Renewable Energy for Heat

Transcription

1 Renewable Energy for Heat Anselm Eisentraut Bioenergy Analyst IEA Paris 5 April 2013 OECD/IEA 2013

2 What is heat?

3 What is heat? Heat Internal energy that is transferred to a physical system from outside the system because of a difference in temperature and does not result in work done by the system on its surroundings. Absorption of energy by a system as heat takes the form of increased kinetic energy of its molecules, thus resulting in an increase in temperature of the system. Heat is transferred from one system to another in the direction of higher to lower temperature.

4 Heat within the energy system Buildings sector - Cooking - Water heating - Space heating Industry sector - Process applications (pulp & paper, steel production) Renewable heat - biomass (including biogas and liquid biofuels) - solar thermal heat - geothermal heat - heat pumps using a renewable source Hochofen-sichert-4800-deutsche-Jobs.html

5 Heat accounts for almost 50% of the world s total final consumption World Total Final Consumption (EJ) Electricity Transport Non-Energy Use Industry Buildings Other Heat 33.53

6 Heat plays an important role everywhere in the world Heat use per capita varies considerably less then electricity demand per capita

7 Global heat consumption by region in various sectors, 2009

8 Fossil fuels dominate the heat sector in most regions

9 Biomass combustion for heat Biomass is the most important renewable source of heat today Primary source of energy in rural areas of most developing countries Modern pellet, wood chip and solid log stoves can provide efficient heat at various scales Biogas from anaerobic digestion is well suited as cooking fuel

10 Solar thermal heat

11 Solar thermal is becoming increasingly competitive, in many countries

12 Geothermal heat Geothermal energy potential is geographically limited Can be used directly, e.g. for pool heating, district heating Indirectly through heat exchanger Source: Enhanced geothermal systems can allow for access of geothermal energy virtually anywhere Currently developed for power generation Source: Climatepedia

13 Heat pumps Heat source Heat pump Heating system Heat pumps are gaining momentum to provide both heat and cold in buildings Need to comply with specific efficiencies in order to be considered renewable

14 Share of renewables in total heat demand by type in selected OECD countries in 2008 (IEA, 2010) United Kingdom Japan Italy Germany United States Spain France Greece Austria New Zealand Iceland Sweden Biomass Geothermal Solar Commercial heat Renewable heat in commercial heat 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% The share of renewable energy in total demand for heat varies widely in OECD countries

15 Vast amounts of heat are lost in power generation Waste heat from power generation holds great potential for use in buildings and industry, including for cooling

16 Renewable cooling Cooling demand is growing worldwide huge potential for use of renewable energy Renewable cold can be provided through: Direct cooling with snow/water Evaporative cooling Heat pumps (in reverse mode) Heat-driven sorption cooling (similar to heat pump) Use of renewable heat from solar, geothermal or biomass Use of waste heat from co-generation plants

17 Barriers to deployment renewable heat Barriers heat (general) Fragmented market: millions of owners/developers, district heating operators and industries Gatekeepers between supply and demand (installers, architects) Dynamics heat market: space heating demand declining, power for heat in new buildings? Split incentive between building owner & consumer/ tenant Barriers renewable heat Renewable heat production should be close to heat sink (limited transportability, no grid for surplus, limited storage) Heat demand can be variable over time (space heating is seasonal) Heat is a heterogeneous commodity: differing temperatures in both demand and renewable heat supply Apart from common barriers to renewable energy (economics, R&D, market, information), deployment of renewable heat has additional barriers

18 Policies to accelerate deployment RES-heat Carbon tax on fossil fuels used in heat production: Sweden Source: Lund University

19 Recent RES-H policies Solar obligations (Israel, Spain) Barcelona Solar Ordinance RES-H obligations in new building development (German building regulations: 30% RES-H in new buildings)

20 Conclusions Heat dominates final energy use: expanding renewable heat is important to reduce emissions and enhance energy security Shares of modern renewable heat are still small, with exception of a few countries Apart from common barriers to renewable energy, deployment of renewable heat has additional barriers Heterogeneity of heat market asks for custom-made policies per target group Potential for renewable cooling still largely unexploited

21 IEA publications on renewable heat Renewables for Heating & Cooling (2007) Technology roadmaps ( ) Bioenergy for Heat and Power Geothermal Heat and Power Solar Heating and Cooling Energy Technology Perspectives 2012 Chapter on heating & cooling Policies for renewable heat (2012) Renewable heating without (global) warming (2013, forthcoming)

22 Thank you for your attention! Source: