Household food waste: a conceptual framework Tom Quested
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1 Household food waste: a conceptual framework Tom Quested 16 th April 2015
2 Introduction This presentation builds on talk in previous seminar by Andrew Parry Discusses complexity associated with generation of food waste in the home Explores ways of conceptualising household food waste and how these conceptualisations link to other foodrelated topics
3 The Challenge To get from individual instances of food waste (see example on the next page) to a more general understanding of the types of food wasted, the reasons for this waste and how to help people to generate less waste without losing important details
4 A Quantum of Food Waste The story of the gherkins, what a tale. They were purchased as an ingredient for a fish pie, but that was sort of the smallest jar we could find, but we didn t need all of the gherkins in the jar. [ ] They were in the fridge for quite a while and on the jar I think, I would say about two months after opening and using half of them, and then I just sort of like looked at the jar, noticed they were in there, looked at the jar and it said you know please consume within two weeks or something of opening the jar. So I thought I would chuck them out. Source: interview from research: Consumer insight: date labels and storage guidance, WRAP (2011)
5 A Quantum of Food Waste (2) Previous example gives the story of one item of food that was thrown away Illustrates that factors contributing to its being thrown away include: Those relating to it s sale (i.e. size of jars of gherkins available) Those in the household (opportunities to use the remaining gherkins before they went off) How do we say something general about the billions of items thrown away by UK households each year?
6 Reasons for avoidable food waste The reasons are all quite different, with very different solutions to tackle each: Not used in time covers items that have passed their date label or otherwise gone off Cooked, prepared or served too much are essentially leftovers Personal preference is dominated by people rejecting food (fussy eating) Accidents includes food dropped on the floor and burnt food Source: Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK 2012, WRAP (2013)
7 Multitude of influencing factors The following slide presents a small proportion of the factors that could influence food being waste in the home Not all of these are equivalent some relate to knowledge, other to skills, some are behaviours or activities in themselves, etc. The directness with which each influences food waste varies greatly and depends on the context within individual homes
8 Cooking confidence Perceived social norms Meanings attached to food Affordability of food and drink Shelf life of products Food labelling Access to kitchen facilities Availability of time for foodrelated activities Portioning food Food management skills Listing making Desire to eat healthily Access to shops Meal planning Pricing structure Food culture Packaging functionality Using up leftovers Rejection of food Amount of avoidable household food waste Types of food and drink entering home Environmental, social & economic impacts of food waste
9 Systems thinking applied Despite this complexity, the following slide shows that by applying techniques such as systems thinking, it is possible to understand how different factors interrelate This can help in developing a shared understanding of how and why food waste is generated in the home and how to help reduce the amount generated It also illustrates just how many factors are in operation relating to one reason for food being thrown away (and why you can t see read the text when placed on a slide!)
10 Applying systems thinking Leftovers can be generated: - Accidentally or intentionally - From cooking / preparation (pan), or after serving (plate) No Generate leftovers Yes Storing leftovers includes the specific behaviours: Portioning of leftovers Labelling of leftovers Rapid chilling Use of appropriate storage devices / wrapping No Store leftovers Yes Food waste generated No food waste generated No Yes Use leftovers Availability of portioning tools Retailers Cooking / preparing the correct amount Use of portioning tools Awareness of portioning tools Fussy eating Knowing the right amount to cook Existence of consistent portioning guidance Late plan changes Eating more Linked to other portioning related issues: e.g. 5-a-day General cooking skills Purchasing appropriate pack size Pre-shop planning Availability of suitable portions / pack sizes Has suitable pack been developed? In particular store? Price promotions Serving correct amount Serving method e.g. buffet Plate size Access to adequate fridge / freezer storage Access to storage devices and containers Retailers Knowledge of how to store Home economics lessons, family, traditions, LFHW, FSA Equipment availability e.g, containers suitable for transport to Identiying opportunity to use leftovers Seeing opportunity to use Combining leftovers into a meal Kitchen skills - safely reusing leftovers Maintaining store cupbaord staples Tendency to eat leftovers Other foods in the house that need using up Alternative / competing foods in the home Attitude to eating leftovers Knowing economic / environmental benefits of reuse Attitude / knowledge and confidence around food safety Labelling, websites: Retailers, FSA, WRAP Home economics lessons, family, traditions Retailer development Retailer strategy Family & traditions, convenience Access to fridge / freezer Fridge / freezer size Free space in fridge / freezer Fridge / freezer at correct T Retailers Inspiration Recipe ideas Pre-shop planning LFHW Home economics lessons, family, traditions, LFHW, FSA Defrosting Socioeconomic factors, dwelling type Pre-shop planning Fridge / freezer rotation Fridge / freezer design Fridge / freezer manufacturers Check temperature of fridge / freezer Home economics lessons, family, traditions, LFHW, FSA Defrosting
11 The Milk Model There are many pieces of research that have helped develop ways of conceptualising food waste in the home Application of social practices theory to this issue has been beneficial This theory was highly influential in the report: Household Food and Drink Waste: A People Focus Simulation of food items journey through the home has also helped explore food waste, as in The Milk Model This investigates how decisions relating to food purchasing, storage and consumption can influence waste
12 The Milk Model Purchases Storage Consumption Waste
13 Inputs to the Milk Model The Milk Model provides a framework that allows a wide range of evidence relating to food waste to be combined and explored This evidence includes what people do in the home (i.e. from social research) and what products are bought and their attributes (e.g. their shelf life, as illustrated by the distribution below)
14 Milk Model results: effect of shelf life The indicative results to the left illustrate the extent to which waste could be reduced by increasing the average shelf life of milk bottles Source: The Milk Model Simulating Food Waste in the Home WRAP (2013)
15 Effect of checking the fridge before shopping The benefit of specific activities can be assessed, such as checking the amount of milk in fridge and reducing the amount of milk bought accordingly (see right) The benefit of an activity is strongly influenced by what else goes on in the household (e.g. how frequently they shop, how much milk is drunk) More results are presented in the report (see link below) Source: The Milk Model Simulating Food Waste in the Home WRAP (2013)
16 Conceptualising food waste The next slides presents a high-level framework that can aid discussion relating to food waste It separates out factors relating to the food supply chain (e.g. the role of packaging, the shelf life of products) and those relating to individuals and households For the latter, there is a clear separation between activities and other factors: essentially for the amount of food waste to be reduced, changes to what people actually do are required however, a wide range of factors have the potential to facilitate such a change in behaviour / practice
17 Influences: Cultural, Governmental, Demographic, Technological, Economic, Industrial Retail Supply Chain Individuals and Households Product Shelf life / formulation Production methods & location Packaging Functionality Labelling Retail Portioning & storage devices Marketing Price promotions Communications campaign Attitudes & Values Knowledge & skills Motivation related to behaviour Habit Awareness of the issue Perceived social norms Facilities & resources Behaviours that influence food waste: planning, buying, storing, preparing, using leftovers Amount of avoidable household food waste Environmental, social & economic impacts of food waste
18 Conceptualising food-related issues The previous slide can be generalised further to look for overlaps between food waste and other food-related issues such as food safety and nutrition (as depicted on the next slide) For any change (e.g. to what people do or what people eat), the impacts on different areas can be assessed For instance, if people store food in the home optimally, this can extend its shelf life, potentially leading to less food waste and lower instances of food-borne disease Where potential overlaps are found, empirical research can be undertaken to assess the extent of these overlaps in reality and how useful the overlap is to joining up initiatives to bring about positive change
19 Influences: Cultural, Social, Psychological, Governmental, Demographic, Technological, Economic, Industrial Food Supply Chain Packaging, labelling, sourcing, formulation, pricing, etc. Food related decisions and activities What people eat and waste Food-waste impacts Nutritionrelated impacts Food-safety impacts Other foodrelated impacts
20 Conclusions Although food waste in the home is a complex issue, lots of research exists to understand it This includes social and economic research and systemsbased analysis Ways of conceptualising food waste in the home have been developed and further refinement (e.g. within this seminar series) could help identify overlaps with other foodrelated topics Further WRAP research on household food waste can be found at:
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