Unconventional Gas and Water Resources in Australia. Dr Stuart Minchin Chief, Environmental Geoscience Division Geoscience Australia

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1 Unconventional Gas and Water Resources in Australia Dr Stuart Minchin Chief, Environmental Geoscience Division Geoscience Australia

2 What is unconventional gas? Dominantly methane (CH 4 ); same as conventional gas Defined by the extent of host rock (e.g. shale beds, coal seams - continuous ) Source:

3 Differences between conventional and unconventional gas Geological setting Style of entrapment CONVENTIONAL GAS Well defined structures within permeable sandstone overlain by a low permeability seal Structural or stratigraphic traps COAL SEAM GAS SHALE GAS TIGHT GAS Coal seams within relatively low permeability shales Adsorption on coal surface or in fractures Within pores/fractures in low permeability shales Adsorption on shale surface or in fractures Within pores/fractures in very low permeability rocks Trapped in pore spaces Production Driven by natural reservoir pressure Dewatering and/or fracturing required Fracturing required Fracturing or acidisation required Potential water impacts Negligible (water not displaced through production) Potentially major in some areas due to hydraulic effects of displacing water in coal seams and contamination by fraccing chemicals. Likely to be minor apart from where there are more permeable rocks or structures present or if fracturing impacts on aquifers (hydraulically or chemically) Likely to be negligible due to the low proportion of water present, except if fracturing impacts on aquifers(hydraulically or chemically) Modified after

4 Unconventional gas potential in Australia Unconventional gas resources potentially very large generally associated with proven coal or conventional hydrocarbon basins Current potential resource estimates: CSG: >250 tcf (275,000 PJ), production underway Shale gas: >600 tcf (660,000 PJ), no production at Nov 2011 Tight gas: >20 tcf (22,000 PJ), no production at Nov 2011 CSG and tight gas resources development is already underway Shale gas exploration growing - first targeted well drilled in Cooper Basin Current exploration focused on basins with existing production infrastructure Exploration interest likely to continue with increasing domestic and Asia- Pacific energy demand

5 Coal seam gas (CSG) Natural gas (mostly CH 4 ) generated and trapped within fractures and micropores in coal seams Occurs at relatively shallow depths (generally m) Production relies on the release of water pressure within the coal seams, and fraccing where needed to increase the connectivity of naturally occurring fractures and micropores within coal Extent of fracturing is variable and depends on the coal characteristics Source: Univ. of Pittsburgh (2011) ClasticSedRocks/Coal1.html

6 Coal seam gas resources Large-scale CSG production commenced in late 1990s Gas currently used for industrial and domestic purposes including power generation CSG exploration and production mature in Queensland - productive basins (Surat, Bowen) under development Advanced exploration and appraisal in NSW (Sydney, Gunnedah, Clarence-Moreton, Gloucester basins) Rapid growth in reserves and production since 2007 CSG production represented 10% of Australian gas production in 2010 and growing rapidly due to domestic and export demand 1 Queensland DEEDI (2011) 2 Queensland DEEDI (2011) 3 AGL Energy Ltd (2011) Eastern Star Gas (2011) Metgasco (2011) 4 Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (2011)

7 Coal Seam Gas production

8 Water issues associated with coal seam gas Regional cumulative impacts on aquifer pressures are not well understood but are potentially significant Contamination from hydraulic fracturing Induced aquifer connection from hydraulic fracturing/borehole construction Disposal of extracted water (treatment, reinjection vs irrigation) Water and land use conflicts (agriculture, mining) CSG wells in the Surat Basin Source: Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2011)

9 Shale gas Natural gas trapped in fine-grained organic-rich rocks such as shales Unlike conventional and tight gas, shale gas accumulations occur within very low porosity source rocks, often containing over 50% silica (silt/sand) Shale gas occurs at a range of depths, however thermogenic shale gas occurs at greater depths ( m) Shale gas formations usually contain negligible amounts of water

10 Shale gas resources Australia has large shale gas potential but exploration in infancy Current exploration mainly in western and central Australian basins (Canning, Bonaparte, Perth, Amadeus, Officer, Beetaloo, Georgina, Cooper, Galilee) In 2011 Beach Energy announced first successful shale gas production test in Cooper Basin Current international exploration interest in Australia likely to result in a shale gas boom and much needed importation of specialised exploration equipment

11 Shale gas production Production initiated by hydraulic fracturing Numerous wells, horizontal drilling and/or multistage fraccing required to maximise drainage area US experience indicates production highly variable Shale gas production generally results in very little water production Source: National Energy Board (Canada),

12 Water issues associated with shale gas Water impacts likely to be relatively minor Where inadvertent connectivity with shallow aquifers arises from errors in well completion, the issues are potentially similar to those associated with CSG: Impacts on aquifer pressures Contamination from hydraulic fracturing Induced aquifer connection

13 Tight gas Natural gas trapped in very low permeability and porosity reservoir sandstones or limestones Tight reservoirs due to compaction, cementation or recrystallisation Otherwise similar to conventional gas in terms of generation and composition May/may not occur in structural traps Source: Ingrain (2011)

14 Tight gas resources Australia has substantial estimated tight gas resources in place but no current certified reserves Largest known resources are in Perth, Cooper and Gippsland basins Reservoir depths are likely to be between m Proximity to infrastructure is encouraging exploration and production interest Technological advances are making tight gas/oil more economic

15 Tight gas production Low permeability hinders gas flow Production technologically intensive - horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing (fraccing), acidisation Greater number of wells required than in a conventional field due to low permeability No production yet

16 Water issues associated with tight gas Water impacts are likely to be negligible Where inadvertent connectivity with shallow aquifers results from errors in well completion, the issues are potentially similar to those associated with CSG: Impacts on aquifer pressures Contamination from hydraulic fracturing Induced aquifer connection

17 Critical research questions What is the fundamental nature of the groundwater systems potentially impacted by unconventional gas developments? What is the biophysical impact of water extracted for ucnonventional gas development? What are the potential impacts -biophysical and socioeconomic from hydrogeological/hydrological changes on other industries/sectors? What is the potential impact on surface (and sub-surface) deformation? What are the potential opportunities/constraints/impacts of reinjection of treated extracted waters? What are the risks of fraccing and drilling? (chemically and hydraulically) Does the data exist to answer these questions, and if so is it organised and available?

18 Conclusions Australia has vast potential for unconventional gas, although the industry is still in its infancy The water impacts of developing unconventional gas reserves vary according to their setting, but may be significant for coal seam gas and some shale gas reserves Further work is needed to understand the likely regional cumulative impacts of developing unconventional gas reserves. This includes developing a baseline understanding of the groundwater resource being impacted and its likely behaviour under development scenarios.

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