AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS. D. Kim Sorensen, P.E.

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1 AIR VALVES AND ENERGY SAVINGS D. Kim Sorensen, P.E.

2 TOPICS Properties of Air and Water Volume Viscosity Solubility Vapor Pressure How Air Travels in Pipelines How Air Enters Pipelines Air Valves and Energy Savings Efficient Air Valve System Design

3 PROPERTIES OF AIR AND WATER

4 Volume For ideal gasses: PV nrt For air: V T / P Where T (temperature) is in Rankine (absolute) P = Pressure V = Volume n = Number of moles R = Universal gas constant Temp. o F Temp. o R Specific Volume Water Ft 3 /lb Specific Volume Air Ft 3 /lb

5

6

7 Viscosity WATER has about 1000 times the viscosity of AIR Viscosity effects resistance and, thus, Velocity

8 SOLUBILITY of Air in Water Volumetric Concentration The capacity of water to hold dissolved air in solution

9 Vapor Pressure Temp. o F Vapor Pressure psi Temp. o F Vapor Pressure psi Source: Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater by George Tchobanoglous

10 Vapor Pressure

11 A PIPELINE IS NEVER EMPTY

12 Air Pocket Formation

13 Air Pocket Formation Air pockets forms at peaks along the pipeline

14 Air Pocket Formation If there are no peaks for long stretches of pipe, air pockets forms at the crown of pipeline

15 Air Pocket Formation As the cross section of flow decreases, velocity increases

16 Air Pocket Formation Though velocity may rise above critical velocity for bubble transport,

17 Air Pocket Formation there is not enough energy to move a large air pocket

18 Air Pocket Formation The air pocket is smeared downstream, forming an elongated air pocket

19 Air Entrainment Dissolved air is not the only source of air in water/wastewater transmission systems. There are numerous ways for atmospheric air to enter the system

20 Air Entrainment Vortex

21 Air Entrainment Entrainment by a plunging jet In wet wells

22 Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior Real air pocket behavior is much more complicated than described before. Behavior is affected by Buoyancy, Drag and Surface Tensions (water / air / walls). Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005

23 Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior Small bubbles move with the water stream Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005

24 Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior Larger air pockets move against the water stream Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005

25 Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior Very large pockets break up, large parts of the pocket move against the water stream, while small air bubbles move with the water flow Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005

26 Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior Side view of air pocket breaking up Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005

27 Dynamic Air Bubble/Pocket Behavior Air pocket building up at a small bend Lubbers, Christof L. and Clemens, Francois H.L.R, April 2005

28 Air Valves and Energy Savings

29 The Energy Star Program of the EPA estimates that about $4 billion are spent annually for energy costs to run drinking water and wastewater utilities. If the sector could reduce energy use by just 10% through investment in energy efficiency collectively, it would save about $ 400 million annually. =

30

31

32

33 EFFECTS of TRAPPED AIR on HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE

34 Pump records for a wastewater lift station in Denton County, Texas, with 5 conventional wastewater air valves on its force main. Pump run Wednesday Flow rate in gpm Low flow rates Thursday Long pump runs

35 2 of the 5 conventional Air Valves were replaced by 2 new innovative wastewater Air Valves Long pump runs Change of flow rate scale Friday Saturday Flow rates rises off the chart! Short pump runs

36 A Month Later Friday A slight drop in flowrates

37

38 Rule of thumb Air valve specification and location

39 Q C SID 5

40

41 The pipeline profile should not follow overly undulating ground surfaces

42 Recommended air valve setup in a vault

43 Venting air valves in flooding vaults

44 Always minimum offset diameter will be greater than the air valve inlet diameter and air/vacuum orifice diameter!

45 Tel Cell D. Kim Sorensen, P.E. Applications Engineer Thank You

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