Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Handling in Indonesia

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1 Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Handling in Indonesia 10 th Annual Waste Management Conference & Exhibition (WM2012) ENSEARCH, Kuala Lumpur, 18-19th July 2012 Enri Damanhuri Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering ITB Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia 1

2 Prediction of GHG Emission from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Handling in Indonesia OUTLINE: Introduction Portrait of solid waste management (SWM) Prospect for the future of SWM management GHG emission and waste management CDM Project at Indonesian Landfills Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation Conclusion 2

3 Introduction URBANISATION PROBLEM (Migration from Rural area to Urban area) Indonesian cities: capacity to absorb migration from outside Limitation of infrastructure capacity: transportation, water, sanitation, housing, etc Social-economic problem: employment, etc Impact: health - environment - social city s image 3

4 Portrait of MSW management (1) Waste Generation Estimation of total waste generation in Indonesia (Ministry of Environment, 2008) Group Area Sumatera Jawa Bali and N-Tenggara Kalimantan Sumatera and Papua Waste generation (mi-tonne/year) Total 38.5 Bandung Survey in 2005 = 0.59 kg/cap/day 4

5 Portrait of MSW management (2) Technical System MANAGE BY COMMUNITY MANAGE BY MUNICIPALITY GENERATE COLLECT TRANSFER TRANSPORT DIRECT COLLECTION (DOOR-TO-DOOR) LANDFILLING OPEN DUMPING 5

6 Portrait of MSW management (3) Recycling effort 50-70% Wet Waste Reuse-Recycling Potential 30 40% 28-30% Dry Waste Reuse-recycling Potential % Composting By Some Municipalities 1-2% Others INFORMAL SECTOR Newspapers, uses books/magazines, used clothes, used electronic, etc: are normally not considered as waste to be disposed to the trashcan 6

7 Portrait of MSW management (4) Population Served by City Management in Indonesia Region Total City Population % Population City % Population % Served Sumatera ,884, Java and Bali ,049, Kalimantan ,259, Sulawesi ,103, Others ,115, Total ,412, Group Area Sumatera Jawa Bali and NusaTenggara Kalimantan Sumatera and Papua Population (million) Served population (million) % Population served Total

8 Portrait of MSW management (5) Local government role The municipal solid waste (MSW) handling in Indonesia has reached its relatively sound performance during Economic crisis and political change in 1998 = turning point decreasing of MSW management intention Estimation in 2001 was only around 35% of the MSW in cities in Indonesia that could be transported to the final disposal sites about 56% in 2007 Municipal/district governments took over the full authority and responsibility of their urban infrastructure management from the central/province government 8

9 Portrait of MSW management (6) Failure of final disposal Since 2000, failures of landfill operation all over Indonesia began to show : Bantar Gebang Landfill in Jakarta (6000 ton/day) Keputih Landfill in Surabaya (2 nd largest city) The sliding of Leuwigajah landfill in Bandung (2005) The reform era created awareness among inhabitants on the vicinities of landfills : They claim to better environments They reject the existence of any landfill facility within their territories Pose some difficulties of the local governments to operate and to acquire proper sites to handle their wastes 9

10 Prospect for the future (1) In 2005, the Government Regulation 16/2005 was announced. It regulates the final disposal of MSW in relation with water resources protection for water supply. In 2006, the Ministry of Public Works through Ministry Regulation 21/PRT/2006 outlined the policy and national strategy of MSW management. This regulation defines the target of MSW recycling in the next 10 years. In May 2008: the Solid Waste Management Act 18/2008 was approved by Parliament and Government of Indonesia. This Law had been drafted since The finalization of this law were delayed for such a long time until all the stakeholders were revived after the incidence of Landslide of Leuwigajah landfill in February 2005, with full supports from the Government and Parliament that reached an agreement that new paradigm in waste management in Indonesia was required 10

11 Prospect for the future (2) Some of central issues of Law-18/2008: Extended producers responsibility (ERP) approach The basis approach of this law is waste reductions through 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) as the first priority. Prohibition of open dumping and open burning Prohibition to import waste into Indonesia territories This 3Rs concept is considered as a new paradigm to replace the collect-transport-dispose concept, which is usually adopted in most Indonesian cities The development of regional treatment and landfill will be supported by Central Government 11

12 Many cities, supported by central government, have started to develop a waste management programme in line with modern requirements : 187 sites have been rehabilitated The development of a better final disposal, such as sanitary landfill, based on regional approach in some metropolitan areas are in progress. Some of them are connected to the CDM project. Prospect for the future (3) Geo-synthetic based landfill at Bangli In the next 10 years: Landfill will still a principal way for waste final disposal in Indonesia 12

13 CDM Project at Indonesian landfill (1) Indonesia has promising potential for development of landfill gas facilities. With many large urban, including: 18 cities with a population > 500, cities with a population > 1,000,000, the major urban centers in Indonesia could generate enough waste to provide about 80 MW of electricity through landfill gas. Development of landfill gas facilities face several barriers: Financing Uncertainty and limitations associated with the energy regulatory framework Limited knowledge and technical capacity to structure a deal and develop and implement a project, Over-estimate from local government The first CDM project in Indonesia is proposed by landfill of Suwung (Metropolitan of Denpasar, Bali), initiated since Another big cities, Pontianak, Bekasi, Palembang, Semarang, etc are in stage of FS 13

14 CDM Project at Indonesian Landfills (2) There some final disposals are under FS for CDM project: Regional landfill at Denpasar (registered at UNFCCC No.0938), Pontianak, Bekasi, Makassar, and Palembang (2009) Landfill site rehabilitation, Denpasar Construction of waste sorting, Denpasar Source: I Made Sudarma - Cooperation between Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan Agency for Cleanliness of SARBAGITA (June 200) 14

15 CDM Project at Indonesian Landfills (3) Inauguration of gas flaring, Denpasar Construction landfill anaerobic reactors, Denpasar Source: I Made Sudarma - Cooperation between Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan Agency for Cleanliness of SARBAGITA (June 200) 15

16 CDM Project at Indonesian Landfills (4) Gas Flaring at Bekasi Source: Dudy Setiabudi EPA Bekasi (June-2008) Gas Flaring at Pontianak Source: CDM in Pontianak landfill Cleanliness Dept City of Pontianak (March-2008) 16

17 GHG emission and waste management (1) Estimate contribution of Southeast Asia in 2000: about 10.7 tons of CO 2 -eq per capita. 12% of the Global GHG emissions around 5.187,2 MT CO 2 -eq around 59%: originated from Indonesia from land-uses changes and forestry sector Emission increase in = elevated by 27% during , the increase of: Energy sectors and industrial processes: 83% and 100% respectively Agricultural, forestry and waste sectors: 19% - 21%. 17

18 GHG emission and waste management (2) The contribution of GHG in : Energy uses: 25.9% Industrial: 19.4% Forestry: 17.4% Agriculture: 13.5% Transportation: 13.1% Housing and commercial building: 7.9% Waste management: 2.8% The quantities of wastes generated in one area: related to the consumption pattern of the corresponding area Contribution of post consumer waste in 2007: up to 5% 18

19 GHG emission and waste management (3) The most important impacts from waste management on GHG emission are of methane (CH 4 ) origin mostly from landfilling activities This CH 4 is emitted from degradation of any waste dumped in anaerobic condition on the landfill CH4 contribution on GHG emission in 1990 = 18% The decrease of CO 4 emitted from a landfill will have the greatest potential in reducing the overall GHG emission level originated from waste management 19

20 GHG emission and waste management (4) % Energy Industry Agriculture Forestry Waste Peat GHG Emission reduction plan Commitment for 2020: Reduction 26% Gt CO2e Waste sector = Gt CO2e ( 6.3%) GtCO2e GtCO2e Estimation of Indonesia nett emission Source of data: Sulistyowati,

21 Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (1) The scenario up to 2020: Scenario A: Business-as-usual scenario: reflects the current waste generation and waste management runs as usual. Level of services of SW management will improve only due to the improvement of urban managers capacities in making available their city s infrastructures, but no waste reduction effort involved. Scenario B: Optimistic scenario: reflects the willingness to manage the waste according to the Waste Management Act Basic approach 3Rs concept prioritizing waste reduction. Converting open dumping into better landfilling 21

22 Scenario B: Optimist Collect-transport Door-to-door Transfer Collect Others: Recycling Uncontrolled Willingness to manage the waste according to the Waste Management Act Basic approach 3Rs concept prioritizing waste reduction. Converting open dumping into better landfilling 3R Collect Landfilling Scenario A Business-as-usual Collect-transport Door-to-door Transfer Level of services of SW management will improve only due to the improvement of urban managers capacities Composting The Scenario Landfilling

23 Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (3) Principal components of waste handling activities: Mobilization: waste collection and transportation vehicle exhaust emissions of CO2 arise during collection and transportation of waste Recycling: organic fraction from SW can be biologically treated, while plastics, paper, glass and metal contents can be collected for appropriate recycling. Composting: CO 2 emission from the organic material is considered as biogenic, and is generally part of the carbon cycle and hence not considered as GHG Landfilling: managed the disposal of waste land with little or no pretreatment Others: uncontrolled waste handling by community 23

24 Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (4) Population projection Year Total Urban Rural ,868,794 87,547, ,321, ,386, ,354, ,032,196 Waste projection BAU Optimist Kg/cap/day Gg/year Kg/cap/day Gg/year 24

25 Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (5) Waste composition: constant Composition % Food waste 55 Garden, leaves etc 5 Paper 12 Plastic 10 Glass 2 Metal 2 Textile 2 Miscellaneous combustible 4 Miscellaneous n-combustible 8 25

26 Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (6) Waste handling scenario BAU Optimist Waste generation (kg/cap/day) Waste transported to disposal (%) Handling of waste transported (%): - Open dumping - Composting - Plastic recycling - Paper recycling - Open burning - Sanitary landfill

27 Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (7) Biogas handling scenario Parameters Value Fraction (%) of landfill decaying to CH 4 50 Gas collection efficiency 25 Percentage of uncollected CH 4 oxidized by soil cover 10 Percentage of collected biogas vented without 10 combustion Percentage of collected biogas utilized for energy 10 Percentage of biogas flared 80 Biogas electricity generation efficiency 30 Ratio of CH4:CO2 in sanitary landfill 50:50 Ratio of CH4: CO2 in open dumping 35:65 27

28 Waste management scenario for GHG mitigation (8) Prediction of GHG emissions (Gg CO2-e) Activity Scenario A Scenario B Waste transport Recycling 1,426 2,300 2,880 Composting Landfilling 20,319 38,706 23,641 Others 12,538 17,694 6,461 Total 34,420 58,794 32,934 GHG emission in 2005 = 1,026 kgco 2 e/ton Landfilling will contribute up to 59% GHG emission in 2020 Scenario A = 990 kg CO 2 e/ton Landfilling will contribute up to 66% GHG emission in 2020 Scenario B = 635 kg CO 2 e/ton: Landfilling will contribute up to 71% to the total GHG The overall emissions are reduced by credits for composting, recycling and closing of open dumping. 28

29 CONCLUSION Since 2008 Indonesia has legal umbrella in managing its wastes under Solid Waste Act 18/2008 Waste management in Indonesia is directed to reduce its wastes through 3Rs concept, and appropriate waste handling. In line with the global issue associated with global warming due to GHG, a better waste management will contribute to global reduction of this GHG emission this momentum should be used by Indonesia through systematic way in improving its waste management, especially in urban areas, because these efforts will give positive impacts either on national or global levels. Waste management will contribute not only to the direct improvement of environmental quality (locally), but also to the achievements of the national target in decreasing the GHGs emission 29

30 THANK YOU 30

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