Reducing Carbon Pollution in Maryland s Renewable Portfolio Standard Will Clean the Air without Impacting Ratepayers. Frequently Asked Questions

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1 Reducing Carbon Pollution in Maryland s Renewable Portfolio Standard Will Clean the Air without Impacting Ratepayers Summary: Frequently Asked Questions While fellow Mid-Atlantic States like Delaware and New Jersey get over 70% of their renewable energy portfolios from the wind and sun, these resources make up only 13% of Maryland s portfolio. The primary reason is a flaw in our renewable energy law that supports high-emission black liquor and inefficient wood waste facilities that have been in operation for over 32 years on average. Furthermore, nine out of ten of these qualifying biomass facilities are located out-of-state. Maryland lawmakers should pass legislation to remove old and polluting biomass facilities from Maryland s Tier- 1 renewable energy standard and ensure that only new high-efficiency biomass systems qualify in the future. This will ensure our renewable dollars go to work for new clean energy resources with virtually no impact on energy bills. 1) What is black liquor? And what is wood waste? Black liquor is an industrial by-product of the pulp and paper industry. Since the 1930s, paper mills have burned black liquor to supply electricity for milling purposes and sell excess electricity onto the grid. Wood waste includes - but is not limited to - mill residues, brush, yard waste, pallets, and left overs from saw timber forestry. All of the wood waste that currently qualifies for the RPS is burned at facilities that were built before the RPS law was enacted, and almost all of currently-registered wood waste is also burned at paper mills. 2) What would be the effect on ratepayers of restricting the eligibility of black liquor and wood waste in Maryland s RPS? The Maryland Energy Administration s (MEA s) analysis projects that there will be virtually no impact on ratepayers by restricting black liquor and wood waste, beyond the effect that the RPS would already have on ratepayers in Ratepayer impacts from the RPS are felt through the price and quantity of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) purchased by electricity suppliers. Because the future price of all RECs will be set by new renewable generation regardless of whether black liquor and inefficient wood waste qualify for Maryland s RPS, their removal from Tier-1 eligibility will have not increase energy bills. Essentially, ratepayers will still pay to support renewable energy, but this will likely support new wind generation as opposed to old high-emitting wood waste and black liquor facilities. 3) Currently 89% of these biomass facilities are outside of Maryland, but are ratepayers subsidizing their polluting power? Clean Up the RPS FAQ - 1

2 Maryland ratepayers currently pay a premium for black liquor and wood waste facilities located throughout our entire electric grid region, from Pennsylvania and Ohio down to Virginia. Out of the ten qualifying biomass facilities that are currently registered for the RPS, only one black liquor plant is located in Maryland. Worse, many more black liquor and wood waste facilities are connected to our electric grid and are eligible to register for Maryland s RPS, but have not yet done so. None of these companies are based in Maryland, but when they do register for our RPS, more Maryland ratepayer dollars will go towards subsidizing their old polluting energy. 4) What is being done for Maryland s Luke mill in Allegany County? The black liquor bill would grandfather the first-movers, or those paper mills that registered for Maryland s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) in 2005, in Tier 1 through That grandfather clause would protect one Maryland mill and one Virginia mill that registered for the RPS in 2005 for five years. After 2018, the Maryland plant will be kept whole with guaranteed state resources equivalent to what they would have made by staying in the RPS. That Maryland facility Luke Mill is the only company in Maryland that could be conceivably impacted by this bill, and it will continue to receive support in perpetuity. 5) Would this proposal create jobs? This bill will remove between 2.8 million and 3.5 million old black liquor and wood waste renewable energy credits (RECs) from the regional REC market. That will necessitate construction of new facilities to keep pace with increasing regional RPS requirements. Based on technology prices and trends, these facilities will most likely be land-based wind projects. If all of these RECs were to come from new wind facilities, up to 1,400 megawatts of wind would be needed to make up for the old black liquor and wood waste RECs removed by this bill. That means thousands of temporary and permanent well-paid union jobs will be created by passing this bill. The Western Maryland Building & Construction Trades Council built the Criterion Wind Farm and the Roth Rock Wind Farm in Western Maryland. It is reasonable to conclude that steel workers and building trades workers would benefit greatly from the passage of this bill. 6) What about the out-of-state mills? Will they go out of business because of this proposal? The subsidy that the mills receive from RPS markets represents a few hundred thousand dollars for the average mill that already makes hundreds of millions of dollars each year from paper sales. Using Luke Mill as an example, the scope of their REC sales in relation to the total size of their business is miniscule. According the website of NewPage, their parent company, Luke Mill sells about 920,000 tons of pulp and paper each year. That translates to somewhere between $500 million and $700 million each year in annual gross sales based on pulpwood and paper wholesale price estimates of $550 to $800 per ton. By contrast, Luke Mill sold about $350,000 worth of RECs last year. Given this, it is not feasible that the Maryland renewable subsidy would have any relevant impact on out-of-state mill operations or mill jobs. Clean Up the RPS FAQ - 2

3 7) What are the climate and health impacts of black liquor and wood waste? According to the US EPA, the CO 2 content of black liquor and wood waste combustion is on par with coal, and higher than both natural gas and petroleum. Furthermore, black liquor and wood waste combustion releases methane, nitrous oxides, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, arsenic, and lead at levels greater than or equal to fossil fuels. Furthermore, because all black liquor and wood waste facilities that qualify for the RPS were built decades ago, they do not contribute to reducing CO 2 or any other pollutants from fossil fuels below current levels. The only way to reduce pollution below current levels is to build new clean energy facilities to displace high-emitting fossil fuel generation. 8) What will be the climate impact of limiting black liquor and wood waste? How will this affect the state s progress toward satisfying its Greenhouse Gas Reduction Act mandate? By restricting black liquor and wood waste, we will create more demand for new clean energy. Bringing on more clean energy including, but not limited to, wind power will mean displacing fossil fuel energy with exceptional benefits. The MD RPS is currently on track to reduce 6.9 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 if no action is taken. If we restrict black liquor and wood waste, Maryland s RPS will reduce 8.3 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Removing black liquor and wood waste would reduce at least 1.4 Million Metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions. 9) What kinds of biomass energy plants would still qualify for Tier-1? The goal of this bill is not to eliminate all biomass from the RPS, but rather to gradually phase-out only the old and polluting energy while encouraging new and efficient biomass systems. The phase-out would occur in two stages. The first stage would begin immediately, where all old biomass facilities that registered with the public service commission after 2005 get moved to Tier 2. The second stage would begin in 2019, where all old biomass facilities that registered with the public service commission in 2005 then also get moved for tier 2. The reason for a gradual phase-out of old biomass is to transition the REC market away from old energy towards new clean energy in a careful way that does not cause a market shock. Under this law, all new biomass energy systems, meaning that they went into commercial operation after 2005, that achieve total system efficiency levels of at least 65 percent will still be able to qualify for Tier 1. 10) Why should we not let old biomass units into the RPS? Although some paper mills currently achieve total system efficiency levels of 65 percent or greater, which is good, it is important to remember that all of those mills reached those efficiency levels before the 2004 RPS law went into effect. They reached those efficiencies without ratepayer subsidies, and they do not, therefore, need subsidies now to continue that behavior. RPS funds do not compel old paper mills to do Clean Up the RPS FAQ - 3

4 anything different from what they would already be doing without the RPS. If RPS ratepayer dollars go towards biomass, it would be much better if that money is spent on new efficient units that can create new jobs and reduce fossil fuel emissions below current levels. 11) What percentage of Maryland s RPS has been historically fulfilled with black liquor and wood waste? For the last seven years, an astonishing 50% of Maryland s RPS was fulfilled with black liquor and wood waste. Only 13% came from wind and solar Maryland RPS: Blast Furnace Gas 1% Waste Incineration 5% Hydro 21% Black Liquor 32% Landfill Gas 10% Solar 1% Wind 12% Wood Waste 18% 12) What percentage of Maryland s RPS will likely be fulfilled with black liquor and wood waste in 2020 if no action is taken? With no action, black liquor and wood waste are likely to fulfill a remarkable 19% of the state s RPS in Clean Up the RPS FAQ - 4

5 2020 Maryland RPS if Black Liquor and Wood Waste Remain: Waste Incineration 5% Blast Furnace Gas 1% Other Bio.4% Solar 11% Hydro 4% Landfill gas 6% Black Liquor 9% Wood Waste 10% Wind 54% 13) What percentage of Maryland s renewable energy portfolio will likely be fulfilled with black liquor and wood waste in 2020 if those sources are restricted? In this scenario, black liquor and wood waste will make 0% of Maryland s renewable portfolio in Wind energy will jump to 73%. Note, however, that if new efficient biomass systems come online and register for Maryland s RPS, that could displace some of this projected wind generation Maryland RPS Excluding Black Liquor and Wood Waste: Blast Furnace Gas Waste-to- 1% Energy 5% Hydro 4% Landfill gas 6% Other Bio 0.4% Solar 11% Wind 73% 14) Without black liquor and wood waste, will there be enough available renewable generation in PJM to meet the RPS? Clean Up the RPS FAQ - 5

6 According to the Power Plant Research Project s 2011 Inventory of Renewable Energy Generators Eligible for the Maryland Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard, with the sustained Tier 1 growth seen in the past five years, Maryland electricity suppliers will continue to find sufficient resources to meet the Tier 1 RPS requirements. The table below shows the record-setting pace at which renewable energy in PJM has grown over the last decade, fueled mostly by land-based wind power, with some solar and landfill gas growth as well. Assuming that this trend continues there will be enough clean energy growth in PJM to satisfy Maryland s RPS requirements without black liquor and wood waste. Tier-1 Renewable Resource Development in PJM through time For more information please contact Tom Carlson, Maryland Campaign Director, CCAN at or tom@chesapeakeclimate.org. Clean Up the RPS FAQ - 6

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