Challenges of integrated solid waste management at the local level in emerging countries

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1 Challenges of integrated solid waste management at the local level in emerging countries PD Dr.-Ing. habil. Abdallah Nassour (University Rostock, Department of Waste management and Material flow, Germany) Planning integrated solid waste management on municipal level Hanseatic City of Rostock, September /20/ UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

2 Outline 1. Waste management as system 2. Selected problems of waste management in the emerging countries 3. Selected Solutions for waste management in the emerging countries 4. Finance analysis for MBT 5. Conclusion and recommendation 9/20/2016 2

3 Waste management as system Waste management is more organization and management than techniques Waste management is not only techniques, but System Politics, Law, Finance, Management, Techniques, education, sustainability, Social, economics, etc.,

4 Selected problems of waste management in the emerging countries Lack of Implementable laws and regulations for the treatment Lack of Local know-how in the decision maker and long-term strategies Logistics are established and can be optimized by specific measures separate collection, monitoring, organization, etc. Adapted sanitary landfills in the cities / dumpsite in the rural regions More than 90 % of finance spent for logistic (15-60 /Mg) and 10 % for treatment and landfilling (3-10 /Mg)

5 Selected problems of waste management in the emerging countries The majority of obstacles in the development of the waste management in the emerging countries: - a lack of practical know-how amongst decision-makers. Predominantly technical solutions are suggested, which are not feasible under the local conditions. Examples of this are: construction and operation of large treatment facilities for more than 2000 Mg/d, cooperation, investment, responsibility with the private sector, covering of costs through the sale of recycled materials and the sale of electrical energy, etc

6 Home Waste Management Suitable Technologies Recycling, MBT/MBS/MPS, WtE, etc. Local Know-How Authorities, private sectors and Scientific's Feasible Long-Term Strategy Product responsibility, separation at source, landfill only treat material Realistic Finance System Administration, Collection and treatment Waste Management Authority Power and enforcement Implementable Waste Management Laws and Regulations

7 Selected Solutions for waste management in the emerging countries 9/20/2016 7

8 Waste management needs decision maker Decision maker Support from Politic / Municipalities Scientifics Vocational education Population Private sectors with know-how for operation Consulting- and construction companies Investors and finance institutes 9/20/2016 8

9 Relevant needed legal framework in the Arab region Waste can not be landfilled without pre-treatment Organic must be treated so that it cannot degrade Combustible Material > 6000 kj/kg have to be utilised for energy Is it possible?

10 Suggested solutions for improving the waste management Supporting the finance system The responsibility and finance of the disposal of waste streams especially old tires, electronic waste, packaging etc., has not been clarified/resolved in most countries. Producer responsibility is a suggested solution. There are already good basics for its establishment and introduction. This would relieve financially the responsible authorities

11 Finance system for households in Germany 9/20/

12 Separation of recyclable materials Start separation collection in the: - Mosques / churches / Schools / universities for the paper - Commercial activities for recyclable material in cooperation with private sector - Adapted collection systems 9/20/

13 Which waste collection system can be suggested to the Arab Region? Own collection point Waste collection is part of the streets 9/20/

14 Introducing separate collection More Recoverable Materials than Residual Waste Needed time is more than 20 years 9/20/

15 Each 9/20/2016 residential block has its own collection point 15

16 Closed waste bin systems / Different systems in one street / It is depended from the owner. 9/20/

17 Separation at Source Wet and Dry Is the Trend in the World Wet 2 ways for the treatment Dry Separation of recycling material and preperation of RDF for cement industry Drying and preperation of RDF for cement industry Loss through biological treatment (ca. 25 %) Compost Ca. 50 %) Loss through biological treatment (ca. 25 %) RDF (Ca. 50 %) Recycling material for sell (ca. 25 %) RDF (Ca. 50 %) Landfill (25 %) Landfill (25 %) Landfill (25 %) 17

18 Labour-intensive separate collection system (KfW intends to finance pilot projects in several countries) Collection of recyclables and waste at the front-door Pushcart with standardized waste bins Collection and transport with modern efficient equipment Collection- and transfer-point 9/20/

19 Labour-intensive separate collection system (KfW intends to finance pilot projects in Jordan)

20 Labour-intensive separate collection system (KfW intends to finance pilot projects in Jordan)

21 Suggested solutions for improving the waste management EU, KfW, GIZ, UNDP and other international institutions for development cooperation are trying to support the countries through different projects (pilot project, apprenticeships and higher education, institutional development, etc.). The sustainability of the projects should be ensured through several targeted measures

22 Suggested solutions for improving the waste management Documentation of data for the waste management poses a big problem. Waste management Concept is suggested as a solution. Cooperation between the international development institutions, local and international universities and engineering companies and local municipalities is very important to the development and introduction of a solution. Goal: Documentation the current state and the problem, to devise solutions and to evaluate the implementation

23 Potentials of composting in the emerging countries There is a great potential for composting plants with a capacity of 1,000-20,000 tons / year for clean organic fractions (kitchen and market waste, manure, agricultural waste, etc.).

24 Potentials of composting in the emerging countries Advantages for composting in the Arab region are the need for highquality compost and the good prices, which can be achieved for it. These plants are feasible with low investment and at the same time they can establish several small businesses and generate jobs for various target groups. The legal and financial framework should be achieved through policy and responsible authorities. Projects and activities for knowledge transfer and public relations are urgently needed.

25 Projects and activities for knowledge transfer and public relations are urgently needed for composting Who can manage and finance it?

26 Suggested solutions for improving the waste management Positive fundamental developments: decision-makers recognize that waste treatment is essential and that it carries costs. The available finances for waste treatment average10-30 /Mg, depending on the region. Cement industry is prepared to use RDF and to encourage investments. The problem is still the long-term regulation of the cooperation between the cement industry and the municipalities

27 Solid waste composition and output of RDF Treatment 40-45% Residual waste 5-10% Recycle material MBS Treatment 20-30% Stabilized material to landscape/landfill 20-30% Evaporation due to biodegradab le activities 30-40% RDF Typical solid waste composition in the region Output of RDF treatment

28 Cooperation between municipalities cement industries and international waste companies Owners of the waste Ability to collect tipping fees companion to decision-makers Owners of the facilities to utilize RDF. Investment capability Willing to reduce the energy cost Owners of the Know-how. Experienced in this field. Investment capability

29 Suggested solutions for improving the waste management Lack experience of sustainable waste management especially with the treatment. Most municipalities need decentralized waste management centers, for example, small composting plants for Mg/a, recycling centers for collection of electronic waste, bulky waste and hazardous waste, simple sorting plants ( Mg/d), etc. Large cities require industrial-scale pilot projects (ca. 200 Mg/d) MBT/ Incineration in cooperation with international specialized companies,

30 Solutions for small and medium size municipalities Establishment of waste management centers in small steps 1. Storage Area for hazardous waste and cooperation with international disposal companies 2. Press and storage of recycling material (Plastic, metal, paper) 3. Composting for clean organic material (Start with about 5 Ton/day and increase) High quality compost 4. Strat with simple sorting plant 5. Composting of organic from mixed waste (low quality compost) 6. RDF from residual plastics for the cement industry Needed investment is small Needed investment is more Target is to win local know-how with low investment

31 Simple waste treatment center with sorting plant for small cities Operation with know-how is needed Ca. 20 % RDF for the cement industry Ca % Recycling material Ca. 40 % Separated organic from mixed waste N3 Ca. 20 % Landfill Low quality from mixed waste High quality from clean organic

32 Folie 31 N3 Nassour;

33 Disposal possibilities of mixed waste in the emerging countries Are implementable regulation and feasible finance systems available? No Separate of quality recycling material (1-3 %) Sanitary landfill / Dumpsite Short term is the cheapest solution / long term, possibly the most expensive solution Yes Sanitary landfill if suitable area available Design and Operation concept is important Incineration (if financing available) (Cost per Mg) and (caloric value > 7000 kj/kg) Use of waste heat is important for finance concept Ca. 20 % must be landfilled MBT/MBS (is only pretreatment) (Cost per Mg) Use of high caloric fraction RDF in cement industry is important for finance concept Ca. 20 % must be landfilled

34 Finance for MBT treatment 100% waste input Biological drying Option 1 50,000Mg/a Option 2 100,0000Mg/a 2-4% Metal 30-40% Water and mass loss 20-25% RDF 10-15% Water and mass loss Stabilization 35-40% dried material To landfill 13-15% Compost-like output Option 3 Stabilized material 100,0000Mg/a Option 4 Compost like output 100,0000Mg/a 13-15% Stabilized material to landfill

35 MBT (Biological drying and stabilization process Compost-like output

36 Finance analysis for MBT Option Parameter: Capital costa MioEUR Net equity % Useful economic life years Interest (inflation adjusted) % p.a. Costs: Capital investment 859,517 1,289,275 1,504,154 1,504,154 EUR/a Effective personnel costs 206, , , ,000 EUR/a Maintenance 800,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 EUR/a Removal of residues 197, , ,400 39,375 EUR/a Electricity consumption 174, , , ,800 EUR/a Earnings: Gate fees 10,20,30,40 EUR/Mg RDF sale 15,20,25,30 EUR/Mg Sale of recyclables 50 EUR/Mg Sale of compost like output 10 EUR/Mg

37 Selecting gate fees and RDF sale price 50,000 t/a Drying and RDF production 100,000 t/a Drying and RDF production 100,000 t/a stabilized material to landfill 100,000 t/a sell of compost like output

38 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EUROPE : COMPANIES, STRUCTURE AND EMPLOYEMENT By David Hall and Tue Anh (Jenny) Nguyen August 2012 Employment in different segments of waste services (France, 2009)

39 Conclusions and recommendations Lack of implementable regulations and local Know-how Trend for management of hazardous waste in cooperation with international companies from EU 90 % of available finance spends for logistic and 10 % for treatment/landfill Numerous targets regarding the waste management in the emerging can be achieved through targeted knowledge transfer.

40 Conclusion and recommendation Waste management is a system Legal, finance, technique, control, social, economy, etc. Producer responsibility (Industry) and waste fees (Households) to cover the costs and sustainability Waste separation needs adapted system, time, qualified personal, public relation Several waste types collection systems are needed Recycling and treatment facilities are to be built for available separated materials It can be start with simple collection systems Wet and Dry or door to door Waste management can cerate qualified jobs and solve a lot of social problems. 9/20/

41 For more information please contact: University Rostock Department Waste management and material flow PD Dr.-Ing.habil. Abdallah Nassour Justus von Liebig Weg 6, Rostock Tel.:+49 (381) Mob.: +49 (0) /20/ UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 40

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