Sensitivity to Input Parameters INTRODUCTION The A11. ISCO Spreadsheet Design Tool (a.k.a. Conceptual Design for ISCO or CDISCO) was developed with support from ESTCP

More information

Questions: What is calibration? Why do we have to calibrate a groundwater model? How would you calibrate your groundwater model?

Questions: What is calibration? Why do we have to calibrate a groundwater model? How would you calibrate your groundwater model? Questions: What is calibration? Why do we have to calibrate a groundwater model? How would you calibrate your groundwater model? 13-11-2009 1 Uncertainties in groundwater models Conceptual model uncertainty

More information

University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda

University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda University of Arizona Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Dr. Marek Zreda HWR431/531 - Hydrogeology Final exam - 12 May 1997 Open books and notes The test contains 8 problems on 7 pages. Read the

More information

Conceptual Site Model Considerations - Terrestrial/Groundwater

Conceptual Site Model Considerations - Terrestrial/Groundwater Site Description Site Conditions Location: Size: Site Status: Active Inactive Unknown Describe present site conditions using information obtained during property inspection or sitespecific documents to

More information

1. Apply knowledge of the controlling variables for groundwater flow. 2. Demonstrate groundwater flow direction based on hydraulic head observations.

1. Apply knowledge of the controlling variables for groundwater flow. 2. Demonstrate groundwater flow direction based on hydraulic head observations. .9-12 HYDRAULIC HEAD SUBJECTS: TIME: Science (Physical Science, Physics), Math 1 class period MATERIALS: Copies of student sheets and background information OBJECTIVES The student will do the following:

More information

CHAPTER 2. Objectives of Groundwater Modelling

CHAPTER 2. Objectives of Groundwater Modelling CHAPTER 2 Objectives of Groundwater Modelling In the last two decades mathematical modelling techniques have increasingly proved their value in furthering the understanding of groundwater systems and,

More information

Methodology for the Derivation of Remedial Targets for Soil and Groundwater to Protect Water Resources

Methodology for the Derivation of Remedial Targets for Soil and Groundwater to Protect Water Resources Methodology for the Derivation of Remedial Targets for Soil and Groundwater to Protect Water Resources P. A. Marsland and M. A. Carey Research Contractor: Aspinwall & Company Environment Agency Rio House

More information

Designing Monitoring Programs to Effectively Evaluate the Performance of Natural Attenuation

Designing Monitoring Programs to Effectively Evaluate the Performance of Natural Attenuation 9 Designing Monitoring Programs to Effectively Evaluate the Performance of Natural Attenuation Todd H. Wiedemeier, Michael J. Barden, Patrick E. Haas, and W. Zachary Dickson CONTENTS Introduction......

More information

Research Areas: Subsurface Flow & Transport (modified after Springer; YZ s expertise/interest marked by X )

Research Areas: Subsurface Flow & Transport (modified after Springer; YZ s expertise/interest marked by X ) Research Areas: Subsurface Flow & Transport (modified after Springer; YZ s expertise/interest marked by X ) Classification Description A Fundamental of Transport in Porous Media A1 Phenomenological theory

More information

Processes that can be Modeled with RT3D

Processes that can be Modeled with RT3D Natural attenuation of contaminants in aquifer Advanced Environmental Technology Dragan Kaludjerovic PhD Hydrogeologist Email: advancedgwt@gmail.com Web site: www.advancegwt.com Mobile: +381-(0) (0)-62-965-1748

More information

Reference Guideline #1. Hydrogeological Impact Assessment

Reference Guideline #1. Hydrogeological Impact Assessment Reference Guideline #1 Hydrogeological Impact Assessment Reference Guideline #1 Hydrogeological Impact Assessment Hydrogeological assessments are required for some subdivision applications when triggered

More information

Characterization and Remediation of Diesel in a Fractured Rock Aquifer with a Nutrient-Flushing System

Characterization and Remediation of Diesel in a Fractured Rock Aquifer with a Nutrient-Flushing System Characterization and Remediation of Diesel in a Fractured Rock Aquifer with a Nutrient-Flushing System Presentation by David Thomson and Stefan Humphries 31-Oct-07 Authors and Collaborators Presenting

More information

7.0 GROUNDWATER AND STABILIZER TRANSPORT MODELING

7.0 GROUNDWATER AND STABILIZER TRANSPORT MODELING 7.0 GROUNDWATER AND STABILIZER TRANSPORT MODELING 7.1 Introduction The concept of passive site remediation is the slow injection of stabilizing materials at the up gradient edge of a site and delivery

More information

CHAPTER 4: Risk Assessment Risk in Groundwater Contamination

CHAPTER 4: Risk Assessment Risk in Groundwater Contamination CHAPTER 4: Risk Assessment Risk in Groundwater Contamination Instructor: Dr. Yunes Mogheir -١ Introduction: Water pollution is nowadays one of the most crucial environmental problems world-wide. Pollution

More information

Establishing Critical Protective Concentration Levels (PCLs) for Lead-Affected Soils

Establishing Critical Protective Concentration Levels (PCLs) for Lead-Affected Soils Establishing Critical Protective Concentration Levels (PCLs) for Lead-Affected oils Introduction Effective Date: August 2, 2001 The purpose of this document is to describe the processes for establishing

More information

Optimizing Recharge in the Pauba Valley

Optimizing Recharge in the Pauba Valley ABSTRACT & POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Optimizing Recharge in the Pauba Valley Daniel J. Craig Senior Hydrgeologist Alameda, California Managed Aquifer Recharge Symposium January 25-26, 2011 Irvine, California

More information

Storage and Flow of Groundwater

Storage and Flow of Groundwater Storage and Flow of Groundwater Aquifer AQUIFER (in Greek)= AQUA (water) + FERRE (to bear) Aquifer- a saturated geological formation which will yield sufficient quantity of water to wells and springs Underground

More information

CHRISTCHURCH CITY GROUNDWATER MODEL

CHRISTCHURCH CITY GROUNDWATER MODEL CHRISTCHURCH CITY GROUNDWATER MODEL Mike Thorley 1, Peter Callander 1, Howard Williams 1, Hilary Lough 1, Mike Kininmonth 2, Bruce Henderson 2 1 Pattle Delamore Partners Ltd Level 2, Radio New Zealand

More information

API SOIL & GROUNDWATER RESEARCH BULLETIN

API SOIL & GROUNDWATER RESEARCH BULLETIN American Petroleum Institute API SOIL & GROUNDWATER RESEARC BULLETIN A summary of research results from APIÕs Soil and Groundwater Technical Task Force. August 998 No. 7 DAFfy Graphs An Innovative Approach

More information

REPRESENTING HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION IN SALTWATER INTRUSION MODELS THAT DIFFER IN TEMPORAL RESOLUTION. Alyssa Dausman 1 and Christian Langevin 1

REPRESENTING HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION IN SALTWATER INTRUSION MODELS THAT DIFFER IN TEMPORAL RESOLUTION. Alyssa Dausman 1 and Christian Langevin 1 REPRESENTING HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION IN SALTWATER INTRUSION MODELS THAT DIFFER IN TEMPORAL RESOLUTION Alyssa Dausman 1 and Christian Langevin 1 ABSTRACT: Variable-density groundwater flow models are often

More information

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION GROUNDWATER?? OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION What is groundwater? Geologic investigation Definitions: aquifer and aquitard, unconfined and semi-confined Water level and interpretation of water level data Well

More information

Upscaling retardation factors in 2-D porous media

Upscaling retardation factors in 2-D porous media Calibration and eliability in Groundwater Modelling: From Uncertainty to Decision Making (Proceedings of ModelCAE 5, The Hague, The Netherlands, June 5). IAHS Publ.,. Upscaling retardation factors in -D

More information

Innovative Remediation of Light Non Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL): Development of a Conceptual Site Model Leading to a Sustainable Remedial Design

Innovative Remediation of Light Non Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL): Development of a Conceptual Site Model Leading to a Sustainable Remedial Design Innovative Remediation of Light Non Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL): Development of a Conceptual Site Model Leading to a Sustainable Remedial Design Matthieu Girard Wayne Hutchinson Michael Martinson Antea

More information

FACT FLASH. 5: Groundwater. What is groundwater? How does the ground store water? Fact Flash 5: Groundwater

FACT FLASH. 5: Groundwater. What is groundwater? How does the ground store water? Fact Flash 5: Groundwater FACT FLASH 5: Groundwater What is groundwater? Groundwater is fresh water (from rain or melting ice and snow) that soaks into the soil and is stored in the tiny spaces (pores) between rocks and particles

More information

Hydrochemical Facies Analysis of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and its Degradation Products in Fractured Bedrock

Hydrochemical Facies Analysis of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and its Degradation Products in Fractured Bedrock Hydrochemical Facies Analysis of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and its Degradation Products in Fractured Bedrock H. Jean Cho, R. Joseph Fiacco, Jr., Matthew H. Daly and John W. McTigue (Environmental Resources

More information

ENVIRONET Conceptual Site Model

ENVIRONET Conceptual Site Model ENVIRONET Conceptual Site Model Peter Booth Senior Technical Director 17/04/2012 Definition The conceptual site model (CSM) can be seen as; A representation which sets out the critical pollutant linkages

More information

GROUNDWATER MODELING OF A PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIER TO ENHANCE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

GROUNDWATER MODELING OF A PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIER TO ENHANCE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE GROUNDWATER MODELING OF A PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIER TO ENHANCE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE K.C. Scott, P.G., and D. J. Folkes, P.E. EnviroGroup Limited, 7208 South Tucson Way, Suite 125, Englewood, CO 80112; Phone:

More information

MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY SITE REMEDIATION SECTION

MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY SITE REMEDIATION SECTION MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY SITE REMEDIATION SECTION GROUND WATER POLICY DOCUMENT WORKING DRAFT, August, 1998 Fax (651) 296-9707 NOTICE THIS DOCUMENT IS AN. The of MPCA is developing guidelines

More information

STRATEGIES FOR CHARACTERIZING SUBSURFACE RELEASES OF GASOLINE CONTAINING MTBE

STRATEGIES FOR CHARACTERIZING SUBSURFACE RELEASES OF GASOLINE CONTAINING MTBE AUGUST 2000 NO. 11 STRATEGIES FOR CHARACTERIZING SUBSURFACE RELEASES OF GASOLINE CONTAINING MTBE ERIC M. NICHOLS, LFR LEVINE!FRICKE; MURRAY D. EINARSON, CONOR PACIFIC/EFW; STEVEN C. BEADLE, LFR LEVINE!FRICKE

More information

Conceptual Site Modelling, Hydraulic and Water Balance Modelling as basis for the development of a remediation concept. Chemnitz,

Conceptual Site Modelling, Hydraulic and Water Balance Modelling as basis for the development of a remediation concept. Chemnitz, Conceptual Site Modelling, Hydraulic and Water Balance Modelling as basis for the development of a remediation concept I Chemnitz, 04.12.2012 2 Presentation outline I Motivation I From conceptual site

More information

Treating 1,2 Dichloroethane in a Mixed Plume Kent, UK A Remediation Case Study on the Power of ISCO and ENA

Treating 1,2 Dichloroethane in a Mixed Plume Kent, UK A Remediation Case Study on the Power of ISCO and ENA Chemical Oxidation Enhanced Aerobic Biodegradation Treating 1,2 Dichloroethane in a Mixed Plume Kent, UK A Remediation Case Study on the Power of ISCO and ENA with Royal HaskoningDHV Geology Contaminant

More information

DERIVATION OF HYDROCARBON SOIL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY. Stephen Thomson URS New Zealand Limited

DERIVATION OF HYDROCARBON SOIL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY. Stephen Thomson URS New Zealand Limited DERIVATION OF HYDROCARBON SOIL ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR THE PROTECTION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY Stephen Thomson URS New Zealand Limited Players Born in Another Country (importers) 16 15 14 12 10 8 12 11

More information

Interpreting tracer data to forecast remedial performance

Interpreting tracer data to forecast remedial performance Groundwater Quality: Natural and Enhanced Restoration of Groundwater Pollution (Proceedings ofthe Groundwater Quality 2001 Conference held al Sheffield. UK. June 2001 ). 1AI IS Publ. no. 275. 2002. 11

More information

APPENDIX I A SITE-SPECIFIC RECAP EVALUATION FOR TYPICAL UST SITES

APPENDIX I A SITE-SPECIFIC RECAP EVALUATION FOR TYPICAL UST SITES APPENDIX I A SITE-SPECIFIC RECAP EVALUATION FOR TYPICAL UST SITES LDEQ RECAP 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables List of Worksheets Page... i... i... ii I1.0 APPENDIX I UNDERGROUND STORAGE

More information

Development of Soil Cleanup Standards for Explosive Residues on Military Ranges

Development of Soil Cleanup Standards for Explosive Residues on Military Ranges Development of Soil Cleanup Standards for Explosive Residues on Military Ranges Jay Clausen AMEC Earth & Environmental Joe Robb AMEC Earth & Environmental Mahalingham Ravichandran AMEC Earth & Environmental

More information

FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA LUÍS RIBEIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO UNIVERSITY OF LISBON

FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA LUÍS RIBEIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO UNIVERSITY OF LISBON FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA LUÍS RIBEIRO INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO UNIVERSITY OF LISBON Where does groundwater flow? How water flows? Groundwater moves from areas of high hydraulic head to areas of low hydraulic

More information

Evaluating the Applicability of MODFLOW2005 Plus MT3D- USGS: Borden Case Study

Evaluating the Applicability of MODFLOW2005 Plus MT3D- USGS: Borden Case Study Portland State University PDXScholar Civil and Environmental Engineering Master's Project Reports Civil and Environmental Engineering 6-18-2018 Evaluating the Applicability of MODFLOW2005 Plus MT3D- USGS:

More information

MODELING NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS. Abstract

MODELING NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS. Abstract MODELING NATURAL ATTENUATION OF CONTAMINATED AQUIFERS ii Abstract Characterizing the effects of subsurface wastewater effluent discharges remains as a significant challenge impacting both ground-water

More information

HARGIS + ASSOCIATES, INC. HYDROGEOLOGY ENGINEERING

HARGIS + ASSOCIATES, INC. HYDROGEOLOGY ENGINEERING HYDROGEOLOGY ENGINEERING La Jolla Gateway 9171 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 375 San Diego, California 92122 Phone: 858.455.6500 Fax: 858.455.6533 VIA E-MAIL Principal Hydrogeologist ORANGE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT

More information

Assessing the Thermal Impacts of an Open-Loop Ground Source Heat Pump. Vicky L Freedman Scott R Waichler Rob D Mackley Jake A Horner

Assessing the Thermal Impacts of an Open-Loop Ground Source Heat Pump. Vicky L Freedman Scott R Waichler Rob D Mackley Jake A Horner Assessing the Thermal Impacts of an Open-Loop Ground Source Heat Pump Vicky L Freedman Scott R Waichler Rob D Mackley Jake A Horner Open Loop GSHP Ground source heating and cooling system has been installed

More information

NAVFAC RPM Tech Update: Design Considerations for Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD)

NAVFAC RPM Tech Update: Design Considerations for Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD) NAVFAC RPM Tech Update: Design Considerations for Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (ERD) Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is unlimited. Presentation Overview Purpose

More information

List of Tables... ii. List of Figures... ii. Executive Summary... ES - 1. Section 1: Introduction

List of Tables... ii. List of Figures... ii. Executive Summary... ES - 1. Section 1: Introduction Table of Contents List of Tables... ii List of Figures... ii Executive Summary... ES - 1 Section 1: Introduction... 1-1 1.1 Modeling Objective... 1-1 1.2 Work Flow... 1-2 Section 2: Develop Hydrogeological

More information

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers In Situ Air Sparging Subsurface Performance Checklist

U. S. Army Corps of Engineers In Situ Air Sparging Subsurface Performance Checklist U. S. Army Corps of Engineers In Situ Air Sparging Subsurface Performance Checklist Installation Name Site Name / I.D. Evaluation Team Site Visit Date This checklist is meant to assist the team in evaluating

More information

Memorandum. Introduction. Carl Einberger Joe Morrice. Figures 1 through 7

Memorandum. Introduction. Carl Einberger Joe Morrice. Figures 1 through 7 Memorandum TO: Michelle Halley, NWF DATE: October 9, 2007 FROM: Carl Einberger Joe Morrice PROJ. NO.: 9885.000 CC: Project File PROJ. NAME: National Wildlife Federation ATTACHMENTS: Tables 1 through 6

More information

Using Fractran Fracture Flow Modeling in Tandem with Modflow to Assist in the Development of Wellfield Protection Zones for Municipal Wells in Bedrock

Using Fractran Fracture Flow Modeling in Tandem with Modflow to Assist in the Development of Wellfield Protection Zones for Municipal Wells in Bedrock Using Fractran Fracture Flow Modeling in Tandem with Modflow to Assist in the Development of Wellfield Protection Zones for Municipal Wells in Bedrock T.K. Wiezel 1, G.G. Violette 1 and S.T. Hamilton 2

More information

Guidance for the Determination of the Dilution-Attenuation Factor for the Impact to Ground Water Pathway. June 2, 2008

Guidance for the Determination of the Dilution-Attenuation Factor for the Impact to Ground Water Pathway. June 2, 2008 Guidance for the Determination of the Dilution-Attenuation Factor for the Impact to Ground Water Pathway June 2, 2008 1 Introduction When infiltrating soil water reaches the water table, it is mixed with

More information

Protocol 13 Screening Level Risk Assessment May 2018

Protocol 13 Screening Level Risk Assessment May 2018 The SLRA process occupies a current niche mode in the contaminated sites system and can be issued under numeric instruments. The use of SLRA in many cases requires a specific skill set normally defined

More information

BREAKTHROUGH TREATMENT FOR PFAS. CASE STUDY: First Demonstrated In Situ Treatment Solution For PFOA/PFOS At Former Industrial Site

BREAKTHROUGH TREATMENT FOR PFAS. CASE STUDY: First Demonstrated In Situ Treatment Solution For PFOA/PFOS At Former Industrial Site BREAKTHROUGH TREATMENT FOR PFAS CASE STUDY: First Demonstrated In Situ Treatment Solution For PFOA/PFOS At Former Industrial Site www.regenesis.com 1011 Calle Sombra, San Clemente, CA 92673 T: 949.366.8000

More information

4.0 Groundwater Modeling

4.0 Groundwater Modeling 4.0 Groundwater Modeling P. D. Thorne Predicting future groundwater conditions and the movement of contaminants in groundwater is important in planning waste management and cleanup activities for the Hanford

More information

British Columbia s New Guidance for Groundwater Site Characterization

British Columbia s New Guidance for Groundwater Site Characterization Guy C. Patrick Victoria, BC October 29, 2010 British Columbia s New Guidance for Groundwater Site Characterization Better Investigations for Better Decision Making BC Ministry of Environment, 2010. Technical

More information

Caesium-137 Transport in an Unconfined Aquifer

Caesium-137 Transport in an Unconfined Aquifer Caesium-137 Transport in an Unconfined Aquifer 1 Introduction Caesium-137 is an anthropogenic radioactive isotope formed as a product of nuclear fission. Historically, Cs-137 was released into the environment

More information

Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers a case study

Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers a case study The Sustainable City V 213 Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers a case study J. Letha & D. B. Krishnan Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, India Abstract Seawater intrusion

More information

ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT WATER DIVISION- INDUSTRIAL SECTION

ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT WATER DIVISION- INDUSTRIAL SECTION ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT WATER DIVISION- INDUSTRIAL SECTION CLOSURE GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER IMPOUNDMENTS (Revised: 03/00) I. Applicability and Certification Requirements:

More information

Technical Memorandum

Technical Memorandum Tucson Office 3031 West Ina Road Tucson, AZ 85741 Tel 520.297.7723 Fax 520.297.7724 www.tetratech.com Technical Memorandum To: Kathy Arnold From: Keith Thompson Company: Rosemont Copper Company Date: August

More information

Modeling the Contamination of an Aquifer from a Highway Salt Storage Facility

Modeling the Contamination of an Aquifer from a Highway Salt Storage Facility First International Conference on Saltwater Intrusion and Coastal Aquifers Monitoring, Modeling, and Management. Essaouira, Morocco, April 23 25, 01 Modeling the Contamination of an Aquifer from a Highway

More information

CHAPTER 7 GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELING

CHAPTER 7 GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELING 148 CHAPTER 7 GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELING 7.1 GENERAL In reality, it is not possible to see into the sub-surface and observe the geological structure and the groundwater flow processes. It is for this reason

More information

National Groundwater & Contaminated Land Centre report NC/99/38/2

National Groundwater & Contaminated Land Centre report NC/99/38/2 Guide to Good Practice for the Development of Conceptual Models and the Selection and Application of Mathematical Models of Contaminant Transport Processes in the Subsurface National Groundwater & Contaminated

More information