Averaging Time Level Form μg/m 3. Annual 53 ppb Annual Mean. secondary 3-hour 0.5 ppm Not to be exceeded more than once per year

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1 Criteria Pllutants The Clean Air Act requires EPA t set Natinal Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) fr six cmmn air pllutants. These cmmnly fund air pllutants are als knwn as "criteria pllutants. They are fund all ver the United States. These pllutants include: particle pllutin (ften referred t as particulate matter), grund-level zne, carbn mnxide, sulfur xides, nitrgen xides, and lead. These pllutants can harm yur health and the envirnment, and cause prperty damage. EPA calls these pllutants "criteria" air pllutants because it regulates them by develping human health-based and/r envirnmentally-based criteria (science-based guidelines) fr setting permissible levels. The set f limits based n human health is called primary standards. Anther set f limits intended t prevent envirnmental and prperty damage is called secndary standards. Pllutant Primary/ Secndary Averaging Time Level Frm Carbn Mnxide primary 8-hur 9 ppm Nt t be exceeded mre than nce per year 1-hur 35 ppm Lead secndary Rlling 3 mnth average 0.15 μg/m 3 Nt t be exceeded primary 1-hur 100 ppb 98th percentile, averaged ver 3 years Nitrgen Dixide secndary Annual 53 ppb Annual Mean Ozne secndary 8-hur ppm Annual furth-highest daily maximum 8-hr cncentratin, averaged ver 3 years Particle Pllutin PM 2.5 secndary Annual 15 μg/m 3 annual mean, averaged ver 3 years 24-hur 35 μg/m 3 98th percentile, averaged ver 3 years PM 10 secndary 24-hur 150 μg/m 3 Nt t be exceeded mre than nce per year n average ver 3 years Sulfur Dixide primary 1-hur 75 ppb 99th percentile f 1-hur daily maximum cncentratins, averaged ver 3 years secndary 3-hur 0.5 ppm Nt t be exceeded mre than nce per year Allegheny Cunty Health Department Air Quality Prgram

2 Ozne Ozne (O3) is a gas cmpsed f three xygen atms. Ozne has the same chemical structure whether it ccurs miles abve the earth in the atmsphere, r at grund-level. It is cnsidered gd zne when in ur atmsphere ( the zne layer, ) and bad when at ur level ( grund-level zne ) Ozne is nt typically emitted directly int the air. Grund-level zne is created by a chemical reactin between xides f nitrgen (NOx) and vlatile rganic cmpunds (VOC) in the presence f sunlight. Mtr vehicle exhaust and industrial emissins, gasline vaprs, and chemical slvents as well as natural surces emit NOx and VOC can react t frm zne. Grund-level zne is the primary cnstituent f smg. Sunlight and ht weather cause grund-level zne t frm in harmful cncentratins in the air. "Gd" zne ccurs naturally in the stratsphere apprximately 10 t 30 miles abve the earth's surface and frms a layer that prtects life n earth frm the sun's harmful rays. Peple with lung disease, children, lder adults, and peple wh are active can be affected when zne levels are unhealthy. Numerus scientific studies have linked grund-level zne expsure t a variety f prblems, including: airway irritatin, cughing, and pain when taking a deep breath; wheezing and breathing difficulties during exercise r utdr activities; inflammatin, which is much like a sunburn n the skin; aggravatin f asthma and increased susceptibility t respiratry illnesses like pneumnia and brnchitis; and, Permanent lung damage with repeated expsures. Standards: 8-Hur: ppm Allegheny Cunty Health Department Air Quality Prgram

3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) Particle pllutin (als called particulate matter r PM) is the term fr a mixture f slid particles and liquid drplets fund in the air. Sme particles, such as dust, dirt, st, r smke, are large r dark enugh t be seen with the naked eye. Others are s small that they can nly be detected using an electrn micrscpe. Particle pllutin includes inhalable carse particles (PM10) with diameters larger than 2.5 micrmeters and smaller than 10 micrmeters and fine particles (PM2.5) with diameters that are 2.5 micrmeters and smaller. The average human hair is abut 70 micrmeters in diameter making it 30 times larger than the largest fine particle. The size f particles is directly linked t their ptential fr causing health prblems. Cntrls are needed fr particles that are 10 micrmeters in diameter r smaller because thse are the particles that generally pass thrugh the thrat and nse and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serius health effects. Fine particles, r PM2.5, can be directly emitted frm surces such as frest fires, r they can frm when gases emitted frm pwer plants, industries and autmbiles react in the air. Carse particles, r PM10, can typically be fund near radways and dusty industries. Numerus scientific studies have linked particle pllutin expsure t a variety f prblems, including: increased respiratry symptms, such as irritatin f the airways, cughing, r difficulty breathing, fr example; decreased lung functin; aggravated asthma; develpment f chrnic brnchitis; Irregular heartbeat; nnfatal heart attacks; and Premature death in peple with heart r lung disease. Standards: PM2.5 Annual Standard: 15µg/m3 24-Hur Standard: 35µg/m3 PM10 24-Hur Standard: 150µg/m3 Allegheny Cunty Health Department Air Quality Prgram

4 Sulfur Dixide Sulfur dixide (SO2) is ne f a grup f highly reactive gasses knwn as xides f sulfur. The largest surces f SO2 emissins are frm fssil fuel cmbustin at pwer plants (73%) and ther industrial facilities (20%). Smaller surces f SO2 emissins include industrial prcesses such as extracting metal frm re, and the burning f high sulfur cntaining fuels by lcmtives, large ships, and nn-rad equipment. SO2 is linked with a number f adverse effects n the respiratry system. Current scientific evidence links shrt-term expsures t SO2, ranging frm 5 minutes t 24 hurs, with an array f adverse respiratry effects including brnchcnstrictin and increased asthma symptms. These effects are particularly imprtant fr asthmatics at elevated ventilatin rates (e.g., while exercising r playing.) Standards 1-Hur: 75 ppb 3-Hur: 0.5 ppm Allegheny Cunty Health Department Air Quality Prgram

5 Nitrgen Oxides Nitrgen dixide (NO2) is ne f a grup f highly reactive gasses knwn as "xides f nitrgen," r "nitrgen xides (NOx)." Other nitrgen xides include nitrus acid and nitric acid. While EPA s Natinal Ambient Air Quality Standard cvers this entire grup f NOx, NO2 is the cmpnent f greatest interest and the indicatr fr the larger grup f nitrgen xides. NO2 frms quickly frm emissins frm cars, trucks and buses, pwer plants, and ff-rad equipment. In additin t cntributing t the frmatin f grund-level zne, and fine particle pllutin, NO2 is linked with a number f adverse effects n the respiratry system. Current scientific evidence links shrt-term NO2 expsures, ranging frm 30 minutes t 24 hurs, with adverse respiratry effects including airway inflammatin in healthy peple and increased respiratry symptms in peple with asthma. Als, studies shw a cnnectin between breathing elevated shrt-term NO2 cncentratins, and increased visits t emergency departments and hspital admissins fr respiratry issues, especially asthma. NO2 cncentratins in vehicles and near radways are appreciably higher than thse measured at mnitrs in the current netwrk. In fact, in-vehicle cncentratins can be 2-3 times higher than measured at nearby area-wide mnitrs. Near-radway (within abut 50 meters) cncentratins f NO2 have been measured t be apprximately 30 t 100% higher than cncentratins away frm radways. Standards: 1-Hur: 100 ppb Annual: 53 ppb Allegheny Cunty Health Department Air Quality Prgram

6 Lead Lead (Pb) is a metal fund naturally in the envirnment as well as in manufactured prducts. The majr surces f lead emissins have histrically been frm fuels in n-rad mtr vehicles (such as cars and trucks) and industrial surces. As a result f EPA's regulatry effrts t remve lead frm n-rad mtr vehicle gasline, emissins f lead frm the transprtatin sectr dramatically declined by 95 percent between 1980 and 1999, and levels f lead in the air decreased by 94 percent between 1980 and Tday, the highest levels f lead in air are usually fund near lead smelters. The majr surces f lead emissins t the air tday are re and metals prcessing and pistn-engine aircraft perating n leaded aviatin gasline. In additin t expsure t lead in air, ther majr expsure pathways include ingestin f lead in drinking water and lead-cntaminated fd as well as incidental ingestin f lead-cntaminated sil and dust. Lead-based paint remains a majr expsure pathway in lder hmes. Standard: 3-Mnth Average: 0.15 µg/m3 Allegheny Cunty Health Department Air Quality Prgram

7 Carbn Mnxide Carbn mnxide (CO) is a clrless, drless gas emitted frm cmbustin prcesses. Natinally and, particularly in urban areas, the majrity f CO emissins t ambient air cme frm mbile surces. CO can cause harmful health effects by reducing xygen delivery t the bdy's rgans (like the heart and brain) and tissues. At extremely high levels, CO can cause death. EPA first set air quality standards fr CO in Fr prtectin f bth public health and welfare, EPA set an 8-hur primary standard at 9 parts per millin (ppm) and a 1-hur primary standard at 35 ppm. In a review f the standards cmpleted in 1985, EPA revked the secndary standards (fr public welfare) due t a lack f evidence f adverse effects n public welfare at r near ambient cncentratins. The last review f the CO NAAQS was cmpleted in 1994 and the Agency chse nt t revise the standards at that time. Standards: 8-Hur: 9 ppm 1-Hur 35 ppm Allegheny Cunty Health Department Air Quality Prgram

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