Freshwater. 260 Points Total
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1 9 SURFACE WATER SECTION 9.1 Surface Water Movement In your textbook, read about surface water and the way in which it moves sediment. Complete each statement. (13 points) 1. An excessive amount of water flowing downslope along Earth's surface is called. 2. A stream system's, or drainage basin, is all of the land area whose water drains into a stream system. 3. The watershed of the is the largest in North America. 4. When water runs through or over rocks containing soluble minerals, it dissolves small amounts of the minerals and carries them away in. Freshwater Name Date Period In your textbook, read about water on Earth s surface. (17 points) Answer the question or complete the statement. 30 points 5. A stream's consists of sand, pebbles, and cobbles that the stream's water can roll or push along the bed of the stream. 6. is the measure of the volume of stream water that flows over a particular location within a given period of time. In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is not correct, write not correct and use proofreading marks to make it correct. (8 points) 7. Soils that contain grasses or other vegetation allow more water to enter the ground than do soils with no vegetation. 8. Light, gentle precipitation is more likely than heavy rain to end up as runoff. 9. The slope of the land has little influence on water's ability to enter the ground. 10. A stream's slope affects its carrying capacity. 11.Humus creates soil spaces, which increase the soil's ability to hold water. 12.There is a greater potential for erosion and flooding on gradual slopes than on steep slopes. 13. Carrying capacity increases as a stream's slope and discharge increase. 14. The path of a stream can vary considerably, depending on the slope of the land and the 15. The amount of dissolved material that stream water carries is usually expressed in which units? 16. In a stream, how are particles such as silt, clay, and sand carried? 17. Describe how velocity and one other factor determine the carrying capacity of a stream. 18. Describe the formation of potholes on the bottom of a stream. 19. Name three streams or rivers that do not flow toward the ocean. 20. What is necessary for water to enter the ground? 21. Illustrate and label the following parts of the water cycle: precipitation, evaporation, soaking into the ground. Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page Points Total
2 SECTION 9.2 Stream Development In your textbook, read about stream development. Write the word or term to best complete the passage. 30 points The process by which small streams erode their forward paths through rock is called (1). This process involves (2) the stream at the valley head. At this point in their development, streams are relatively (3). These streams flow swiftly over rough terrain and often form (4) and rapids as they flow over steep inclines. Sometimes, a stream erodes its way through the high area separating two drainage basins, joins another stream, and then draws away its water in a process known as (5). The lower portion of the captured stream (6) its water source, while the invading stream (7) a source of water. In your textbook, read about deposition of sediment. In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is not correct, use proofreading marks to make it correct. (8 points) 8. Streams that lose headwaters lose their ability to carry sediment. 9. Alluvial fans are most common in dry, mountainous regions. 10. Streams lose velocity when they join larger streams. 11. Delta deposits usually consist of sand and clay particles. 12.Waterfalls are more common in streams on steep slopes. 13. Alluvial fans are composed mostly of sand and gravel. 14. As a delta develops, the flow of stream water slows. SECTION 9.3 Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands In your textbook, read about lakes and freshwater wetlands. Write the word that best fits the description 1. A depression in the landscape that collects and holds water 2. The successional process that begins with the addition of nutrients and continues with the filling in of a lake 3. A periodically saturated area that develops after a lake fills in with vegetation 4. Low-lying areas often located near streams that develop from filled-in marshes 5. Sphagnum is common here 6. A type of lake formed when meanders get cut off Number the stages in the formation and eutrophication of lakes in the order in which they occur The decayed material falls to the bottom of the lake, filling it. Excessive algae growth occurs. Water slowly dissolves calcium carbonate, forming a cavern in limestone bedrock. 10. Because of algae overpopulation, huge numbers of lake plants and animals perish. 11. Agricultural fertilizers are picked up by runoff and flow into the lake. 12. Groundwater percolates through limestone bedrock. 13. The depression fills in with water from runoff and precipitation to become a lake. 14. The ceiling of a limestone cavern collapses and leaves a depression. Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 2
3 25 points GROUNDWATER SECTION 10.1 Movement and Storage of Groundwater In your textbook, read about the hydrosphere, precipitation and groundwater, and groundwater storage. Use the following terms to complete the statements. (1 point each) freshwater hydrosphere infiltration polar ice caps porosity precipitation water vapor weather systems 1. About 97 percent of the is contained in the oceans. 2. The and glaciers hold between 70 and 80 percent of Earth's freshwater. 3. Only a very small amount of all of Earth's liquid is contained in rivers, streams, and lakes. 4. Water evaporates from seawater and forms invisible and visible clouds. 5. The winds and move the atmospheric water all over Earth. 6., mostly in the form of rain and snow, falls into the oceans and on the land. 7. Precipitation that falls on land enters the ground through the process of and becomes groundwater. 8. Small openings in subsurface Earth materials are pores, and the percentage of pore space in a material is its In your textbook, read about the zone of saturation and groundwater movement. Use the terms below to label the diagram. zone of saturation zone of aeration water table Write the word for each definition. (1 point each) aquifer permeability zone of aeration groundwater water table zone of saturation 12. Depth below Earth s surface at which groundwater completely fills all the pores of a material 13. Permeable layers through which groundwater flows 14. Upper boundary of the zone of saturation 15. Ability of a material to let water pass through it 16. Water found in the zone of saturation 17. Zone below the surface, but above the zone of saturation, where materials are moist Answer the following questions. (2 points each) 18. What is gravitational water? 19. What is capillary water? 20. How does the depth of the water table differ in stream valleys, swampy areas, and hilltops? Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 3
4 25 points In your textbook, read about groundwater deposits. SECTION 10.2 Groundwater Erosion and Deposition In your textbook, read about dissolution by groundwater. 1. Write the chemical equations for each of the following: (2 points each) formation of carbonic acid. formation of ions. hydrogen ions react with calcite. 2. Describe how the process of dissolution can form caves. Use the terms below to label the photograph. (12 Points) stalactite stalagmite dripstone column 9. Identify the structures A, B, and C. B A C 3. What is formed from carbon dioxide and water? 10. Describe how each of the structures are formed. 4. Describe how uplift by tectonic forces may influence the formation of a cave. Complete each statement with the correct word or words. 6. Some caves are, while others contain underground streams and lakes. 7. Most of significant size are formed in limestone by the dissolving activity of groundwater. 8. Limestone regions with sinkholes, sinks, and sinking streams are said to have. 11. What are results of hard water in Utah? Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 4
5 SECTION 10.3 Groundwater Wells In your textbook, read about wells and confined aquifers. Use each of the terms on page 262 to complete the passage. 35 points To obtain water, a(n) (1) must tap into an aquifer. The difference between the original water-table level and the water level in the pumped well is called the (2). In order for the water supply of the wells to be replenished, water from precipitation and run-off must (3) the zone of saturation. A(n) (4) contains water that is under pressure, which may cause the well water to spurt into the air. In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is not correct, use proofreading marks to make it correct. In your textbook, read about threats to our water supply and protecting our water supply. Answer the following questions. 14. What are four common sources of groundwater pollution? (4 points) 15. What are two natural pollutants? (2 points) 16. How can salt get into freshwater supplies? (2 points) 5. To produce water, a well must be drilled deep into aquicludes. 6. It is very difficult to cause drawdown in an aquifer, no matter how many wells are tapped into the aquifer. 7. An important artesian aquifer in the United States is the Ogallala Aquifer. 8. Groundwater recharge is faster during periods of heavy precipitation. 9. Wells which contain pressurized water are called ordinary wells. 10. Confined aquifers cannot become polluted. 11. Water in an aquifer with high porosity and high permeability flows faster than in an aquifer with low porosity and low permeability. 12. Overpumping of groundwater can form a cone of depression around a well. 13. If the water tables drop, shallow wells can go dry. 17. Where does radon originate? (2 points) In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is not correct, use proofreading marks to make it correct. (8 points) 18. Subsidence is caused by flooding caves. 19. Most pollution plumes spread extremely slowly, and time is available for alternate water supplies to be found. 20. Most chemical contaminants can be removed easily from the groundwater and aquifers. 21. If the recharge areas of confined aquifers are polluted, then the aquifer becomes polluted, too. Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 5
6 SURFACE WATER REVIEWING VOCABULARY Write the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. Water that flows downslope along Earth s surface is called. 2. A stream system has a(n), which is the land area whose water drains into the stream system. 3. Any high land area that separates one watershed from another is termed a(n). 4. Material is carried in after it becomes dissolved in a stream s water. 5. All particles small enough to be held up by the turbulence of a stream s moving water are carried in. 6. A stream's consists of all sand, pebbles, and cobbles that the stream's water can roll or push along the bed of the stream. 7. is the volume of stream water that flows over a particular location within a given period of time. 8. Flowing surface water carves a narrow pathway, called a(n), into rock. Write the word that best fits each definition. 9. the ground that borders a stream and holds the water within the confines of the channel 10. a bend or curve in a stream channel rejuvenation lake stream banks flood meander delta wetland 11. a triangular deposit that forms where a stream enters a large body of water 12. a stream resumes the process of downcutting 13. a depression in the land that holds water 14. an area periodically saturated with water 15. water spills over the sides of a stream's banks Understanding Main Ideas Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Potholes form in the stream bottom when a. the water dissolves the bedrock. c. an increase in suspended load occurs. b. turbulence causes particles to grind d. the stream's carrying capacity decreases. against each other. 2. The carrying capacity of a stream is its a. ability to transport sediment. c. volume of flow. b. rate of runoff entering the channel. d. stream bank height. 3. Streams lengthen through a. eutrophication. c. headward erosion. b. suspension. d. upstream flooding. 4. V-shaped channels like the Grand Canyon are formed by a. a sudden decrease in stream gradient. c. streams overflowing their banks. b. stream downcutting. d. streams capturing another stream. 5. A blocked-off meander eventually becomes a. part of the stream again. c. an oxbow lake. b. rejuvenated. d. an alluvial fan. 6. Which of the following statements is NOT true about wetlands? a. Wetlands filter pollutants and sediments. b. Lack of oxygen and lack of minerals create an atmosphere that is inhospitable to many plants. c. Freshwater marshes often form along the stream's mouth and in areas with deltas. d. Wetlands only exist in freshwater areas. In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is not correct, change the italicized word to make it correct. 7. In a stream, small particles, such as silt, clay, and sand are carried in solution. 8. Deltas are fan-shaped deposits found on valley floors at the base of mountains. 9. Heavy accumulations of excess water from large regional drainage systems can result in downstream floods. Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 6 25 points
7 Thinking Critically The graph shows the discharge of a river that flows through two cities, Frankston and Wet Gulch. At either city, the river's banks cannot handle a discharge of 3.5 thousand cubic meters per second or more. At that point, the river reaches its flood stage. Study the graph and answer the questions. 1. During how many days in March did the river at Wet Gulch and Frankston overflow its banks? 20 points Applying Scientific Methods The table lists water quality measurements that were taken over a 40-year period at Lake Smith. Measurements included dissolved oxygen, ph, phosphate, nitrogen, the number of largemouth bass, and mosses and grasses. Dissolved oxygen is the measure of the amount of oxygen available to life-forms in the water. Largemouth bass is a common variety of fish found in healthy lakes. Mosses and grasses start to appear as the ph of the water becomes more acidic. Water Quality at Lake Smith Dissolved oxygen (parts per million, or ppm) ph Phosphate (ppm) Nitrogen (ppm) Largemouth bass Mosses and grasses Answer the following questions. 1. What is eutrophication? Did it occur at Lake Smith? Explain your answer. 2. After 1950, farmers in the Lake Smith area increased their use of fertilizers. Does the data support this statement? Explain your answer. 2. Wet Gulch is downstream from Frankston. How might this account for the difference in discharge between the two towns after March 10? 3. How do changes in phosphate, nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen content over time compare? Explain the changes that took place. 3. Both cities were founded as farming communities during the 1800s on the floodplain. Describe the physical features of a floodplain, and hypothesize as to why people wanted to live on them. 4. What do you predict will happen to the lake in the next 40 years? 5. The table shows that the number of largemouth bass decreased as the number of mosses and grasses increased. From this data, can you conclude that the increase of mosses and grasses caused the largemouth bass population to decline? Explain your answer. Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 7
8 GROUNDWATER Reviewing Vocabulary Write the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. Through the process of, much of the precipitation that falls on land becomes groundwater. 2. The percentage of pore space, or, of wellsorted sand is about 30 percent. 3. The is an area below Earth's surface that is completely saturated with water. 4. The upper boundary of the zone of saturation is the. 5. Materials, such as sand, with large, connected pores have a high. 6. Most groundwater flow takes place through, which are permeable layers of material. 7. Localized natural discharges of groundwater at Earth's surface are called. 30 points Understanding Main Ideas (Part A) In the space at the left, write correct if the statement is correct; if the statement is not correct, change the italicized word or phrase to make it correct. 12. Only a small portion of precipitation becomes groundwater and is returned directly to the oceans through streams and rivers. 13. The depth of the water table in stream valleys is close to Earth's surface. 14. The flow velocity of groundwater depends on the height of the water table. 15. Groundwater is slightly acidic and evaporates limestone. 16. The combination of water (H 2O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) produces hydrogen (H). 17. Common sources of groundwater pollution include sewage and harmful chemicals. Understanding Main Ideas (Part B) Answer the following questions. 18. What two things can happen to a raindrop after it falls on land? For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A Column B 7. Limestone regions with sinkholes and sinking streams. a. hot spring 8. Heated water discharged from the ground 9. Water under pressure from a confined aquifer 10. Major source of freshwater for human b. artesian well c. karst topography d. groundwater 19. What type of subsurface material is able to store groundwater? 20. What is hard water? 21. How can groundwater resources be protected from pollution plumes? Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 8
9 Thinking Critically Use the diagram illustrating mineral size and porosity to help you answer the following questions. 20 points Sample A Sample B 1. Describe the porosity and mineral size of Sample A and Sample B. 1 millimeter Cycles of Matter 1. Which cycle is shown in the diagram? 2. Describe the groundwater storage capacity of each sample. Explain your answer. 2. What happens to rainwater that falls on land? 3. Name other cycles of matter. 3. Which of the two samples has the greater permeability? Why? 4. What is the source of energy for the process of evaporation? 5. Identify each process labeled in the diagram. a. b. c. d. Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 9
10 Applying Scientific Methods 15 points You would like to build a house in a wooded area close to your school. Since city water is not available, you will need to drill a well. The well-drilling company you hired did test drillings to find a clean, accessible, and maintainable aquifer. After completing its work, the company gave you a map of four available drill sites, numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4. Use the illustration to make your analysis. Then answer the questions that follow. 1. Compare and contrast Wells 1, 2, and 3. Analyze the potential of each well for a clean, accessible, and maintainable water supply. 2. What is the potential for a clean, accessible, and maintainable water supply from Well 4? Could there be a problem with the water? 3. Use the flow rate table to determine when the sewage from the broken septic tank will contaminate the water in Well Use the flow rate table to determine when the industrial waste will contaminate the water in Well 2. Is it possible that the waste could be made harmless before it reaches the well? Flow Rate in Meters Per Year Material Shale Clay Limestone Sandstone Rubble Flow Rate Which site has the best potential for your well? Explain your decision. Objective 2: Analyze the characteristics and importance of freshwater found on Earth s surface and its effect on living systems. Page 10
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