Issues Options and Strategies for Flood Management : Shifts in approaches for flood Management in Bangladesh
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1 Issues Options and Strategies for Flood Management : Shifts in approaches for flood Management in Bangladesh Ainun Nishat and Raquibul Amin Bangladesh Country Office
2 Flooding: disaster or fact of life? Bangladesh and floods are synonymous; storm surges and cyclones are not new phenomena. Flash flood, drought, river bank erosion, land slides (also earth quake), tornadoes etc are also very common. Is flood a fact of life? Should we live with flood? Does it mean --do nothing? And where flood management infrastructures have been built--- pull them down? Is flood a natural disaster and it should be brought under control? Are all floods natural phenomena? Are flood events on the rise? There is a debate in the country regarding approaches for flood management. Should we go for structural measures or adopt nonstructural measures? Is a combination of the two approaches desirable?
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4 June 22, 2004, Highest Water Level in Sunamganj : Houses are still above water
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8 why roads are damage d
9 Disaster calendar Flooding Flash flood Drought Erosion Cyclones/tornadoes Diarrhoea Monga/famine Cold weather Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Earthquakes Arsenic contamination.. Aus Aman Boro Wheat Cropping Calendar (rice and wheat) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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12 Definition of Flood What is flood? An area goes under and remains under water for some times, it is inundation. When inundation causes damage to property and crops, disrupts communication and brings harmful effects to human beings as well as to flora and fauna, we call it flood. Inundation supports fish, navigation, soil fertility,ecosystems, ground water recharge. Inundation + damage = flood
13 What is flood management? Flood management measures are aimed at reduction of damage and harmful effects, and creation of an environment for enhanced economic activity. Total flood control is neither possible nor desirable.
14 What is a Structural Measure? A measure to control the physical process of flooding. It also prevents inundation. Protects vulnerable area up to certain level of flooding. Creates a better condition for increasing productivity from land. Risk is always there even immediately after a major flood event.
15 What is a Non-structural measure? A measure to reduce loss or damage by administrative measures. It does not control the process of inundation.
16 Damages due to Flood In rural areas: timing extent duration In urban areas: duration depth Flood in urban areas and flood in rural areas has to be studied separately.
17 Types of Flood Flash Flood Monsoon Flood Drainage Congestion Tidal Flood Each type of flood demands different approach for its management
18 Causes of Flood Run off in excess of conveyance capacity Deterioration of drainage channels due to Siltation. Drainage Congestion ( also due to anthropogenic factors). Tidal Waves/ storm surges / Tidal effect Deforestation Global Climate Change Impact of Embankments elsewhere
19 Structural Options Reservoir or Detention basin for impounding excess runoff. Retarding basins to lower the level of flooding downstream. Embankment, Dykes, Polders, Levees, Bund, or flood wall. Improvement of conveyance capacity by dredging. Flood-way, flood diversion through flood bye pass. Watershed management and afforestation.
20 Why embankments/polders are selected as the key option? Cheap to construct Easy to build Easy to maintain Acts as road Labor intensive Simple to design May create drainage congestion Obstructs silt movement Obstructs fish movement Obstructs movement of boats. Increases floodplain occupancy Rise in river bed level Rise in water level elsewhere
21 Non-structural measures Flood forecasting and warning Flood fighting Flood proofing Evacuation and shelter management Flood insurance Floodplain zoning Changes in cropping pattern
22 Flood Forecasting and Warning Lead time for urban areas---short term forecast. for rural areas to support agricultural practices long term forecast required. Dissemination Language. awareness raising.
23 Planning for Flood Management As a disaster management measure non-structural measures. Pre-disaster preparations during disaster measure post disaster recovery As a part of development projects structural measures.
24 Evolution of Bangladesh s approach After the floods of 1954 and 1955 global attention was drawn to flood problem in Bangladesh. Flood was related to famine ; increasing food grain production from flood free land became the goal Water development projects were designed with flood control as the main aim. Importance of irrigation in flood free dry season for food production was recognized in 1972; but projects aimed at flood control continued. Importance of managing early monsoon flood was recognized and submersible embankments were introduced.
25 Contd.. During the first part of 1980s, need for a integrated management plan was recognised and a national water resources plan was prepared in1986. Effectiveness of flood control was questioned but projects were continued as before as self sufficiency in food (grain) remained the main objective of the plan. The floods of 1987 and 1988 led to initiation of activities for a Flood Action Plan.
26 . Guiding principles of the FAP 1. Phased implementation of a comprehensive Flood Plan aimed at: protecting urban infrastructure; controlled flooding to meet the needs of agriculture, fisheries, navigation, urban flushing and annual recharge of surface and groundwater resources. 2. Effective land and water management in protected and as well as in unprotected areas involving compartmentalisation 3. Measures to strengthen flood preparedness and disaster management. 4. Improvement of floods forecasting and establishment of a reliable warning system. 5. Safe conveyance of the cross border flows to the Bay by channeling it through the major rivers with embankments on both sides. 6. River training to protect embankments and urban centers.
27 Contd. 7. Reduction of flood flows in the major rivers by diversion into major distributaries and flood relief channels. 8. Channel improvements and structures to ensure efficient drainage and to promote conservation and regulation. 9. Flood plain zoning as feasible and appropriate. 10. Coordinated planning and construction of all rural roads, highway and railway embankments with provision for drainage. 11. Encourage maximum possible popular participation by beneficiaries in the planning, design and operation and maintenance of all projects.
28 National Water Policy 1999 A review of the FAP activities was under taken Integration of various studies leading to a Integrated Water Resources Management plan was recommended in the Bangladesh Water and Flood Management Study. Preparation of National Water Management Plan (NWMP) was taken up in in National Water Policy prepared in NWMP Development Strategy finalised in June NWMP was approved in 2002.
29 Bangladesh National Water Policy, 1999 For planning and management of water resources: develop early warning system for managing natural disasters like floods and drought, designate flood risk zones, roads and railway track to be above high flood level; and provided with adequate drainage openings, urban areas and areas of economic importance to be fully protected and other urban centres to be have reasonable degree of protection against flood, in rural areas, adjust cropping pattern to suit flood regime and develop flood proofing measures, develop and implement master plans river bank erosion, existing flood control and drainage projects to be satisfactorily operated and managed.
30 Bangladesh situation NWMP Development Strategy/Plan more or less follows the Policy document. A shift of preference from structural measures for flood control to flood management through proper integration with non-structural measures is taking place at policy level. However, flood management remains a crisis driven response as manifested by the floods of 2000, 2004, 2007 and Floods may not occur regularly; if interval between two events is short, a flood provokes an immediate crisis
31 Summing up Floods may be due to natural as well as anthropogenic factors. Solution for any flood problem has to based on proper understanding of the factors causing the flood and contributing to damages, limitations of application of each of the options available, and effective management practices.
32 Summing up (contd.) A combination of structural and non-structural measures may be the approach for the future; without any bias for any one of them. Without structural interventions, growth may not be possible; but without the non-structural measures the structural option will not achieve sustainability. Ministry of Food and Disaster Management Disaster management Bureau Standing order on Disaster (SoD)
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