TROPICS: insolation high year round, high sun angle and ~ constant duration

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1 GE 101, February 6, 14 Finish insolation variation Global environmental issues associated with insolation TRPICS: insolation high year round, high sun angle and ~ constant duration MID-LATITUDES: insolation highest at summer solstice, higher sun angle and longer day, lowest at winter solstice due to low angle and short day Poles: insolation highest at summer solstice due to hour duration low angle sun, none at winter solstice Total annual insolation decreases as latitude increases Seasonality (difference between winter and summer) increases as latitude increases Global average annual energy balance Insolation on the June Solstice Comparison between top of atmosphere and Earth surface Surplus 23.5 N Duration factor Top of atmosphere Tropics Deficit Mid-High latitudes Equator N. Pole San Francisco St. Louis Washington DC At top of the atmosphere 90 N 80 N 70 N 0 60 N 4 50 N 8 40 N 30 N N N N S 40 S 30 S 40 S 50 S 60 S S 80 S S Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep ct Nov Dec Megajoules/m 2 /day 90 sun elevation Chart monthly insolation at the North Pole Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep ct Nov Dec

2 50 45 Chart of monthly insolation at the North Pole (dark bars = N.P., light are Equator for reference) Chart monthly insolation at the South Pole Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep ct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep ct Nov Dec Example only, do not use your sheet for this demo. problem. 90 S ass assignment: if your last name begins with A-B, do 80 N and 10 S C-D, do 70 N and S E-H, do 60 N and 30 S I-L, do 50 N and 40 S M, do 40 N and 50 S N-Q, do 30 N and 60 S R-T, do N and 70 S U-Z, do 10 N and 80 S Graphs will be due on Tuesday Ultraviolet Visible light Shortwave infrared Thermal infrared Two global environmental issues related to interaction of atmospheric gases, insolation, and outgoing Earth radiation From sun to earth zone Greenhouse gases From earth to space Incoming shortwave radiation utgoing longwave radiation 9% 41% 50% 2

3 For greenhouse warming and ozone depletion, be able to explain: basics of how it works problem causes of the problem consequences possible solutions 2 3 Earth s atmosphere is unique: not at chemical equilibrium (entropy). Highly reactive atmosphere reveals life. N 2 zone depletion What is ozone? Naturally occurring form of oxygen with 3 oxygen atoms in molecule instead of usual two. 2 is what we need to breathe 3 is a highly reactive gas (like breathing chlorox fumes) Life (as we know it) evolved under ozone layer protection Land plants Photosynthetic bacteria xygen revolution Carbon dioxide ~400 mya ~2.4 bya Where is ozone? 90% of 3 found in stratosphere good ozone: blocks UV radiation Single cell organisms Earth formed Methane Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen compounds ~3.7 bya ~4.6 bya 10% of 3 near Earth s surface bad ozone: toxic to life 3

4 Normal equilibrium 2 + UV UV 2 + Most 3 produced in tropical stratosphere and transported poleward Manmade chemicals interfere with equilibrium Man-made chemicals that destroy ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), HCFCs: refrigerants, foam blowing agents, aerosol propellants Halons: old fire extinguishers Carbon tetrachloride: solvent Methyl chloroform: solvent, aerosols, cleaners, (labeled as 1,1,1-trichloroethane) Methyl bromide: pesticide (soil fumigant) used heavily on tomatoes and strawberries (Banned in 05) All are long lasting Global environmental problem Identified in 1980s Stratospheric 3 concentrations decreasing Most noticeable in Antarctica zone Hole Area in million km TMS = Total zone Mapping Spectrometer MI = zone Monitoring Instrument How do CFCs destroy ozone? How do CFCs destroy ozone? F C Ultraviolet radiation strikes a CFC molecule...and causes a chlorine atom to break away Chlorine atom collides with an ozone molecule...creates molecule of regular oxygen and chlorine monoxide 4

5 How do CFCs destroy ozone? In winter, chlorine attaches to ice clouds in stratosphere above pole. This keeps ozone-depleting chlorine locked up chlorine is freed to react again When ice melts in spring (September in Antarctica), chlorine is freed and attacks 3 hole Free oxygen atom collides with chlorine monoxide...yields a molecule of regular oxygen and a free chlorine atom What s so bad about it? Globally, what s being done about it? Montreal Protocol, % ozone loss ~ World production 5-7% increase in skin cancer World production Cataracts Immune system suppression Inhibits plant growth Montreal Protocol relatively successful because 1. Problem obviously man-made 2. Scientists agreed on cause and solution 3. No major country s economy based on CFCs You personally can: FIX leaky auto air conditioners (#1 CFC, HCFC, HFC source in US) 5

6 Greenhouse warming What are greenhouse gases? Range is from blue (low) to red (high) What are anthopogenic greenhouse gases? Approximate percent responsibility for problem How does it work? Halocarbons GG 6

7 Are current C 2 levels that unusual? Global Land and cean Temperature Anomalies present Ice core records Causes of C 2 concentration increase Deforestation Causes of C 2 concentration increase Burning of fossil fuels What are fossil fuels? Liquid Solid Gas 7

8 Top Ten C2 emitters in 08 (million metric tons of carbon/ year) 08 per capita fossil-fuel C2 emission rates. expressed in metric tons of carbon. mpacts/science/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html Consequences may be Higher sea levels due to ocean expansion and ice melting (inundation of island nations) More intense storms Disruption of agriculture Extinctions Spread of tropical diseases What s being done globally? Kyoto Protocol: 1997 : agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by % of 1990 levels. Entered into force on February, 05 United States never ratified protocol Kyoto Protocol not as successful because 1. Problem itself highly debated 2. Developed countries economies based on fossil fuels 3. Developing countries forests are source of income 4. China s energy needs met by coal Much more expensive to implement Kyoto Protocol What can you do personally? Conserve energy Drive fuel efficient vehicle Insulate home Recycle (saves energy) on-campus paper and aluminum Plant trees 8

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