APPROVAL FOR HAZARDOUS (BIOMEDICAL) WASTE INCINERATION PLANT FOR HOSPITALS

Transcription

1 International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Technology (IJIET) ISSN Vol. 3, Issue 1, Mar 2013, TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. APPROVAL FOR HAZARDOUS (BIOMEDICAL) WASTE INCINERATION PLANT FOR HOSPITALS S. S. WAHID Mechanical Power Engineering Energy Department, Faculty of Engineering, El-Minia University, Minya, Egypt ABSTRACT This present research investigates the required procedures for getting the environmental approval for the hazardous (biomedical) waste incineration plant for hospitals (with a capacity of 100kg/h). So, the purpose of this paper is to provide a confirmation and ensure that hazardous waste incineration plants that were installed and operated in ten hospitals (Minia Governorate cities, Egypt).The design of these incineration plants are inline twin combustion chamber, fixed hearth, pyrolytic and controlled air (starved-air) incinerators, which are the most accepted safe, suitable and proper disposal method for hazard (biomedical) wastes. The "Environmental impact assessment" for one of these ten hazardous (biomedical) waste incineration plants was investigated.by the Environmental Monitoring Department, General Administration of Infection Affair, Minia Directorate of Health & Population, Ministry of Health & Population. Another, one of these hazardous (biomedical) waste incineration plants was subjected to "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission" by the committees responsible for "Hazardous Waste Administration, in Egypt". These two investigations were proved that the level of all measured parameters of these hazardous (biomedical) waste incineration plants were less than the standard levels issued from (EEAA)", according to "Law No.4/1994 & Executed Regulations No. 338/1995". According to the results of these investigations, the "Egyptian Hazardous Waste Administration" committees have been agreed and approved the technology that is used in the design of these incineration plant, so, our hazardous (biomedical) waste incinerator plant is well designed and complied with the Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency's (EEAA) standards and guidelines. KEYWORDS: Incineration Plant, Environmental Impact Assessment, Gaseous Emissions INTRODUCTION Scientific researches, ministry of health, industries, and municipal authorities have always struggled with the mechanisms of waste disposal and reduction, and the methods previously used for waste disposal are getting limited. Due to the rapid urbanization and industrial development, waste management concerns are becoming critical. Landfill sites are shrinking and hazardous wastes cannot be dumped in landfills without treating them. Therefore, incineration is the most attractive option as compared to other disposal methods [2]. Incineration is the process by which combustible materials are burned, producing gases, and non-combustible residues, and ash. The perfect design and advanced technology used in our incinerators, and air pollution control devices has advanced results in drastic complete incineration of highly infectious hazard (biomedical) wastes, which needs to be carefully disposed. Incineration process for hazardous waste provides the advantage of greatly reducing the mass and volume of the wastes. This reduction substantially reduces transportation and disposal coasts. Another major objective of incineration process is the destruction of infectious organisms (pathogens) that exist in wastes due to their exposure to the high temperature in incinerator. Waste reduction and destruction is immediate, the ash that is left behind, is sterile and can

2 82 S. S. Wahid be safely disposed off in a normal landfill, this eliminates the need of having any special kind of landfill. Also, hazardous waste can be incinerated on site without having the need of transporting it to some other place. Emissions after incinerating (burning) process is effectively controlled by installing wet scrubber air pollution control system, incinerators require relatively small area for installation unlike land disposal methods, which require huge area, and the running cost can be reduced by recovering the heat in the form of generating electricity, hot water, steam etc. The procedure of incineration process involves feeding the waste through the charging door in the primary combustion chamber (PCC), where the primary auxiliary oil-burner heats and ignites it and completely degasifies it under starved air conditions. The gases and volatiles that are formed then proceed to the secondary combustion chamber (SCC), where these are completely oxidized by the secondary auxiliary oil-burner at very high temperature with additional excess combustion air (Oxygen). The flue gases emitted from the SCC rapidly cools down in wet-scrubber air pollution control system, before they are released into the environment. This rapid cooling prevents the reformation of dioxins and furans. Secondary combustion chamber (SCC) operating at a minimum temperature of 1000 C, to provide at least 2 seconds residence time under oxygen rich conditions (additional secondary combustion air). This high temperature is required to provide complete destruction of harmful pathogens Hazardous waste incinerator for hospital may be emitting a number of pollutants depending on the waste being incinerated. These pollutants include: particulate matter, acid gases, toxic metals, toxic organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and pathogens and viruses. Hazardous (biomedical) waste generated from hospitals, comprised of high percentage of plastics. Plastic in the medical waste stream has proven to be non-recyclable and a major source of dioxin, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxides, nitrogen oxides and heavy metals (all internationally regulated air emissions) when incinerated. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides are considered by many as one of the major contributors to global warming and ozone depletion. In addition, dioxins and heavy metals released from the incineration of medical waste are known to have serious health effects [3]. It is important to discuss briefly what is called "dioxin". "Dioxins" refers to a group of chlorinated organic chemicals with similar chemical structures. The term "dioxin" is often used to denote a family of compounds known chemically as polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) [4,5]. Dioxin is formed by burning chlorine-based chemical compounds with hydrocarbons. The major source of dioxin in the environment comes from waste-burning incinerators of various sorts. [6]. Combustion studies indicate that both dioxin and furan compounds are destroyed when the gas temperatures exceeds approximately 760 C. Dioxin and furan compound formation usually increases over the gas temperature range of 204 to 538 C. The formation mechanisms decrease to negligible rates when the gas stream temperature decreases below 204 C. As shown in our incineration plant, the temperatures of both combustion chambers are more than 760 C, so, both dioxin and furan compounds are completely destroyed. On the other hand, so-called "fast-quenching" for exhaust gases in "wetscrubber air pollution control system", cool the gases quickly and prevent the reformation of both dioxin and furan compounds [7,8]. Complete destruction of dioxins and furans during combustion, is achieved through the "3Ts Rule": High combustion Temperature, adequate combustion Time (usually 2 seconds), and high combustion mixing Turbulence to distribute heat evenly and ensure complete waste destruction [9]. There are some precautions must be taken in consideration in ash disposal, ash resulting from the incineration of hazardous (biomedical) waste may contain significant quantities of sharps, needles and glass. Therefore, care should be

3 Approval for Hazardous (Biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals 83 exercised in the removal and disposal of incinerator ash. The incinerator ash should be wetted prior to handling to minimize the potential for generating airborne dust. All personnel handling the ash should wear or use dust masks, gloves, and protective clothing as a safety precaution. The incinerator ash should be stored in enclosed containers and transported to an approved landfill site for disposal. The ash that is left behind incineration process is sterile and can be disposed of safely in a normal landfill. The hazardous (biomedical) wastes produced from the hospitals are used as the working medium for incinerators. The average quantities and physicochemical properties of the hazardous (biomedical) waste are the basis on which the design of incinerator is built, so, general hospitals of Minia Governorate cities, Egypt were taken as a case a previous study ( first paper) [1] of these series. The design criteria for optimal and efficient hazardous (biomedical) waste incineration plant for hospitals were produced as a second study [2]. An optimal design of hazardous waste incineration plants for hospitals, with a capacity of 100kg/h was also introduced as the third research of these series [3]. These incineration plants were built as a prototype in ten hospitals of Minia Governorate cities, Egypt." TEST RIG (INCINERATION PLANT) As mentioned in [1] the incineration plant is composed from the incineration furnaces or combustion chambers, the wet scrubber air pollution control system (exhaust treatment unit), and the electrical control panel. The capacity of these incineration plants is 100kg/h, as shown Figure 1. The incineration furnaces is of double combustion chambers, which is fabricated from mild-steel, with refractory lined chambers, and insulated from inside. The first combustion chamber is the primary combustion chamber (PCC), which is known as incinerating combustion chambers, the second combustion chamber is the secondary combustion chamber (SCC), also known as thermal oxidation chamber. The primary combustion chamber is equipped with charging door, ash removal door, and automatic oil-burner operated by temperature indicating controller (thermostat) which is set at 800±50 C, connected to the electric control panel. Waste is to be fed manually inside the primary combustion chamber through the charging door. Also, the ash is removed manually through ash removal door. The secondary combustion chamber (thermal oxidation chamber) is equipped with automatic oil-burner operated by temperature indicating controller (thermostat), which is set at 1150±50 C connected to the electric control panel. Minimum 2 second residence time is provided for flue gases in this chamber (according to law 94/1994). Additional combustion air from air blower is provided through a number of internal ports fitted in the side walls of the primary and secondary combustion chambers. This additional combustion air is used to ensure the completeness of incineration and pyrolysis processes in primary combustion chamber, and the completeness of oxidation of pyrolytic off-gases in secondary combustion chamber. The primary oil-burner is used to ignite the wastes and generate heat, so volatilisation of waste is achieved in primary combustion chamber through supply of air through various ports on all sides of the primary combustion chambers. Therefore, in the incineration process, the waste is thermally decomposed in the primary combustion chamber at a temperature of 800±50 C. The pyrolytic off-gases products (volatile mater) are completely oxidised in the secondary combustion chamber due to "3Ts Rule": sufficient residence time (2seconds), high temperature (1150±50 C.) high mixing turbulence with excess air (oxygen).

4 84 S. S. Wahid Figure 1: Block Diagram for Incineration Plant The wet-scrubber air pollution control system is associated with this incineration plant. This wet scrubber exhaust treatment unit, consists of a sequential separated unites to ensure the removal of environmental pollutants. It comprises; caustic soda solution tank, venturi wet-scrubber, caustic soda tray tower-scrubber, two liquid separation chambers, tall chimney (stack), and blower (ID fan). This unite is used to clean the contaminated gases emitted from both incinerating combustion chambers (furnaces). The incineration plant has a large chimney, which is enough to prevent the restriction of the flow of flue gases, and ensure natural draught. Also, according to the rules of the "Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, Arab Republic of Egypt" The height of the chimney is taller with 3.5meter than any buildings in a circle of 50 meter diameter around the chimney. EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND APPROVAL PROCEDURES To get the environmental approval of this efficient design of our hazardous (biomedical) waste incineration plants for hospitals, two investigations were done individually for two of our incineration plants. One of these investigations was "Environmental Impact Assessment" and the other was "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission". These investigations were done according to "Law No.4/1994 & Executed Regulations No. 338/1995". "Environmental Impact Assessment" Investigation The "Environmental Impact Assessment", was done for one of the hazard waste incineration plants (capacity 100kg/h), which was built in "Hospital of chest of Minia city, Egypt. This "Environmental Impact Assessment" was done by the committee of "Environmental Monitoring Department, General Administration of Infection Affair, Minia Directorate of Health & Population, Ministry of Health & Population". The "Environmental Impact Assessment" was interested in the effect of the operation of the incineration plant on surrounding environment, included noise intensity, ambient temperature, light intensity, smoke test, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and sulphur dioxide.

5 Approval for Hazardous (Biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals 85 The specifications, design details, manufacturing, installation and operation of this incineration plant had been reviewed, inspected, and checked by the members of this committee of the "Environmental Impact Assessment". They investigated the components of incineration plant, before and during the incineration process, and during its cooling period. They weighed a quantity of the hazardous wastes according to the incinerator capacity (100kg/h). They charged the primary combustion chamber of incinerator by the quantity of wastes according to its capacity. Then, they started the operation of incineration plant, and began to measure and record the variation of temperatures of both combustion chambers, and the parameters of "Environmental Impact Assessment", as shown in Table 1. "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission" Investigations The "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission" emitted from the chimney during the operation of one of the hazardous waste incineration plant (capacity 100kg/h), which was built in "Minia general hospital, Egypt". This investigation was done by the Egyptian committees of "Hazard & Material Waste", who are responsible for environmental protection in Egypt. These committees are: Committee of the "Hazard material & Wastes", "Central Administration of Environmental Affair", "Ministry of Health & Population", Imbaba, Cairo, Egypt." Committee of the "Administration of Hazard wastes", "Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA)", "Ministry of State of Environment", Al-Maady, Cairo, Egypt". Committee of the "Reference Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt", in cooperation with the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), which have been installed by Danish Project for Environmental Monitoring. (This is the approved Lab. for Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA)). Also, the specifications, design details, manufacturing, installation and operation of this incineration plant technology had been reviewed, inspected, and checked by the members of these three committees. These three committees came to "Minia general hospital, Egypt", in which incineration plant was built. They weighed a quantity of the hazardous wastes according to the incinerator capacity (100kg/h). They charged the primary combustion chamber of the incinerator by this quantity of wastes. Then, they started the operation of incineration plant, and began to measure and record the variation of temperatures of both combustion chambers, and the species concentration (from port at the chimney) during its incineration process. Also, they weighed the quantity of the residual ash after cooling period. They investigated the components of incineration plant, before and during the incineration process, and during its cooling period, as shown in Table (2 &3). Measuring Technique of "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission" The "Evaluation of the emissions" from the operation of our incineration plant was done by the "Reference Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt". The Lab., used a measuring plane depends on examination and analysis of the gaseous combustion products (emission) rising from the chimney of the incinerating plant, to determine the content of the rising vapours (species concentration), volatile metals, and the vapour of the organic compounds, also, comparing this measured values with the standard values issued by the "Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA), Ministry of Environment". An automatic sampling device was supported at a port drilled in the latter part of the chimney of the incineration plant, to collect emissions from the chimney, either fly ash, or gaseous emission (neutral or acid gases), or organic compound during the extent of the burning (incinerating) is complete (about one hour), at a time. The calculation of these measurements based on 10% Oxygen.

6 86 S. S. Wahid The variation of the temperatures of both primary and secondary combustion chambers, the temperature of the emission (exhaust gases) from the chimney, and the temperature of the outer surface of incinerator body were measured and recorded, to illustrate the effect of the fluctuation of these temperatures on gaseous emission. Gases of hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen florid, in gaseous emissions emitted from the chimney, were collected in the alkaline solution, and the detection and quantitative evaluation of them, were measured using "Ion-selective electrodes" device. The detection and quantitative evaluation of the concentration of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides in emission were measured using "Electrochemical Cells". Also, the metallic elements in the gaseous emissions collected in a known volume of nitric acid (5%), as well as collecting solid particles suspended on filters, and melting sediment in nitric acid, and processed it, and measured their content of metallic elements by "Atomic Absorption Spectrometry" device. Measurements were taken twice and averaged the results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS "Environmental Impact Assessment" The measured values of "Environmental impact assessment" for one of our hazardous wastes incineration plant for hospitals (with a capacity of 100kg/h), built in "Hospital of chest, of Minia city, Egypt", are shown in Table 1 (Environmental Measurements, File No. 72/4). Table 1-A illustrates the measured and standard values of the operating parameters of the incinerator and Table 1- B illustrates the parameters affecting on the surrounding environment. The operating parameters included the temperatures of both primary and secondary combustion chambers, while the measured values of the parameters affecting on the surrounding environment by the operation of the incinerating plant, included noise intensity, ambient temperature, light intensity, smoke test, particulate, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and sulphur dioxide. Table 1-A, showed that the level of the temperatures of both primary and secondary combustion chambers were (800 C & 1150 C respectively), and the temperature of the outer surface body of incinerator was 40 C, which were within the design and standard levels. Also, Table 1-B shows that the levels of all measured parameters affecting on the surrounding environment were less than the standard levels issued by (EEAA). So, our incineration plant have been achieved a levels less than that required for standards and guidelines for "Environmental Impact Assessment" issued from "Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA)" according to "Law No.4/1994 & Executed Regulations No. 338/1995". Table 1: Environment Impact Assessment for Hazardous (Biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals, Installed In "Hospital of Chest of Minia City, Egypt".[10] Measured by : Environmental Monitoring, Directorate of Health & Population, General Administration of Infection Affair, Ministry of Health & Population, Environmental Measurements : (File No. 72/4 ) According to Law No.4/1994 & Executed Regulations No. 338/1995 Table 1 A: Operating Parameters [10] Item Value Hazardous wastes incinerator, capacity 100kg/h, Standard temp. range of primary combustion chamber 800±50 C Temperature of primary combustion chamber 800 C, Standard temperature range of secondary combustion chamber 1150±50 C Temperature of secondary combustion chamber 1150 C, Standard temperature range of outer surface of incinerator body < Room temp C Temperature of the outer surface body of the incinerator 40 C, Air pollution control system (APCS) used caustic soda solution.

7 Approval for Hazardous (Biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals 87 No Table 1-B :Parameters Affecting on the Surrounding Environment [10] Type of Measurements Site of Allowable Measurements Measurements Limits Noise Intensity Inside 82dB 90dB Outside 43dB 45dB Ambient Temperature Incinerator area 25 C 28 C (APCS) area 20 C 28 C Light Intensity Incinerator area 389 Lux 300 Lux Outside 375 Lux 300 Lux Smoke Test Inside 3.2 mg/m mg/m 3 Outside 132 µg/ m µg/ m 3 Particulate Matter Inside 3.9 mg/m 3 10 mg/m 3 Outside mg/ m mg/ m 3 Species concentration i- Carbon Monoxide Inside 43 ppm 50 ppm. Outside 27 ppm. 30 ppm. ii- Carbon Dioxide Inside 4303 ppm ppm. iii- Sulphur Dioxide Inside 1.7 pppm 2 ppm. Outside 315 µg/ m µg/ m 3 "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission": The measured values of "Operating Parameters" and the "Evaluation of gaseous emissions" from the operation of hazardous wastes incineration plant for hospitals (with a capacity of 100kg/h), built in "Minia general hospital, Egypt" are shown in Table 2& 3. Operating parameters: Table 2, shows that, the measured values of the temperature of primary combustion chamber varies between ºC, and the measured values of the temperature of secondary combustion chamber varies between ºC. So it is met the designed level (800±50 C and 1150±50 C) respectively, as shown in Figure 2. The average measured value of the temperature of gaseous emission from the chimney is about 110ºC, and the average measured value of the temperature of the outer surfaces of the incinerator, ranging from 40-45ºC, while the ambient temperature is 30ºC, were also illustrated in Table 2 too. So, this temperature measuring values, ensure that the incinerating plant is operated in proper condition and identical to the design and standard levels according to standard rules of the (EEAA). Also, Table 2 showed that, the quantity of the hazardous waste which was charged inside the primary combustion chamber of the incinerator was about 100kg, and the quantity of the residual ashes was about 4kg. The destruction efficiency of this incinerator was about 95.5%. Table 2: Operating Parameters of Hazardous (Biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals, Built in "Minia General Hospital, Egypt" [11] Measured by :- Reference Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Item Value Incinerator capacity. 100 kg/h Standard temp. range of primary combustion chamber 800±50 C Temperature of primary combustion chamber. 810 C Standard temp. range of secondary combustion chamber = 1150±50 C Temperature of secondary combustion chamber C Standard temp. range of outer surface of incinerator body < Room Temp C Temperature of outer surface of incinerator body 45 C

8 88 S. S. Wahid Temperature of exhaust from chimney Room temperature Charge weight. Ash weight. Ash percentage. Destruction efficiency 110 C 30 C 110 kg 4.5 kg 4.5% 95.5% Gaseous Emissions Table 3 illustrated the gaseous emissions for a lot of gases that affected on the environmental pollution. The average concentration values of solid emissions (carbonic fly ash) in gaseous emissions, rising from the chimney of the incineration plant during the incineration (burning) of wastes, were less than the standard values of the (EEAA). It was noting that the concentration of fly ash within first half an hour of burning is higher than in the second half time, this due to the beginning of burning (incineration) process of wastes. The average values of concentrations of hydrochloric acid (gas), hydrofluoric acid (gas), sulphuric dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and organic compounds in gaseous emissions rising from the chimney of the incinerating plant, were less than the standard values of the (EEAA). The concentrations of phosphorus oxides gas did not evidenced by the presence of phosphorus oxides in gaseous emissions rising from the chimney during the burning. Also, the average values of concentrations of metallic elements levels including lead, cadmium & its components, thallium & its components, mercury & its components, Zurich & its components, lead & its components, chrome & its components, cobalt & its components, cupper & its components, manganese & its components, nickel & its components, vanadium & its components, tin & its components, and metals & its components, in gaseous emissions rising from the chimney of the incinerating plant, were less than the standard values of the (EEAA). Figure 2: The Higher, Lower, and Average Measured Values of Temperature of Primary and Secondary Combustion Chamber of Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant of "Minia General Hospital, Egypt" Figure 2 showed the comparison between the standard values and the average measured values of the concentration of carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from the hazardous waste incineration plant of hospital, which was confirmed that the measured values were less than standard values of (EEAA). It is worth noting that the average values of concentrations of carcinogenic Dioxin & Furan, in gaseous emissions were less than the

9 Approval for Hazardous (Biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals 89 standard values of the (EEAA), this ensure the proper design and operation of our incineration plant.this achievement is due to the "3Ts Rule" in both combustion chambers of incinerator: High combustion Temperature, adequate combustion Time (usually 2 seconds), and high combustion mixing Turbulence to distribute heat evenly and ensure complete destruction. Table 3: Evaluation of the Emissions from the Operation of Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals, Built in "Minia General Hospital, Egypt" [11] Measured by :- Reference Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt No Constituents Standard * Measured (mg/m 3 ) 1 Particulate Organic Carbon Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrochloric gas) Hydrofluoric Acid (Hydrofluoric gas) Sulphuric Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides Carbon Monoxide Cadmium & its Components Thallium & its Components Mercury & its Components Zurich & its Components Lead & its Components Chrome & its Components Cobalt & its Components Cupper & its Components Manganese & its Components Nickel & its Components Vanadium & its Components Tin & its Components Metals & its Components Dioxin & Furan (Nanogm/m 3 ) The calculation based on 10% Oxygen * Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, "Law No.4/1994 & Executed Regulations No. 338/1995". Moreover, the so-called "fast-quenching" for exhaust gases in "wet-scrubber air pollution control system", cool the gases quickly and prevent the reformation of both dioxin and furan compounds Therefore, our incineration plant have been achieved a levels less than that required for standards and guidelines for the "Evaluation of gaseous emissions" issued from "Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA)" according to "Law No.4/1994 & Executed Regulations No. 338/1995". Hence, after these proper results of these evaluations for our hazardous waste incineration plants for hospitals, the Egyptian committees for "Hazard material & Wastes", were confirmed that our incineration plant is well designed and comply with the standard and guidelines rules of "Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA)". So, it is worth to state that, the Egyptian committees for "Hazard material & Wastes" has been approved on the technology that is used in the design of our incineration plant.

10 90 S. S. Wahid Figure 3: Comparison between Standard and Average Measured Values of the Concentration of Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides Emission from the Hazardous Waste Incineration Plant of Minia General Hospital, Egypt CONCLUSIONS The levels of the measured values for all parameters of both "Environmental Impact Assessment" and "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission" were achieved a levels less than that required for standards and guidelines issued from "Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA)" according to "Law No.4/1994 & Executed Regulations No. 338/1995". Also, the results of the two investigations of "Environmental Impact Assessment" and "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission" have been confirmed that these hazardous waste incineration plants for hospitals were well designed and complied with the standard and guidelines rules of "Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA)". Therefore, it is important to mention that the two responsible Committees for the "Hazardous Material & Wastes", at Ministry of Health & Population, and Egyptian Environmental Affair Agency (EEAA), at Ministry of State of Environment, had given the agreement and approval for the technology used in the design of our incineration plant. REFERNCES 1. S. S. Wahid, "An Optimal Design of Hazardous (biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals", Minia Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 32, N0. 1, January Nika Engineers Pvt. Ltd., Report, 2010, India 3. Honua industrial Technology " Advanced biowaste solution" Report, 2003, USA 4. Sri Harjnto, Eiki Kasai, and Takashi Nakamura" Remediation Technologies of Ash and Soil Contaminated by Dioxins and Relating Hazardous Compounds " ISIJ International, Vol. 40 (2000), No. 3, pp Dioxin-Green Facts, 2004, International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization (WHO), 1998: "Executive Summary of the Assessment of the health risk of dioxins". 6. Dioxin Homepage, National Academy of Sciences, EPA's "study of dioxin health effects" Report (7/11/2006).

11 Approval for Hazardous (Biomedical) Waste Incineration Plant for Hospitals Basic Concepts in Environmental Sciences, APTI (Air Pollution Training Institute), USEPA (United State Environmental Protection Agency), EPA (Environmental Protection Agency),Module 6 "Air Pollutants and Control Techniques, dioxin and furan" 8. William F. Carroll, Jr., Ph.D. "Incinerator Design and Operation: The Robust Approach to PCDD/F Minimization " April 2003, Dioxin Facts Org 9. Dioxin Facts Org, American Chemistry Council, "Dioxin and Waste Combustion, It's Not What You Burn- It's the Way You Burn It", August 2003,, 10. Report of the "Environmental Monitoring Department, General Administration of Infection Affair, Minia Directorate of Health & Population, Ministry of Health & Population", "Environmental Impact Assessment", File No. 72/4). 11. Reports of the "Reference Laboratory of Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt", "Evaluation of Gaseous Emission".

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