A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF NATURAL VENTILATION DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR NON RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF NATURAL VENTILATION DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR NON RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS."

Transcription

1 A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF NATURAL VENTILATION DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR NON RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Annamara Beller* 12, Spencer Dutton 3, Ulrch Flpp Oberegger 1, Roberto Lolln 1 1 Insttute for Renewable Energy, EURAC research, Bolzano, Italy *annamara.beller@eurac.edu 2 Unverstà degl Stud d Bergamo, Italy 3 Lawrence Berkeley Natonal Laboratory, Berkeley, Calforna ABSTRACT Desgners can use natural ventlaton to reduce buldng energy use and mprove occupant comfort. Ths study ams to provde gudance for desgners of naturally ventlated buldngs on the mpact varous desgn parameters have on natural ventlaton performance. We modelled a naturally ventlated reference offce buldng, under a range of clmate condtons and ventlaton strateges. We performed a senstvty analyss of a range of unknown desgn parameters used n the early desgn stage. The results underlne the most mportant parameters and ther effect on natural ventlaton strateges n dfferent clmate types. Of the parameters assessed, arflow network parameters had the most sgnfcant mpact on mprove thermal comfort. Envelope characterstcs were found to have a sgnfcant mpact also on nght coolng strateges n clmates wth large durnal swng. The results showed a domnant nfluence of the parameters that drectly mpact solar and nternal gans on natural ventlaton performance. Quanttatve measures of the mpact of varous nput parameters are presented here whch, wth the use of dynamc buldng smulaton, can be used to support natural ventlaton desgn. INTRODUCTION Natural ventlaton offers potental benefts to buldng owners and operators, both n terms of reduced energy use, resultng n lower operatng costs, and mproved occupant satsfacton. However the performance of any natural ventlaton strategy s hghly dependent on factors that are decded on early n the desgn process. Many of the key desgn decsons, ncludng the aspect rato of a buldng, the presence of courtyards or atrums, and the sze and locatons of wndows and openngs, have a sgnfcant mpact on whether or not natural ventlaton s feasble. To explot ts full potental, natural ventlaton desgn has to be consdered throughout the complete desgn process, partcularly n early desgn stages. Dynamc buldng smulaton tools can be appled durng early desgn phases to nform natural ventlaton desgn and test desgn strateges. Coupled buldng energy and arflow smulaton software, such as EnergyPlus can be used to smultaneously model buldng energy use, natural ventlaton arflow, and occupant comfort. Often however many of the buldng desgn parameters that mpact natural ventlaton performance, are not defned durng the early desgn stages. Ths uncertanty presents a sgnfcant challenge for smulaton engneer when modelng potental ventlaton strateges. Parametrc analyss can be used to some extent to gve a range of potental outcomes gven uncertanty n the model nput parameters. However performng a parametrc analyss that ncludes all of the unknown desgn parameters requres sgnfcant tme and resources. Several pror studes have attempted to dentfy whch smulaton parameters have the most mpact on buldng performance (Domınguez- Munoz F., 2010) (Hopfe C., 2009) (Breesch H., 2010) (De Wt S., 2001). These studes focused prmarly on smulaton varables rather than the buldng desgn parameters that are lkely to evolve throughout the desgn process. No pror studes have been dentfed that focus on the uncertanty n buldng energy models that are coupled wth an arflow network model. Ths study ams to provde gudance for desgners of naturally ventlated non-resdental buldngs on the mpact varous desgn parameters have on natural ventlaton performance. We performed a senstvty analyss on key desgn parameters that cannot be clearly specfed durng early desgn stages, these nclude, nternal and solar gans, envelope characterstcs and wndow geometry and openng type. The results of ths work can be appled to support natural ventlaton desgn usng buldng smulaton. METHOD Reference buldng The senstvty analyss s performed on a four-storey offce buldng north-south orented, ntended to be representatve of a typcal European medum szed offce. The buldng layout s symmetrc around the central starway and servces. Fgure 1 shows the plan vew of one of the four stores. Each floor has four open plan offce zones connected through vents to the starwell passve stack. An openng at the ground floor and openngs

2 on the roof allow the stack effect. Table 1 gves geometrc characterstcs of the buldng and Fgure 2 shows the buldng model n Sketchup. Table 1 Buldng geometry characterstcs. Wndow to Wall Rato (WWR) 35% Net condtoned area 2734 m 2 Volume (50m x 15m x 15m) m Fgure 1 Buldng plan vew. Fgure 2 Buldng model geometry. Each wndow frame has two panes, the left one for natural ventlaton and the rght one for daylghtng. Overhangs have been added to the south façade to reduce the solar gans durng summer. Automatcally controlled wndows have been added to the south and north façade. Vents between the hallways and the offces allow ar movement even f the doors are closed. Modellng method We modelled two commonly used passve ventlaton strateges usng the mult-zone arflow network model wth the EnergyPlus buldng energy smulaton program: nght stack drven cross ventlaton, to reduce coolng needs (Strategy A), and wnd drven cross ventlaton durng the day, to mprove thermal comfort (Strategy B). In Strategy A, we assume wndows are closed durng offce hours, and that coolng loads are met usng mechancal coolng. Wndows and vents open autonomously f the ndoor temperature exceeds 26 C, allowng nght-tme free coolng through the starwell passve stack. The modelled strategy vares the openng area dependng on the nsde-outsde temperature dfference, n order to reduce the possbly large fluctuatons n temperature. We modelled starwell passve stack as four vertcally stacked zones connected to each other through horzontal openngs and to the offce floors through vents. In Strategy B, we assume wndows are operated durng normal offce hours by occupants based on ther thermal comfort. When wndows are n use, ventlaton coolng s provded va naturally drven cross ventlaton. The modelled control strategy s based on CEN adaptve comfort model and allows wndow openng durng the day f the ndoor operatve temperature s greater than the adaptve comfort temperature. We assumed n ths case that the buldng s n free-runnng mode wth no mechancal heatng or coolng. For both smulaton scenaros we used wnd pressure coeffcents from the AIVC dataset for semsheltered low-rse rectangular buldngs (Lddament M.W., 1986). We modelled unntentonal nfltraton by applyng Equvalent ar Leakage Areas (ELAs) evenly over the exteror envelope surface area of the buldng model. We appled four dfferent ELAs derved from the four classfcatons of buldng envelope performance specfed n the KlmaHaus buld regulatons. We calculated ELAs from the maxmum ACH at 50 Pascals, as defned n KlmaHaus, usng translaton equatons defned n ASHRAE (TC, 2001). Wndow poston and dmenson were not consdered varables. We developed hourly lghtng schedules to represent the use of artfcal lghtng. We generated these schedules by frst performng a buldng smulaton run usng the daylghtng controls opton n EnergyPlus. Ths opton uses the antcpated avalablty of daylght comng through the wndows, to moderate electrc lghtng on needed bass. Performng buldng smulatons usng ths opton s computatonally costly, and so ths opton was only used to generate our electrc lght usage schedules. Smulatons performed for our parametrc analyss used EnergyPlus s FullExteror shadng mode whch assumes no daylghtng modeled; resultng n sgnfcantly qucker smulaton run tmes. We used 15 mnute smulaton run tme steps based on analyss by (Zha J., 2011) that demonstrated 15 mnute tme steps were suffcent to the couplng of arflow and thermal models. Parameter selecton and varable range assessment Our senstvty analyss took nto account only uncertan buldng propertes due to lack of nformaton durng early desgn stage. Input parameters that were prmarly smulaton envronments parameters (.e. convecton coeffcents, zone ar heat balance algorthm) were not vared n our analyss, as these type of parameters would typcally reman constant throughout the desgn process. We assgned value ranges for the envelope thermal nsulaton, ar tghtness (ELA) and densty based on a

3 Average durnal temperature [K] Av. global horz. radaton [Wh/m²] combnaton of buldng regulatons (D.Lgs.192/05), energy performance requrements (KlmaHaus energy certfcaton) and techncal feasblty. For nstance, the upper bound U-value was the U-value requred by the local buldng regulaton and the lower bound was set by takng nto account the techncal and economc feasblty of the envelope constructon. Table 2 Input parameter varables F1 F2 DESCRIPTION MIN MAX Exteror wall nsulaton thckness [m] Exteror roof nsulaton thckness [m] Exteror wndow U-value [W/m²K] Exteror wndow Solar Heat Gan Coeffcent (SHGC) F5 Exteror wall densty [kg/m 2 ] F6 Slab densty [kg/m 2 ] F7 Overhang depth [m] F8 Insde reveal depth [m] F9 People fracton radant F10 Lghts fracton radant F11 Effectve Leakage Area Wndow openng factor Wndow dscharge coeffcent F14 Vent dscharge coeffcent F15 Number of people per Zone 7 16 Lghtng Watts per Zone Floor Area [W/m²] Electrc equpment Watts per Zone Floor Area [W/m²] Wnd velocty profle: Exponent α, Boundary layer thckness δ [m] α=0.10 δ=210 α=0.33 δ=460 We vared electrcal equpment gans and lghtng gans between the most effcent equpment avalable on the market (LED lghtng and new electrcal equpment) and a reference one based on the EU techncal background report on ndoor lghtng (BRE, 2011). We vared the number of people n the zone assumng two dfferent offce layouts, open space (7.14 m²/p) and sngle offce (12.5 m²/p) (SIA ). Ths resulted n average daly total nternal gans of between 12 W/m² and 40 W/m². We vared the people fracton radant (ASHRAE, 2009) and the lghts fracton radant, takng nto account dfferent lumnare confguratons (IES, 1993). We vared the shadng overhangs, nsde reveal depth and solar heat gan coeffcents as per Table 2. Varaton n these three parameters mpacted the nternal solar heat gans. In addton, we also vared the wndow and vent openng factors and ther dscharge coeffcents (Karava P., 2004). Varaton n these parameters was based on typcal wndow performance, representatve of a range of dfferent wndow types, operaton and wnd drecton. We consdered dfferent wnd velocty profles based on the ratonale that the locaton or orentaton of the buldng mght be subject to change durng early desgn stage, whch we consdered lkely to mpact coolng loads. Table 2 lsts all the consdered varables and ther ranges. Because the prncple objectve of Strategy A s to provde space coolng, we used the coolng loads as our metrc to assess the performance. In Strategy B no coolng system was modelled, therefore our metrc of performance was the number of comfortable occuped hours. We calculated the comfort hours based on the three categores of adaptve comfort descrbed n the European Standard EN Clmate dependency Pror work by (Zha J., 2011) ndcated that smulated buldng performance s sgnfcantly mpacted by the use of locally measured weather, as compared to weather staton data. Zha recommends the use of local weather data when avalable, partcularly for buldngs wth hgh solar gans. We performed parametrc analyss usng three dfferent weather fles: Bolzano, Palermo and San Francsco (DOE, 2011) apr may jun jul aug sep oct dt_bolzano dt_palermo R_SAN FRANCISCO Fgure 3 Day-nght temperature dfference and solar radaton of the three selected locatons dt_san FRANCISCO R_BOLZANO R_PALERMO

4 Fgure 3 compares average day-nght temperature dfferences and solar radaton n the three locatons. Bolzano represents a typcal contnental clmate wth large durnal swng and low wnd speed (see Fgure 4). Palermo represents a typcal Medterranean clmate wth hot summers and low wnd breezes (see Fgure 5). San Francsco has mld summers and hgher wnd speeds (see Fgure 6). Fgure 4 Wnd rose for the Bolzano clmate. Fgure 5 Wnd rose for the Palermo clmate. Fgure 6 Wnd rose for the San Francsco clmate. Lmtatons Our buldng model assumptons should be consdered frst before applyng these study results to real buldng natural ventlaton desgn. In EnergyPlus, thermal zones are consdered well mxed zones, assumed to have unform temperature and pressure varyng hydrostatcally. Therefore temperature stratfcaton s not modelled wthn an arflow network zone. As long as the zone celng heght s around 3 m, ths assumpton s consdered reasonable. The starwell passve stack modellng method s based on the approach used n pror studes (Hensen J., 2002), but has not been ndependently expermentally valdated by our team. The convecton model used n the analyss s not optmal for use wth passve coolng strateges because convecton coeffcents are ndrectly predefned by the adaptve convecton algorthm (Beausolel-Morrson I., 2000). As n an early desgn stage no other tools are avalable, our use of the adaptve convecton algorthm can be consdered vald. Our analyss was performed on a rectangular buldng wth a sngle orentaton, and so we were able to make use of publshed wnd pressure coeffcents. The results of the analyss can be consdered generalzable to other rectangular buldngs, but could be napproprate for alternatve buldng geometres or orentatons. Bulk arflow model does not consder the nternal space layout. Internal walls and furnture may affect the natural ventlaton performance. Desgners should consder the mpact ths may have on lmtng cross ventlaton durng the early desgn stages. Senstvty analyss method We performed a senstvty analyss usng the Elementary Effects method descrbed n (Saltell A., 2008). Ths method determnes whch nput varables have neglgble, lnear or nonlnear effect on the objectve wth a relatvely small number of samples (combnatons of nput values). Rather than testng all possble combnatons of the nput parameters, the EE method selects representatve combnatons of nput parameters to test. Groups of combnatons of nput parameters are called trajectores. Typcally the number of combnatons n each trajectory s equal to the number of test parameters plus 1. Wthn a trajectory, each combnaton of test parameters dffers from the prevous by changng only one parameter each tme. For a detaled explanaton of the parameter selecton process see (Saltell A., 2008). The EE method subdvdes the varable ranges of each nput parameter nto equal ntervals of equal sze. The boundares of these ntervals are called levels. For our parametrc analyss, we used four levels (three ntervals), based on work by Saltell that showed the four levels have equal probablty of beng selected. When applyng the EE method, the dscrete probablty dstrbuton for each factor can be user defned. We have selected unform dstrbutons for all nput parameters, because we consder each of the values to be equally lkely n an early desgn stage phase.

5 When two combnatons of sequental nput parameters wthn a trajectory are smulated, only one varable wll dffer between them; the dfference n the output between these two runs s used to calculate a metrc called the elementary effect (EE). The elementary effect (EE) s defned for the th parameter, on the k th nput analysed as: EE y x,...,x 1 1, x Δ, x Δ 1,...,x k y(x) where X, = 1,...k represents the nput parameters and Y the output results for the selected parameters combnaton. p s the number of levels and Δ s equal to [p/ 2 (p-1)]. The EE of a factor depends also on the values of the other factors. The senstvty measures proposed by (Saltell A., 2008) are the mean (Eq. 2), the standard devaton (Eq. 3) and the mean of the absolute values of the elementary effects (Eq. 4). t1 (1) r 1 μ EE, t (2) r r 1 2 σ EE μ, t (3) r 1 t1 r * 1 μ EE, t (4) r t1 μ* quantfes the nfluence of the factor on the objectve. Parameter rankng s based on these values. Hgh values of σ demonstrate that the factor nteracts wth other varables and has a nonlnear effect on the objectve. Low values of μ, assocated wth hgh μ* values, ndcates that there s no drect correlaton between ths nput value and the output value. Whether ths factor has a negatve or postve mpact on the output depends on value of the other sgnfcant factors. If μ s equal to μ*, an ncrease of the factor corresponds to an ncrease n the output. If μ s equal to μ* n magntude but they have opposte sgns, an ncrease of the factor corresponds to a decrease n the output. We wrote parameter selecton code n Python that generates 200 trajectores consstng of 19 ponts (the number of nput factors plus one), draws 10 trajectores from the 200 avalable 500 tmes and selects the 10 that are farthest among each other. Ths procedure guarantees a good exploraton of the whole desgn space. Then, the algorthm computes 10 EEs for each nput parameters. Fnally, the senstvty statstcs are calculated. We run smulatons wth the selected parameter combnatons by means of jeplus (Dr Y Zhang, 2011), an EnergyPlus shell for parametrc studes. The frst elementary effects analyss nvolved 1440 smulatons and showed that the solar and nternal gans are the most nfluental parameters. Therefore, we performed a second elementary effects analyss (840 smulatons) fxng nternal and solar gans to the lowest reasonable amount to better determne the nfluence of the other parameters. Table 3 lsts the values that have been fxed for ths second round of parametrc analyss. Table 3 Input parameter values that have been fxed for the second analyss DESCRIPTION Exteror Wndow Solar Heat Gan Coeffcent VALUE 0.6 F7 Overhang depth [m] 0.5 F15 Number of people per Zone 10 Lghtng Watts per Zone Floor Area [W/m²] Electrc equpment Watts per Zone Floor Area [W/m²] RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The graphs n Fgure 7 to Fgure 10 compare the statstcal ndcators computed by the frst Elementary Effect analyss. The nfluence percentages are based on the μ* results. The graphs show smlar tendences n all the consdered clmate condtons and ventlaton strateges. The parameters affectng solar and nternal gans (, F15-) have a domnant nfluence on natural ventlaton performance. In Fgure 8 and Fgure 10, the hgh σ values for parameters F15- for the San Francsco weather suggests that the mpact the nternal loads have on comfort s strongly nfluenced by the selected values of the other (non-load) parameters. The postve μ means that an ncrease of nternal gans mproves comfort condtons for our Strategy B scenaro because of the lower outdoor temperatures n San Francsco. On the contrary, n Palermo comfort can be mproved by decreasng both nternal and solar gans. From Fgure 9 we see that the wndow dscharge coeffcent () for Palermo has a notably hgher relatve mpact on the number of comfort hours, compared to the other two clmates. We theorze that ths s because the forces that drve natural ventlaton (wnd speed, ndoor/outdoor temperature dfference) are smaller n Palermo wth moderate weather and low average wnd speeds. 5 5

6 F1 F2 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F14 F15 Influence on nr of comfort hours Standard devaton (σ) F1 F2 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F14 F15 Influence on coolng need Standard devaton (σ) 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Factors Fgure 7 I Elementary Effect analyss results: nfluence on coolng need for Strategy A. 20 F7 F7 F7 10 F15 F Mean (μ) Fgure 8 I Elementary Effect analyss results: mean and standard devaton of coolng need for Strategy A. 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Factors Fgure 9 I Elementary Effect analyss results: nfluence on number of comfort hours for Strategy B F14 F7 F Mean (μ) Fgure 10 I Elementary Effect analyss results: mean and standard devaton of comfort hours number for Strategy B. The graphs n Fgure 11 to Fgure 14 compare the statstc ndcators computed by the second round Elementary Effect analyss, where parameters affectng nternal and solar gans are fxed. Results show more evdent clmate dependences. Wnd velocty profle affects natural ventlaton performance for 50% n San Francsco weather. Ths s because both wnd speed and frequences are hgher n San Francsco rather than n Bolzano or Palermo. In wndy locatons wnd velocty profles parameters have to be carefully estmated dependng also on buldng surroundng area. Comparng Fgure 11 to Fgure 13, t s evdent that n Palermo clmate wndow dscharge coeffcent () and openng factors () have more effect on cross ventlaton performance than on passve nght coolng. In the Bolzano clmate, nght coolng performance s more dependent on envelope characterstcs (F1 F8) and on fracton radant of nternal gans (F9 - F10). An ncrease of the exteror wall densty (F5) translates to an ncrease of the thermal mass of the buldng, whch n turn mproves nght coolng performance because of Bolzano s large durnal temperature swngs. The effect of exteror roof densty (F6) s not evdent n the data, because t affects only zone temperatures n the upper floors of the buldng. From Fgure 11 and 12 we see that the Effectve Leakage Area (F11) has more nfluence on nght coolng performances n Bolzano and San Francsco than n Palermo. Both n Bolzano and San Francsco μ s equal to μ* for F11, but they have opposte sgn. Ths means that ncreasng the Effectve Leakage Area wll decrease the coolng needs n these two ctes. In the Palermo clmate, low values of μ are assocated wth hgh μ* values. Ths means that there s not a drect correlaton between ELA and the coolng need. Coolng need can ether ncrease or decrease wth ELA, dependng on the values of our other nput parameters

7 Standard devaton (σ) Influence on coolng need Standard devaton (σ) Influence on nr of comfort hours The postve mean value of, and for Palermo n Fgure 14 show how wndow U-value, openng factor and dscharge coeffcent has a greater effect on cross ventlaton performance than on nght coolng performance n that clmate. Fgure 12 show that n all the analysed clmates, an ncrease of wall nsulaton thckness (F1) would cause an ncrease of coolng need for Strategy A. Fgure 12 and 14 show that, n the San Francsco case, ncreasng wndow and vent dscharge coeffcent ( F14) wll decrease thermal comfort performances but reduce coolng need. We propose that s lkely because of the lower outdoor temperatures and the hgh wnd speed n the cty. When wndows are open durng the day, the ndoor temperature cools down quckly below the comfort temperature level. In the Bolzano clmate, these parameters have less mpact on coolng need and agan whether they ncrease or decrease coolng need depends on the value of the other parameters. Fgure 12 hghlghts the hgher parameter nteracton (hgher standard devatons) n the Bolzano weather case compared to the other two clmate types. 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% F1 F2 F5 F6 F8 F9 F10 F11 F14 Factors Fgure 11 II Elementary Effect analyss results: nfluence on coolng need for Strategy A. San Francsco Bolzano Palermo Mean (μ) Fgure 12 II Elementary Effect analyss results: mean and standard devaton of coolng need for Strategy A F2 F6 F5 F9 F9 F1 2 F11 F10 F6 F2 F1 F9 0 F % 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Fgure 13 II Elementary Effect analyss results: nfluence on number of comfort hours for Strategy B. Fgure 14 II Elementary Effect analyss results: mean and standard devaton of comfort hours number for Strategy B. Wnd velocty profle nfluence seems drectly correlated to how wndy the locaton s. The fact that these results were hghly dependent on the weather data used hghlghts the mportance of a relable weather fle even n early desgn stages. CONCLUSION F1 F2 F5 F6 F8 F9 F10 F11 F14 Factors F6 F14 F Mean (μ) San Francsco Bolzano Palermo The results presented n ths paper underlne the most mportant parameters and ther effect on nght coolng performances and natural ventlaton strateges n three dfferent clmate types. Our senstvty analyss showed a domnant nfluence of parameters affectng solar and nternal gans on natural ventlaton performance n all the consdered clmates. An accurate assessment of those parameters could reduce sgnfcantly the results uncertanty. Smulaton results showed that arflow network parameters had the most sgnfcant mpact on thermal comfort; these nclude the wndow openng factors and dscharge coeffcents. Arflow parameters nfluence ventlaton flow rates whch drectly mpact comfort due by lowng ndoor ar temperatures. In case of hgh wnd speeds, wndow openng factors and dscharge coeffcents are less sgnfcant than wnd pressure coeffcents

8 In clmates wth large durnal swngs n temperature, envelope characterstcs have greater mpact on both thermal comfort and coolng needs. The graphs provde quanttatve measures of the parameters effect on natural ventlaton performances and can be used to support natural ventlaton desgn usng buldng smulaton. Generalzng these results to other buldngs should be lmted to non-resdental buldngs wth regular geometry n smlar clmate types and wnd condtons. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would lke to thank the jeplus developers for the effcent support provded. A specal thanks goes to Sergo Tarantno for hs knd support n smulaton runnng. REFERENCES ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals Amercan Socety of Heatng, Refrgeratng and Ar-Condtonng Engneers. Beausolel-Morrson I The adaptve couplng of heat and ar flow modelng wthn dynamc whole-buldng smulatons, PhD Thess. Unversty of Strathclyde, Glasgow. BRE Green Publc Procurement - Indoor lghtng - Brussels : European Commsson, DG EnvronmentC1, BU 9. Breesch H., Janssens A Performance evaluaton of passve coolng n offce buldngs based on uncertanty and senstvty analyss, Energy and Buldngs. De Wt S Uncertanty n predctons of thermal comfort n buldngs, PhD Thess. Techncal Unversty of Delft. DOE EnergyPlus Energy Smulaton Software: Weather Data - U.S. Department of Energy, [Onlne] // ldngs/energyplus/weatherdata_about.cfm?cfid = &CFTOKEN=a43f11bcc ACC2CE BC BCC4B5AC Domınguez-Munoz F. Cejudo-Lopez J.M., Carrllo- Andres A Uncertanty n peak coolng load calculatons, Energy & Buldngs. Dr Y Zhang jeplus An EnergyPlus batch shell for parametrc studes [Onlne] // _html/users%20manual%20ver1.1.html. Hensen J. Bartak M., Drkal F Modelng and smulaton of a double-skn facade system, ASHRAE transactons - Vol Hopfe C Uncertanty and senstvty analyss n buldng performance smulaton for decson support and desgn optmzaton, PhD thess. Technsche Unverstet Endhoven IES Illumnatng Engneerng Socety of North Amerca, Lghtng Handbook: Reference & Applcaton - New York : 8th edton, Karava P. Stathopoulos T., Athents A.K Wnd Drven Flow through Openngs A Revew of Dscharge Coeffcents, Internatonal Journal of ventlaton, Vol. 3. Lddament M.W Ar nfltraton calculaton technques, AIVC. Saltell A. Ratto M., Andres T., Campolongo F., Carbon J., Gatell D., Sasana M., Tarantola S Global senstvty analyss. The prmer, John Wley & Sons, Ltd. TC ASHRAE ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals Equaton Vol. SI edton. Zha J. Krart M., Johnson M.H Assess and mplement natural and hybrd ventlaton models n whole-buldng energy smulatons, Energy and Buldngs, TRP-1456.

Evaluating The Performance Of Refrigerant Flow Distributors

Evaluating The Performance Of Refrigerant Flow Distributors Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs Internatonal Refrgeraton and Ar Condtonng Conference School of Mechancal Engneerng 2002 Evaluatng The Performance Of Refrgerant Flow Dstrbutors G. L Purdue Unversty J. E.

More information

A METHOD TO ASSESS THE SUITABILITY OF A CLIMATE FOR NATURAL VENTILATION OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS

A METHOD TO ASSESS THE SUITABILITY OF A CLIMATE FOR NATURAL VENTILATION OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS A METHOD TO ASSESS THE SUITABILITY OF A CLIMATE FOR NATURAL VENTILATION OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS By James Axley And Steve Emmerch Buldng and Fre Research Laboratory Natonal Insttute of Standards and Technology

More information

FIN DESIGN FOR FIN-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH MICROGROOVE SMALL DIAMETER TUBES FOR AIR CONDITIONER

FIN DESIGN FOR FIN-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH MICROGROOVE SMALL DIAMETER TUBES FOR AIR CONDITIONER FIN DESIGN FOR FIN-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER WITH MICROGROOVE SMALL DIAMETER TUBES FOR AIR CONDITIONER Yfeng Gao (a), J Song (a), Jngdan Gao (b), Guolang Dng (b)* (a) Internatonal Copper Assocaton Shangha

More information

Simulation of the Cooling Circuit with an Electrically Operated Water Pump

Simulation of the Cooling Circuit with an Electrically Operated Water Pump Smulaton of the Coolng Crcut wth an Electrcally Operated Water Pump Dragan Smc, Chrstan Kral, Franz Prker Arsenal Research Faradaygasse 3, Object 1 A 1030 Venna, Austra phone: + 43 (0) 50 550-6347 fax:

More information

Numerical Analysis about Urban Climate Change by Urbanization in Shanghai

Numerical Analysis about Urban Climate Change by Urbanization in Shanghai Numercal Analyss about Urban Clmate Change by Urbanzaton n Shangha Hafeng L 1, Wejun Gao 2 and Tosho Ojma 3 1 Research Assocate, School of Scence and Engneerng, Waseda Unversty, Japan 2 Assocate Professor,

More information

Hourly electricity consumption by households and the peak demand Frits Møller Andersen

Hourly electricity consumption by households and the peak demand Frits Møller Andersen Hourly electrcty consumpton by households and the peak demand Frts Møller Andersen 16-06-2017 Categores [] Categores [] Total [] Total [] Why focus on households and peak consumpton? The peak consumpton

More information

Evaluating the statistical power of goodness-of-fit tests for health and medicine survey data

Evaluating the statistical power of goodness-of-fit tests for health and medicine survey data 8 th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Carns, Australa 3-7 July 29 http://mssanz.org.au/modsm9 Evaluatng the statstcal power of goodness-of-ft tests for health and medcne survey data Steele, M.,2, N. Smart,

More information

A NATURAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENT OF PASSIVE RESIDUAL HEAT REMOVAL HEAT EXCHANGER FOR AP1000

A NATURAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENT OF PASSIVE RESIDUAL HEAT REMOVAL HEAT EXCHANGER FOR AP1000 A NATURAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENT OF PASSIVE RESIDUAL HEAT REMOVAL HEAT EXCHANGER FOR AP1000 M. Duan, Y. Chen, Y. Lv, W. L, K. B, W. Wang, K. Du Chna Insttute of Atomc Energy P.O.Box 275(59), Bejng, 102413,

More information

1 Basic concepts for quantitative policy analysis

1 Basic concepts for quantitative policy analysis 1 Basc concepts for quanttatve polcy analyss 1.1. Introducton The purpose of ths Chapter s the ntroducton of basc concepts of quanttatve polcy analyss. They represent the components of the framework adopted

More information

Numerical Flow Analysis of an Axial Flow Pump

Numerical Flow Analysis of an Axial Flow Pump Internatonal Journal of Engneerng and Appled Scences (IJEAS) ISSN: 2394-3661, Volume-2, Issue-7, July 2015 Numercal Flow Analyss of an Axal Flow Pump Aung Kyaw Soe, Zn E E Wn, Myat Myat Soe Abstract Ths

More information

Experiments with Protocols for Service Negotiation

Experiments with Protocols for Service Negotiation PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON APPLICATIONS OF SOFTWARE AGENTS ISBN 978-86-7031-188-6, pp. 25-31, 2011 Experments wth Protocols for Servce Negotaton Costn Bădcă and Mhnea Scafeş Unversty of Craova, Software

More information

Experimental Validation of a Suspension Rig for Analyzing Road-induced Noise

Experimental Validation of a Suspension Rig for Analyzing Road-induced Noise Expermental Valdaton of a Suspenson Rg for Analyzng Road-nduced Nose Dongwoo Mn 1, Jun-Gu Km 2, Davd P Song 3, Yunchang Lee 4, Yeon June Kang 5, Kang Duc Ih 6 1,2,3,4,5 Seoul Natonal Unversty, Republc

More information

A Study on the Reduction Strategies of Stack Effect in High-rise Residential Buildings

A Study on the Reduction Strategies of Stack Effect in High-rise Residential Buildings A Study on the Reducton Strateges of Stack Effect n Hgh-rse Resdental Buldngs Dongryul Park, a, Joonghoon Lee 2, b, and Doosam Song 3,c Graduate School, Sungkyunkwan Unv., 300 Chunchun-dong, Suwon 440-46,

More information

Finite Element Analysis and Optimization for the Multi- Stage Deep Drawing of Molybdenum Sheet

Finite Element Analysis and Optimization for the Multi- Stage Deep Drawing of Molybdenum Sheet Fnte Element Analyss and Optmzaton for the Mult- Deep of Molybdenum Sheet Heung-Kyu Km a,*, Seok Kwan Hong a, Jong-Kl Lee b, Byung-Hee Jeon c, Jeong Jn Kang a, and Young-moo Heo a a Precson Molds and Des

More information

1991), a development of the BLAST program which integrates the building zone energy balance with the system and central plant simulation.

1991), a development of the BLAST program which integrates the building zone energy balance with the system and central plant simulation. OPTIMISATION OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS IN AN INTEGRATED BUILDING ENERGY ANALYSIS PROGRAM: PART I: CONVENTIONAL CENTRAL PLANT EQUIPMENT Russell D. Taylor and Curts O. Pedersen Unversty of Illnos at Urbana-

More information

6.4 PASSIVE TRACER DISPERSION OVER A REGULAR ARRAY OF CUBES USING CFD SIMULATIONS

6.4 PASSIVE TRACER DISPERSION OVER A REGULAR ARRAY OF CUBES USING CFD SIMULATIONS 6.4 PASSIVE RACER DISPERSION OVER A REGULAR ARRAY OF CUBES USING CFD SIMULAIONS Jose Lus Santago *, Alberto Martll and Fernando Martn CIEMA (Center for Research on Energy, Envronment and echnology). Madrd,

More information

Simulation of Steady-State and Dynamic Behaviour of a Plate Heat Exchanger

Simulation of Steady-State and Dynamic Behaviour of a Plate Heat Exchanger Journal of Energy and Power Engneerng 10 (016) 555-560 do: 10.1765/1934-8975/016.09.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING Smulaton of Steady-State and Dynamc Behavour of a Plate Heat Exchanger Mohammad Aqeel Sarareh

More information

Model-based Optimal Control of Variable Air Volume Terminal Box

Model-based Optimal Control of Variable Air Volume Terminal Box Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs Internatonal Hgh Performance Buldngs Conference School of Mechancal Engneerng 216 Model-based Optmal Control of Varable Ar Volume ermnal Box Fuxn Nu he unversty of alabama,

More information

WEB-BASED SIMULATION TOOL FOR COMPLIANCE WITH 2013 ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARD FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN JAPAN

WEB-BASED SIMULATION TOOL FOR COMPLIANCE WITH 2013 ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARD FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN JAPAN WEB-BASED SIMULATION TOOL FOR COMPLIANCE WITH 2013 ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARD FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS IN JAPAN Masato Myata 1, Takao Sawach 1, Yasuo Kuwasawa 2, Yasuhro Mk 2 Yoshhko Akamne 1 and Hdek

More information

Sporlan Valve Company

Sporlan Valve Company F21O-10-12 LMTED: M & W What s a TEV Settng? For years Sporlan and every other manufacturer oftevs has used regulated arflow and controlled temperature baths to establsh a "factory" settng. Typcally the

More information

NUMERICAL STUDY OF CIRCULAR JET DIFFUSER FOR TASK VENTILATION OF UNDER-FLOOR AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM IN TROPICS. Bin Yang 1 and S.C.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF CIRCULAR JET DIFFUSER FOR TASK VENTILATION OF UNDER-FLOOR AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM IN TROPICS. Bin Yang 1 and S.C. NUMERICAL STUDY OF CIRCULAR JET DIFFUSER FOR TASK VENTILATION OF UNDER-FLOOR AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM IN TROPICS Bn Yang 1 and S.C. Sekhar 1 1 Department of Buldng, Natonal Unversty of Sngapore, Sngapore 117566,

More information

Volume 30, Issue 4. Who likes circus animals?

Volume 30, Issue 4. Who likes circus animals? Volume 30, Issue 4 Who lkes crcus anmals? Roberto Zanola Unversty of Eastern Pedmont Abstract Usng a sample based on 268 questonnares submtted to people attendng the Acquatco Bellucc crcus, Italy, ths

More information

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN CHINA

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN CHINA Proceedngs: Indoor Ar 2005 LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN CHINA DJ Gu 1,*, JJ Lu 1, LJ Gu 1 1 Department of Buldng Scence, School of Archtecture, Tsnghua Unversty,

More information

Extended Abstract for WISE 2005: Workshop on Information Systems and Economics

Extended Abstract for WISE 2005: Workshop on Information Systems and Economics Extended Abstract for WISE 5: Workshop on Informaton Systems and Economcs How Many Bundles?:An Analyss on Customzed Bundlng of Informaton Goods wth Multple Consumer Types Wendy HUI Ph.D. Canddate Department

More information

Construction of Control Chart Based on Six Sigma Initiatives for Regression

Construction of Control Chart Based on Six Sigma Initiatives for Regression 2018 IJSRST Volume 4 Issue 2 Prnt ISSN: 2395-6011 Onlne ISSN: 2395-602X Themed Secton: Scence and Technology Constructon of Control Chart Based on Sx Sgma Intatves for Regresson ABSTRACT R. Radhakrshnan

More information

emissions in the Indonesian manufacturing sector Rislima F. Sitompul and Anthony D. Owen

emissions in the Indonesian manufacturing sector Rislima F. Sitompul and Anthony D. Owen Mtgaton optons for energy-related CO 2 emssons n the Indonesan manufacturng sector Rslma F. Stompul and Anthony D. Owen School of Economcs, The Unversty of New South Wales, Sydney, Australa Why mtgaton

More information

LIFE CYCLE GREEN COST ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR GREEN BUILDING DESIGN. Lijing Gu1, Daojin Gu1, Borong Lin1, Mingxing Huang2, Jiazi Gai3, Yingxin Zhu1

LIFE CYCLE GREEN COST ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR GREEN BUILDING DESIGN. Lijing Gu1, Daojin Gu1, Borong Lin1, Mingxing Huang2, Jiazi Gai3, Yingxin Zhu1 LIFE CYCLE GREEN COST ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR GREEN BUILDING DESIGN Ljng Gu1, Daojn Gu1, Borong Ln1, Mngxng Huang2, Jaz Ga3, Yngxn Zhu1 1Department of Buldng Scence, Tsnghua Unversty, Bejng 100084, Chna

More information

Fast Algorithm for Prediction of Airfoil Anti-icing Heat Load *

Fast Algorithm for Prediction of Airfoil Anti-icing Heat Load * Energy and Power Engneerng, 13,, 493-497 do:.4236/epe.13.4b09 Publshed Onlne July 13 (http://www.scrp.org/ournal/epe) Fast Algorthm for Predcton of Arfol Ant-cng Heat * Xueqn Bu, Ru Yang, Ja Yu, Xaobn

More information

Numerical Analysis of Comfort and Energy Performance of Radiant Heat Emission Systems

Numerical Analysis of Comfort and Energy Performance of Radiant Heat Emission Systems Numercal Analyss of Comfort and Energy Performance of Radant Heat Emsson Systems Ochs *, Magn, Segele and Janett Unversty of Innsbruck, Unversty of Bologna *Correspondng author: Technkerstr. 3, 600 Innsbruck,

More information

THE HEAT AND FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS FOR WATER HEATER

THE HEAT AND FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS FOR WATER HEATER Ln, C.-N., et al.: The Heat and Flud Flow Analyss for Water Heater S81 THE HEAT AND FLUID FLOW ANALYSIS FOR WATER HEATER by Chen-Nan LIN a*, Cheng-Ch WANG a, and Y-Pn KUO b a Department of Mechancal Engneerng,

More information

RECEIVING WATER HYDRAULICS ASSIGNMENT 2

RECEIVING WATER HYDRAULICS ASSIGNMENT 2 RECEIVING WATER HYDRAULICS ASSIGNMENT 2 Desgn of wastewater dscharge from the cty of Göteborg. Example of a dffuser n a stratfed coastal sea Example of retenton tme calculatons Ths assgnment conssts of

More information

Abstract. Radiative Heating - Definition. Introduction. Motivation and Objective

Abstract. Radiative Heating - Definition. Introduction. Motivation and Objective Radant Heat Emsson System n a Passve House - Numercal Analyss of Comfort and Energetc Performance Faban Ochs, Mara Magn, Mchele Banch Janett Unversty of Innsbruck, Unt for Energy Effcent Buldngs, Innsbruck

More information

A Multi-Product Reverse Logistics Model for Third Party Logistics

A Multi-Product Reverse Logistics Model for Third Party Logistics 2011 Internatonal Conference on Modelng, Smulaton and Control IPCSIT vol.10 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Sngapore A Mult-Product Reverse Logstcs Model for Thrd Party Logstcs Tsa-Yun Lao, Agatha Rachmat

More information

The Human Bio-Meteorological Chart A design tool for outdoor thermal comfort

The Human Bio-Meteorological Chart A design tool for outdoor thermal comfort The Human Bo-Meteorologcal Chart A desgn tool for outdoor rmal comfort WOLFGANG KESSLING Transsolar Energetechnk GmbH, Munch, Germany, kesslng@transsolar.com MARTIN ENGELHARDT Transsolar Energetechnk GmbH,

More information

MULTIPLE FACILITY LOCATION ANALYSIS PROBLEM WITH WEIGHTED EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE. Dileep R. Sule and Anuj A. Davalbhakta Louisiana Tech University

MULTIPLE FACILITY LOCATION ANALYSIS PROBLEM WITH WEIGHTED EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE. Dileep R. Sule and Anuj A. Davalbhakta Louisiana Tech University MULTIPLE FACILITY LOCATION ANALYSIS PROBLEM WITH WEIGHTED EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE Dleep R. Sule and Anuj A. Davalbhakta Lousana Tech Unversty ABSTRACT Ths paper presents a new graphcal technque for cluster

More information

Modelization of a water tank including a PCM module

Modelization of a water tank including a PCM module Appled Thermal Engneerng 26 (2006) 1328 1333 www.elsever.com/locate/apthermeng Modelzaton of a water tank ncludng a PCM module Manuel Ibáñez a, Lusa F. Cabeza b, *, Crstan Solé b, Joan Roca b, Mquel Nogués

More information

Modeling and Simulation for a Fossil Power Plant

Modeling and Simulation for a Fossil Power Plant Modelng and Smulaton for a Fossl Power Plant KWANG-HUN JEONG *, WOO-WON JEON, YOUNG-HOON BAE AND KI-HYUN LEE Corporate R&D Insttute Doosan Heavy Industres and Constructon Co., Ltd 555, Gwgo-dong, Changwon,

More information

Model Development of a Membrane Gas Permeation Unit for the Separation of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide

Model Development of a Membrane Gas Permeation Unit for the Separation of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS Volume 21, 2010 Edtor.. Klemeš, H. L. Lam, P. S. Varbanov Copyrght 2010, AIDIC Servz S.r.l., ISBN 978-88-95608-05-1 ISSN 1974-9791 DOI: 10.3303/CET1021218 1303 Model Development

More information

A Group Decision Making Method for Determining the Importance of Customer Needs Based on Customer- Oriented Approach

A Group Decision Making Method for Determining the Importance of Customer Needs Based on Customer- Oriented Approach Proceedngs of the 010 Internatonal Conference on Industral Engneerng and Operatons Management Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 9 10, 010 A Group Decson Makng Method for Determnng the Importance of Customer Needs

More information

perception in the comfort and EVALUATION intended to 3787 [1] is biometeorology was found on thermal second part parameters). this paper.

perception in the comfort and EVALUATION intended to 3787 [1] is biometeorology was found on thermal second part parameters). this paper. PLEA203-29th Conference, Sustanable Archtecture for a Renewable Future, Munch, Germany 0-2 September 203 The Human Bo-Meteorologcal Chart A desgn tool for outdoor rmal comfort WOLFGANG KESSLING, MARTIN

More information

Consumption capability analysis for Micro-blog users based on data mining

Consumption capability analysis for Micro-blog users based on data mining Consumpton capablty analyss for Mcro-blog users based on data mnng ABSTRACT Yue Sun Bejng Unversty of Posts and Telecommuncaton Bejng, Chna Emal: sunmoon5723@gmal.com Data mnng s an effectve method of

More information

Loading strategy for measuring relative humidity and temperature gradient for winter season in ventilated classrooms

Loading strategy for measuring relative humidity and temperature gradient for winter season in ventilated classrooms Loadng strategy for measurng relatve humdty and temperature gradent for wnter season n ventlated classrooms drd. ng. SEBASTIAN DORHOI, prof. dr. ng. IOAN BORZA, conf. dr. ng. MIHAI CINCA Department of

More information

Assignment II Design of Wastewater Discharge from the City of Gothenburg. Design of a Wastewater Discharge from the City of Gothenburg

Assignment II Design of Wastewater Discharge from the City of Gothenburg. Design of a Wastewater Discharge from the City of Gothenburg Assgnment II Desgn of Wastewater Dscharge from the Cty of Gothenburg Envronmental Hydraulcs Desgn of a Wastewater Dscharge from the Cty of Gothenburg The assgnment conssts of two parts. The frst part deals

More information

Product Innovation Risk Management based on Bayesian Decision Theory

Product Innovation Risk Management based on Bayesian Decision Theory Advances n Management & Appled Economcs, vol., no., 0, - ISS: 79-7 (prnt verson), 79-7 (onlne) Internatonal Scentfc Press, 0 Product Innovaton Rsk Management based on Bayesan Decson Theory Yngchun Guo

More information

Why do we have inventory? Inventory Decisions. Managing Economies of Scale in the Supply Chain: Cycle Inventory. 1. Understanding Inventory.

Why do we have inventory? Inventory Decisions. Managing Economies of Scale in the Supply Chain: Cycle Inventory. 1. Understanding Inventory. -- Chapter 10 -- Managng Economes of Scale n the Supply Chan: Cycle Inventory Pros: Why do we have nventory? To overcome the tme and space lags between producers and consumers To meet demand/supply uncertanty

More information

RULEBOOK on the manner of determining environmental flow of surface water

RULEBOOK on the manner of determining environmental flow of surface water Pursuant to Artcle 54 paragraph 2 of the Law on Waters (Offcal Gazette of the Republc of Montenegro 27/07 and Offcal Gazette of Montenegro 32/11 and 48/15), the Mnstry of Agrculture and Rural Development

More information

Logistics Management. Where We Are Now CHAPTER ELEVEN. Measurement. Organizational. Sustainability. Management. Globalization. Culture/Ethics Change

Logistics Management. Where We Are Now CHAPTER ELEVEN. Measurement. Organizational. Sustainability. Management. Globalization. Culture/Ethics Change CHAPTER ELEVEN Logstcs Management McGraw-Hll/Irwn Copyrght 2011 by the McGraw-Hll Companes, Inc. All rghts reserved. Where We Are Now Relatonshps Sustanablty Globalzaton Organzatonal Culture/Ethcs Change

More information

A SIMULATION STUDY OF QUALITY INDEX IN MACHINE-COMPONF~T GROUPING

A SIMULATION STUDY OF QUALITY INDEX IN MACHINE-COMPONF~T GROUPING A SMULATON STUDY OF QUALTY NDEX N MACHNE-COMPONF~T GROUPNG By Hamd Sefoddn Assocate Professor ndustral and Manufacturng Engneerng Department Unversty of Wsconsn-Mlwaukee Manocher Djassem Assstant Professor

More information

EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN SIMULATIONS WITH TRADEOFFS BETWEEN MULITPLE OBJECTIVES. Pattita Suwanruji S. T. Enns

EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN SIMULATIONS WITH TRADEOFFS BETWEEN MULITPLE OBJECTIVES. Pattita Suwanruji S. T. Enns Proceedngs of the 00 Wnter Smulaton Conference R.G. Ingalls, M. D. Rossett, J. S. Smth, and B. A. Peters, eds. EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN SIMULATIONS WITH TRADEOFFS BETWEEN MULITPLE OBJECTIVES

More information

A Numerical Study on the Estimation of Heat Release Rate Based on the Flow Field through the Doorway

A Numerical Study on the Estimation of Heat Release Rate Based on the Flow Field through the Doorway A Numercal Study on the Estmaton of Heat Release Rate Based on the Flow Feld through the Doorway SUNG CHAN KIM School of Fre and Dsaster Preventon Kyung Il Unversty 33, Buho-r, Hayang-eup, Gyungsan-s,

More information

International Trade and California Employment: Some Statistical Tests

International Trade and California Employment: Some Statistical Tests Internatonal Trade and Calforna Employment: Some Statstcal Tests Professor Dwght M. Jaffee Fsher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economcs Haas School of Busness Unversty of Calforna Berkeley CA 94720-1900

More information

Development of a Trade-off Path for HVAC National Energy Code for Buildings 2011 Compliance

Development of a Trade-off Path for HVAC National Energy Code for Buildings 2011 Compliance Development of a Trade-off Path for HVAC Natonal Energy Code for Buldngs 2011 Complance Elsabeth Grgs 1, Mchel Parent 2, and Patrque Tardf 1 1 Canadan Codes Centre, Natonal Research Councl, Ottawa, Ontaro

More information

High impact force attenuation of reinforced concrete systems

High impact force attenuation of reinforced concrete systems Structures Under Shock and Impact XII 273 Hgh mpact force attenuaton of renforced concrete systems Y. Km, T. El-Korch & K. S. Arsava Department of Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng, Worcester Polytechnc Insttute

More information

Potentials for energy savings and long term energy demands for Croatian households sector Pukšec, Tomislav ; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Duic, Neven

Potentials for energy savings and long term energy demands for Croatian households sector Pukšec, Tomislav ; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Duic, Neven Aalborg Unverstet Potentals for energy savngs and long term energy demands for Croatan households sector Pukšec, Tomslav ; Mathesen, Bran Vad; Duc, Neven Publshed n: Appled Energy DOI (lnk to publcaton

More information

Technical definition for nearly zero energy buildings

Technical definition for nearly zero energy buildings Artcles The full length verson of ths artcle s avalable at the journal webste: www.rehva.eu -> REHVA Journal Techncal defnton for nearly zero energy buldngs REHVA launched 2013 verson n cooperaton wth

More information

Technical definition for nearly zero energy buildings

Technical definition for nearly zero energy buildings Artcles The full length verson of ths artcle s avalable at the journal webste: www.rehva.eu -> REHVA Journal Techncal defnton for nearly zero energy buldngs REHVA launched 2013 verson n cooperaton wth

More information

OPTIMAL PHASE CHANGE TEMPERATURE FOR BCHP SYSTEM WITH PCM-TES BASED ON ENERGY STORAGE EFFECTIVENESS

OPTIMAL PHASE CHANGE TEMPERATURE FOR BCHP SYSTEM WITH PCM-TES BASED ON ENERGY STORAGE EFFECTIVENESS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 OPIMAL PHASE CHANGE EMPERAURE FOR BCHP SYSEM WIH PCM-ES BASED ON ENERGY SORAGE EFFECIVENESS Yn ZHANG 1*, Xn WANG 2**, Ynpng ZHANG 2 1 College of Archtecture and Envronment, Schuan Unversty,

More information

Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressed Air Energy Storage under. Various Ambient Temperature

Thermodynamic Analysis of Compressed Air Energy Storage under. Various Ambient Temperature 7:2 (2015) Journal of Modelng and Optmzaton Thermodynamc Analyss of Compressed Ar Energy Storage under Varous Ambent Temperature Qng He, Hu Lu School of Energy Power and Mechancal Engneerng, North Chna

More information

INCORPORATING FLEXIBILITY IN THE DESIGN OF REPAIRABLE SYSTEMS DESIGN OF MICROGRIDS

INCORPORATING FLEXIBILITY IN THE DESIGN OF REPAIRABLE SYSTEMS DESIGN OF MICROGRIDS Proceedngs of IDETC/CIE 2014 ASME 2014 Internatonal Desgn Engneerng Techncal Conferences & Computers and Informaton n Engneerng Conference Buffalo NY, USA DETC2014-34294 INCORPORATING FLEXIBILITY IN THE

More information

Learning Curve: Analysis of an Agent Pricing Strategy Under Varying Conditions

Learning Curve: Analysis of an Agent Pricing Strategy Under Varying Conditions Learnng Curve: Analyss of an Agent Prcng Strategy Under Varyng Condtons Joan Morrs, Patte Maes MIT Meda Laboratory 20 Ames Street, E-0 Cambrdge, MA 02 USA {joane, patte}@meda.mt.edu Amy Greenwald Computer

More information

A Longer Tail?: Estimating The Shape of Amazon s Sales Distribution Curve in Erik Brynjolfsson, Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, Michael D.

A Longer Tail?: Estimating The Shape of Amazon s Sales Distribution Curve in Erik Brynjolfsson, Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, Michael D. A Longer Tal?: Estmatng The Shape of Amazon s Sales Dstrbuton Curve n 2008 1. Introducton Erk Brynjolfsson, Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, Mchael D. Smth The term The Long Tal was coned by Wred s Chrs Anderson (Anderson

More information

Computational building performance simulation for integrated design and product optimization

Computational building performance simulation for integrated design and product optimization Computatonal buldng performance smulaton for ntegrated desgn and product optmzaton Ctaton for publshed verson (APA): Trcka, M., Loonen, R. C. G. M., Hensen, J. L. M., & Houben, J. V. F. (2011). Computatonal

More information

Calculation and Prediction of Energy Consumption for Highway Transportation

Calculation and Prediction of Energy Consumption for Highway Transportation Calculaton and Predcton of Energy Consumpton for Hghway Transportaton Feng Qu, Wenquan L *, Qufeng Xe, Peng Zhang, Yueyng Huo School of Transportaton, Southeast Unversty, Nanjng 210096, Chna; *E-mal: wenql@seu.edu.cn

More information

Analysis Online Shopping Behavior of Consumer Using Decision Tree Leiyue Yao 1, a, Jianying Xiong 2,b

Analysis Online Shopping Behavior of Consumer Using Decision Tree Leiyue Yao 1, a, Jianying Xiong 2,b Advanced Materals Research Onlne: 2011-07-04 ISSN: 1662-8985, Vols. 271-273, pp 891-894 do:10.4028/www.scentfc.net/amr.271-273.891 2011 Trans Tech Publcatons, Swtzerland Analyss Onlne Shoppng Behavor of

More information

A Two-Echelon Inventory Model for Single-Vender and Multi-Buyer System Through Common Replenishment Epochs

A Two-Echelon Inventory Model for Single-Vender and Multi-Buyer System Through Common Replenishment Epochs A Two-Echelon Inventory Model for Sngle-Vender and Mult-Buyer System Through Common Replenshment Epochs Wen-Jen Chang and Chh-Hung Tsa Instructor Assocate Professor Department of Industral Engneerng and

More information

Prediction algorithm for users Retweet Times

Prediction algorithm for users Retweet Times , pp.9-3 http://dx.do.org/0.457/astl.05.83.03 Predcton algorthm for users Retweet Tmes Hahao Yu, Xu Feng Ba,ChengZhe Huang, Haolang Q Helongang Insttute of Technology, Harbn, Chna Abstract. In vew of the

More information

Application of Ant colony Algorithm in Cloud Resource Scheduling Based on Three Constraint Conditions

Application of Ant colony Algorithm in Cloud Resource Scheduling Based on Three Constraint Conditions , pp.215-219 http://dx.do.org/10.14257/astl.2016.123.40 Applcaton of Ant colony Algorthm n Cloud Resource Schedulng Based on Three Constrant Condtons Yang Zhaofeng, Fan Awan Computer School, Pngdngshan

More information

Process Approach and Modelling in Organisation Competitiveness Management System

Process Approach and Modelling in Organisation Competitiveness Management System Management 205, 5(4): 07-6 DOI: 0.5923/j.mm.2050504.0 Process Approach and Modellng n Organsaton Compettveness Management System Marna A. Ivankova Project and Producton Department, JSC Atomenergoproekt,

More information

RIGOROUS MODELING OF A HIGH PRESSURE ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) COPOLYMERIZATION AUTOCLAVE REACTOR. I-Lung Chien, Tze Wei Kan and Bo-Shuo Chen

RIGOROUS MODELING OF A HIGH PRESSURE ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) COPOLYMERIZATION AUTOCLAVE REACTOR. I-Lung Chien, Tze Wei Kan and Bo-Shuo Chen RIGOROUS MODELING OF A HIGH PRESSURE ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE (EVA) COPOLYMERIZATION AUTOCLAVE REACTOR I-Lung Chen, Tze We an and Bo-Shuo Chen Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Natonal Tawan Unversty of Scence

More information

A Scenario-Based Objective Function for an M/M/K Queuing Model with Priority (A Case Study in the Gear Box Production Factory)

A Scenario-Based Objective Function for an M/M/K Queuing Model with Priority (A Case Study in the Gear Box Production Factory) Proceedngs of the World Congress on Engneerng 20 Vol I WCE 20, July 6-8, 20, London, U.K. A Scenaro-Based Objectve Functon for an M/M/K Queung Model wth Prorty (A Case Study n the Gear Box Producton Factory)

More information

Honorable Kim Dunning Presiding Judge of the Superior Court 700 Civic Center Drive West Santa Ana, CA 92701

Honorable Kim Dunning Presiding Judge of the Superior Court 700 Civic Center Drive West Santa Ana, CA 92701 Mayor Gary Thompson Mayor Pro Tempore Jerry Holloway Councl Members L. Anthony Beall * -* - Nel C. Blas - James M. Thor Cty Manager Steven E. Hayman f September 10, 2009 Honorable Km Dunnng Presdng Judge

More information

Impacts of Generation-Cycling Costs on Future Electricity Generation Portfolio Investment

Impacts of Generation-Cycling Costs on Future Electricity Generation Portfolio Investment 1 mpacts of Generaton-Cyclng Costs on Future Electrcty Generaton Portfolo nvestment P. Vthayasrchareon, Member, EEE, and. F. MacGll, Member, EEE Abstract Ths paper assesses the mpacts of ncorporatng short-term

More information

Econometric Methods for Estimating ENERGY STAR Impacts in the Commercial Building Sector

Econometric Methods for Estimating ENERGY STAR Impacts in the Commercial Building Sector Econometrc Methods for Estmatng ENERGY STAR Impacts n the Commercal Buldng Sector Marvn J. Horowtz, Demand Research Angela Coyle, U.S. Envronmental Protecton Agency ABSTRACT The early stages of developng

More information

Reprint from "MPT-Metallurgical P(ant and Technology International" issue No. 2/1990, pages Optimization of. Tempcore installations for

Reprint from MPT-Metallurgical P(ant and Technology International issue No. 2/1990, pages Optimization of. Tempcore installations for Reprnt from "MPT-Metallurgcal P(ant and Technology nternatonal" ssue No. 2/990, pages 6-69 (Ç 990, Verlag StahlesenmbH, Düsseldorf Optmzaton of. Tempcore nstallatons for rebars Perre Smon, Centre de Recherches

More information

Supplier selection and evaluation using multicriteria decision analysis

Supplier selection and evaluation using multicriteria decision analysis Suppler selecton and evaluaton usng multcrtera decson analyss Stratos Kartsonaks 1, Evangelos Grgorouds 2, Mchals Neofytou 3 1 School of Producton Engneerng and Management, Techncal Unversty of Crete,

More information

Using Semi-Empirical Models to Design Timber Platform Frame for Stability

Using Semi-Empirical Models to Design Timber Platform Frame for Stability Usng Sem-Emprcal Models to Desgn Tmber Platform Frame for Stablty Dr Robert Harstans Lecturer n Structural/Tmber Engneerng Centre for Tmber Engneerng, Naper Unversty Ednburgh, UK. Prof Abdy Kerman Professor

More information

Energy and Buildings

Energy and Buildings Energy and Buldngs 40 (2008) 2009 2014 Contents lsts avalable at ScenceDrect Energy and Buldngs journal homepage: www.elsever.com/locate/enbuld An nfluence of weather condtons on heat demand n dstrct heatng

More information

TOWARDS THE INCREASED UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN A DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK THROUGH THE USE OF A HEAT STORAGE

TOWARDS THE INCREASED UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN A DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK THROUGH THE USE OF A HEAT STORAGE TOWARDS THE INCREASED UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN A DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK THROUGH THE USE OF A HEAT STORAGE Sotros A. Kyraks (*), Paul L. Younger Unversty of Glasgow, School of Engneerng, James

More information

G. Romero (1), J.F. Urchueguía (1), H. Witte (2), W. Cambien (1), T. Magraner (1)

G. Romero (1), J.F. Urchueguía (1), H. Witte (2), W. Cambien (1), T. Magraner (1) Proceedngs World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 Aprl 2005 Comparatve Study Between a Geothermal Heat Pump System and an Ar-to-Water Heat Pump System for Heatng and Coolng n Typcal Condtons

More information

SIMULATION RESULTS ON BUFFER ALLOCATION IN A CONTINUOUS FLOW TRANSFER LINE WITH THREE UNRELIABLE MACHINES

SIMULATION RESULTS ON BUFFER ALLOCATION IN A CONTINUOUS FLOW TRANSFER LINE WITH THREE UNRELIABLE MACHINES Advances n Producton Engneerng & Management 6 (2011) 1, 15-26 ISSN 1854-6250 Scentfc paper SIMULATION RESULTS ON BUFFER ALLOCATION IN A CONTINUOUS FLOW TRANSFER LINE WITH THREE UNRELIABLE MACHINES Sörensen,

More information

Smart Grid Analysis of Centralized Cooling for an Urban Community

Smart Grid Analysis of Centralized Cooling for an Urban Community Smart Grd Analyss of Centralzed Coolng for an Urban Communty Francne Vera, Jéssca Henrques, Larssa Soares, Leandro Rezende, Moses Soares Martns, Ramundo R. Melo Neto and Donald J. Chmelews* Department

More information

Simulation of Flow and Transport Processes of a Confined Aquifer using Groundwater Modeling System applying Grid Approach

Simulation of Flow and Transport Processes of a Confined Aquifer using Groundwater Modeling System applying Grid Approach Smulaton of Flow and Transport Processes of a Confned Aqufer usng Groundwater Modelng System applyng Grd Approach Master of Engneerng Cvl Engneerng Department, Assam Engneerng College, Guwahat Abstract

More information

Study on trade-off of time-cost-quality in construction project based on BIM XU Yongge 1, a, Wei Ya 1, b

Study on trade-off of time-cost-quality in construction project based on BIM XU Yongge 1, a, Wei Ya 1, b Internatonal Conference on Economcs, Socal Scence, Arts, Educaton and Management Engneerng (ESSAEME 205) Study on trade-off of tme-cost-qualty n constructon project based on BIM XU Yongge, a, We Ya, b

More information

Multi-UAV Task Allocation using Team Theory

Multi-UAV Task Allocation using Team Theory Proceedngs of the 44th IEEE Conference on Decson and Control, and the European Control Conference 2005 Sevlle, Span, December 12-15, 2005 MoC03.6 Mult-UAV Task Allocaton usng Team Theory P. B. Sut, A.

More information

HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTICS IN A DOUBLE-PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER FITTED WITH A TURBULATOR

HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTICS IN A DOUBLE-PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER FITTED WITH A TURBULATOR HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTICS IN A DOUBLE-PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER FITTED WITH A TURBULATOR Warakorm Nerdno Putchaya Somravysn Smth Eamsa-ard Faculty of Engneerng Mahanakorn Unversty of Technology

More information

How to Review the Performance/Adequacy of ECV Observations? - Science Perspective from an ECV Producer -

How to Review the Performance/Adequacy of ECV Observations? - Science Perspective from an ECV Producer - How to Revew the Performance/Adequacy of ECV Observatons? - Scence Perspectve from an ECV Producer - Wolfgang Wagner wolfgang.wagner@geo.tuwen.ac.at Department of Geodesy and Geonformaton (GEO Venna Unversty

More information

INDIVIDUAL SOLUTIONS FROM A SINGLE SOURCE

INDIVIDUAL SOLUTIONS FROM A SINGLE SOURCE Extract of the general catalogue, CHAPTER F INDIVIDUAL SOLUTIONS FROM A SINGLE SOURCE Systems dversty for warehouses, factores and workshops GENERAL CATALOGUE Modular shelvng mezzannes and platforms optmal

More information

o,==iiol o=o=

o,==iiol o=o= Hgh Temperature Stran Measurements usng Welded Stran Gages Emerson G. Rabello, Paulo de Tarso V. Gomes and Tanus R. Mansur Center of Development of the Nuclear Technology (CDTNCNEN), P.O. Box 941, Belo

More information

Method for measuring viscoelastic properties of wood under high temperature and high pressure steam conditions

Method for measuring viscoelastic properties of wood under high temperature and high pressure steam conditions J Wood Sc (1999) 45:373-377 The Japan Wood Research Socety 1999 Wahyu Dwanto Toshro Morooka Msato Normoto Method for measurng vscoelastc propertes of wood under hgh temperature and hgh pressure steam condtons

More information

Foundation design reliability issues

Foundation design reliability issues GEO.MCM.0001.SUB.1 Foundaton desgn relablty ssues K. McManus Overvew The New Zealand Buldng Code through Verfcaton Method VM4 permts the use of very low factors of safety for the desgn of buldng foundatons

More information

Optimization of Resistance Spot Weld Parameters using Grey Relational Analysis

Optimization of Resistance Spot Weld Parameters using Grey Relational Analysis IJSRD - Internatonal Journal for Scentfc Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 10, 2016 ISSN (onlne): 2321-0613 Optmzaton of Resstance Spot Weld Parameters usng Grey Relatonal Analyss Mayank Sao 1 Dr. (Mr.)

More information

TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL FOR REDUCING VEHICLE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS ON AN URBAN ROAD NETWORK

TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL FOR REDUCING VEHICLE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS ON AN URBAN ROAD NETWORK TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL FOR REDUCING VEHICLE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS ON AN URBAN ROAD NETWORK Toshhko Oda (1), Masao Kuwahara (2) and Satosh Nkura (3) (1) Panasonc System Solutons Company, Matsushta Electrc

More information

Elastic Lateral Features of a New Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Wall

Elastic Lateral Features of a New Glass Fiber Reinforced Gypsum Wall Vol:, No:3, Elastc Lateral Features of a New Glass Fber Renforced Gypsum Wall Zhengyong Lu, Huqng Yng Internatonal Scence Index, Cvl and Envronmental Engneerng Vol:, No:3, waset.org/publcaton/67 Abstract

More information

K vary over their feasible values. This allows

K vary over their feasible values. This allows Proceedngs of the 2007 INFORMS Smulaton Socety Research Workshop. MULTI-PRODUCT CYCLE TIME AND THROUGHPUT EVALUATION VIA SIMULATION ON DEMAND John W. Fowler Gerald T. Mackulak Department of Industral Engneerng

More information

SWAT MODEL AND SWAT-CUP SOFTWARE

SWAT MODEL AND SWAT-CUP SOFTWARE CHAPTER 4 SWAT MODEL AND SWAT-CUP SOFTWARE 4.1 SWAT model hstory SWAT s the acronym for Sol and Water Assessment Tool. It s a rver basn, or watershed scale model developed by Jeff Arnold for the USDA Agrcultural

More information

Energy consumption of RC buildings during their life cycle

Energy consumption of RC buildings during their life cycle Energy consumpton of RC buldngs durng ther lfe cycle Ö. Bozdağ & M. Seçer Dokuz Eylül Unversty, Izmr, Turkey ABSTRACT: Studes on the total energy use durng the lfe cycle of renforced concrete buldngs are

More information

Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION

Abstract 1. INTRODUCTION TEAM 2017,Sep.25-28,2017,Osaka,Japan Valdaton of Practcal Approaches for the Strength Evaluaton of Hgh-speed Catamaran under Beam and Quarterng Seas Po-Ka LIAO *1, Yann QUÉMÉNER 1, Yng-Chung SYU 1, Kuan-Chen

More information

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX METHODOLOGY (Updated February 2018)

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX METHODOLOGY (Updated February 2018) CONSUMER PRCE NDEX METHODOLOGY (Updated February 208). Purpose, nature and use The purpose s to obtan country representatve data for the prces of goods and servces and to compute overall and group ndces

More information

THE DRONE SQUAD 10 SMARTER OPERATIONS REMOTE INSPECTIONS

THE DRONE SQUAD 10 SMARTER OPERATIONS REMOTE INSPECTIONS 10 SMARTER OPERATIONS REMOTE INSPECTIONS Cezary Galnsk, Senor Prncpal Surveyor, s Head of the DNV GL drone squad based n Gdyna, Poland. THE DRONE SQUAD Wth four drone types n ts arsenal, DNV GL has adapted

More information

A Two-layer Time Window Assignment Vehicle Routing Problem

A Two-layer Time Window Assignment Vehicle Routing Problem Proceedngs of the Internatonal Conference on Industral Engneerng and Operatons Management Washngton DC, USA, September 27-29, 218 A Two-layer Tme Wndow Assgnment Vehcle Routng Problem Mahd Jallvand Department

More information