University, Gwangju, Korea b Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Institute of

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1 This rticle ws downloded by: [University of Albert] On: 3 June 13, At: 13:55 Publisher: Tylor & Frncis Inform Ltd Registered in Englnd nd Wles Registered Number: 1795 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-1 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Communictions in Soil Science nd Plnt Anlysis Publiction detils, including instructions for uthors nd subscription informtion: Soil nd Compost Type Affect Phosphorus Leching from Inceptisol, Ultisol, nd Andisol in Column Experiment Hn-Yong Kim, Sng-Sun Lim b, Jin-Hyeob Kwk b, Sun-Il Lee b, Dong-Suk Lee b, Xiying Ho c, Kwng-Sik Yoon b & Woo-Jung Choi b d Deprtment of Applied Plnt Science, Chonnm Ntionl University, Gwngju, Kore b Deprtment of Rurl nd Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Agriculturl Science nd Technology, Chonnm Ntionl University, Gwngju, Kore c Agriculture nd Agri-Food Cnd, Lethbridge Reserch Centre, Lethbridge, Cnd d Environmentlly Friendly Agriculture Reserch Center, Chonnm Ntionl University, Gwngju, Kore Published online: 9 Sep 11. To cite this rticle: Hn-Yong Kim, Sng-Sun Lim, Jin-Hyeob Kwk, Sun-Il Lee, Dong-Suk Lee, Xiying Ho, Kwng-Sik Yoon & Woo-Jung Choi (11): Soil nd Compost Type Affect Phosphorus Leching from Inceptisol, Ultisol, nd Andisol in Column Experiment, Communictions in Soil Science nd Plnt Anlysis, :1, To link to this rticle: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms nd conditions of use: This rticle my be used for reserch, teching, nd privte study purposes. Any substntil or systemtic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, lon, sub-licensing, systemtic supply, or distribution in ny form to nyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give ny wrrnty express or implied or mke ny representtion tht the contents will be complete or ccurte or up to dte. The ccurcy of ny instructions, formule, nd drug doses should be independently verified with primry sources. The publisher shll not be lible for ny loss, ctions, clims, proceedings,

2 Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 demnd, or costs or dmges whtsoever or howsoever cused rising directly or indirectly in connection with or rising out of the use of this mteril.

3 Communictions in Soil Science nd Plnt Anlysis, :1 199, 11 Copyright Tylor & Frncis Group, LLC ISSN: 1-3 print / online DOI: 1.1/ Soil nd Compost Type Affect Phosphorus Leching from Inceptisol, Ultisol, nd Andisol in Column Experiment Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 HAN-YONG KIM, 1 SANG-SUN LIM, JIN-HYEOB KWAK, SUN-IL LEE, DONG-SUK LEE, XIYING HAO, 3 KWANG-SIK YOON, AND WOO-JUNG CHOI, 1 Deprtment of Applied Plnt Science, Chonnm Ntionl University, Gwngju, Kore Deprtment of Rurl nd Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Agriculturl Science nd Technology, Chonnm Ntionl University, Gwngju, Kore 3 Agriculture nd Agri-Food Cnd, Lethbridge Reserch Centre, Lethbridge, Cnd Environmentlly Friendly Agriculture Reserch Center, Chonnm Ntionl University, Gwngju, Kore A column leching experiment using three soils (Inceptisol, Ultisol, nd Andisol) nd seven livestock mnure composts tht hd different chrcteristics ws conducted for 19 weeks to investigte the interctive effects of composts nd soils on the phosphorus (P) leching potentil of compost-mended soils nd to identify the principl vribles tht ffect P leching. Cumultive totl P leching (TP cum ) tended to increse with incresing totl nd vilble P concentrtion in the soils. Among vrious compost properties, totl P concentrtion ws positively correlted with TP cum from the compost-mended soils, except for the Andisol, which hs high P-sorption cpcity. There ws no significnt reltionship between TP cum nd wter-extrctble P concentrtion of the composts, suggesting tht totl P rther thn inorgnic P concentrtion of composts my be successfully used in predicting P leching potentil from compost-mended soils except for soils tht hve high P-sorption cpcity, s in Andisol. Keywords Inorgnic phosphorus, livestock mnure compost, orgnic phosphorus, phosphorus leching, phosphorus sorption, soil chrcteristics Introduction Composting of livestock mnure produces biochemiclly stbilized orgnic mteril tht cn be esily hndled nd uniformly pplied to soils with little odor (Lrney et l. ). Appliction of composts to griculturl soil hs severl beneficil effects on physicl, biologicl, nd chemicl properties of soils s summrized by Tittrelli et l. (7). However, improper use of compost my led to surfce nd groundwter contmintion nd contribute to surfce wter eutrophiction (Eghbll 3; Choi et l. 7). Received 31 My 1; ccepted 17 September 1. Address correspondence to Woo-Jung Choi, Deprtment of Rurl nd Biosystems Engineering, Chonnm Ntionl University, Gwngju 5-757, Kore. E-mil: wjchoi@chonnm.c.kr 1

4 Phosphorus Leching from Composted Soils 19 Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 In most soils, phosphorus (P) movement to deep soils is very limited becuse of P sorption onto soil prticles nd precipittion with soil minerls (e.g., Br-Yosef et l. 19; Yoo et l. ). However, orgnic P in compost (or mnure) is known to be less susceptible to P sorption (Shrpley et l. 19; Guo et l. 9), so substntil leching of P from topsoil mended with compost to deeper soil cn occur (Eghbll 3). However, s both compost nd soil re very heterogonous mterils, P leching potentil from compostmended soils my be likely to be ffected by chrcteristics of both. For exmple, P leching from compost-mended soil my be proportionl to the totl P concentrtion in the compost pplied (Zvomuy et l. ; Schefe et l. ). However, this pttern my not be pprent in soils with high P-sorption cpcity becuse of the interction between mobile P nd soil prticles (Krthnsis nd Shumker 9). Currently, there is only miniml informtion vilble regrding the interctive effects mong composts nd soils on P leching from compost-mended soils. The objectives of this study were to investigte these interctive effects nd to identify the principl properties of compost nd soil tht ffect P leching. Mterils nd Methods Soils Three types of soils, clssified in the U.S. soil txonomy s Inceptisol (corse lomy, mixed, noncid, mesic fmily of Fluvquentic Endoquepts), Ultisol (fine, mesic fmily of Typic Hpludults), nd Andisol (shy over cindery, thermic fmily of Typic Hpludnds) were collected from the experimentl frms t the Chonnm Ntionl University (1 3 E, N), Jeonnm Agriculturl Reserch nd Extension Service (1 9 E, 35 1 N), nd Jeju Ntionl University ( E, N), respectively. All the soil smples were collected from the surfce lyer ( 15 cm). The soils were ir dried, pssed through -mm sieve, nd used for the nlysis of selected properties nd for the leching experiment. Inceptisol nd Ultisol hd lomy textures, while Andisol ws silty lom, with drmticlly different physicochemicl properties (Tble 1). Ultisol soil hs the gretest concentrtions of totl P nd vilble P (Bry 1 P) with vlues times those of the other two soils. Andisol soil hd the gretest P-sorption cpcity with vlues more thn three times those of the other two soils. The high P-sorption cpcity of Andisol, developed from volcnic sh, is ttributed to its ctive Al nd Fe ssocited with orgnic nd minerl frctions (llophnes nd ferrihydrite) (e.g., Stti et l. 7). Composts Seven composts were obtined from locl frms. Although composting mterils nd composting processes were slightly different, ll composts were produced by composting pig or cttle mnure with swdust (s bulking gent) t n pproximtely 1-to-1 volume rtio for months. The compost smples were freeze dried, sieved (< mm), nd used for the study. The composts hd lrge vritions in properties; ph rnged from 7. to 9., orgnic crbon (C) from. to 35. g C kg 1, totl nitrogen (N) from 13.7 to 31.7 g N kg 1, totlpfrom.to9.gpkg 1,wter-extrctblePfrom.3to1.1gPkg 1, nd nonextrctble P from 7. to.7 g P kg 1 (Tble ).

5 19 H.-Y. Kim et l. Tble 1 Physicochemicl chrcteristics of soils used in this study Properties Inceptisol Ultisol Andisol Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 Texture Lom Lom Silty cly ph 1:5.3 (.) 5. (.).1 (.) Totl orgnic C (g C kg 1 ) 5.9 (.) 19.1 (.) 113. (.) Totl N (g N kg 1 ). (.1). (.1) 7. (.) Totl P (g P kg 1 ). (.). (.).3 (.1) Avilble P (mg P kg 1 ). (.) 1. (7.) 5. (.) CEC (cmol c kg 1 ) 1. (.) 19. (.1) 55.1 (1.) Mx. P sorption cpcity (mg (5.1) (3.5) 5. (1.1) Pkg 1 ) WHC (g g 1 ).3 (.1).3 (.).9 (.) Bulk density (g cm 3 ) 1.19 (.1) 1.7 (.1).9 (.1) Notes. Dt re verges with stndrd errors in the prentheses (n = 3). Property determintions were mde s follows: texture ws in USDA clssifiction determined by the pipette method (Gee nd Buder 19); ph t 1-to-5 rtio of soil to wter; totl orgnic C nd N concentrtions with combustion method (Nelson nd Sommers 199); totl P concentrtions using the vndomolybdo-phosphoric cid colorimetric method (Kuo 199); vilble P using NH F extrction followed by scorbic cid reduction (Kuo 199); CEC (ction exchnge cpcity) with mmonium cette method (Sumner nd Miller 199); P sorption cpcity with the Lngmuir isotherm (Med 191); WHC (wter-holding cpcity) with the grvimetric method using funnel (Fierer nd Schimel ). Tble Selected chrcteristics of composts P(gPkg 1 ) Totl N Orgnic C Wter- Non Compost ph 1:1 (g N kg 1 ) (gckg 1 ) Totl extrctble extrctble A 7. (.) 31.7 (.9). (7.3). (.). (.) 7. (.) B.9 (.) 15.7 (.3) 35. (7.7) 11. (.) 1.1 (.) 1. (.) C.9 (.3) 1. (.5) 335. (11.) 9. (.3). (.1) 9. (.3) D.1 (.3) 1. (.) 31.3 (13.5) 11. (.5).3 (.1) 11.3 (.5) E.1 (.1) 3. (1.5) 5.7 (17.) 9. (.) 1.1 (.7).7 (1.9) F 9. (.) 13.7 (.) 9. (5.3) 17. (.3) 1. (.) 1.5 (.3) G 7. (.1) 19. (1.) 3. (.1) 1.7 (1.3). (.) 1.3 (1.) Notes. Dt re verges with stndrd errors in the prentheses (n = 3). Property determintions were mde s follows: ph ws mesured t 1-to-1 rtio of compost to wter; totl N nd totl orgnic C using combustion method (Nelson nd Sommers 199); totl P concentrtions using the vndomolybdo-phosphoric cid colorimetric method (Kuo 199); wter-extrctble P using the sme procedures for lechte nlysis s described in the Mterils nd Methods section fter extrction t 1-to-1 rtio of compost to wter; nonextrctble P ws the difference between totl nd extrctble P.

6 Phosphorus Leching from Composted Soils 191 Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 Leching Experiment A leching experiment ws conducted with set of crylic columns (5 mm in dimeter nd 1 mm in length). Twenty holes (.5 mm in dimeter) were drilled t the bottom of ech column for the collection of lechtes, nd glss wool (5 mm in thickness) ws plced on the perforted bottom to prevent soil prticle loss. A totl of columns were prepred for ech soil; one without compost (control) nd seven for composts (from compost A to compost G; see Tble ) in triplicte ( totl of 7 columns for three soils). A mixture of soil (1 g), snd (5 g), nd compost (5 g, if necessry) ws plced into the column, nd the mixture ws slightly pressed until its bulk density reched the vlues observed t field condition where soils were tken. Snd ws blended to fcilitte the downwrd movement of soil solution (Entry nd Sojk 7). The compost ppliction rtes were equivlent to 1. mg, 5. mg,. mg, 5.1 mg, 1.9 mg, 7. mg, nd 73.3 mg P for composts A to G, respectively. One pore volumes of the mixture determined from the percentge of porosity were.9, 1., nd 13. ml for Inceptisol, Ultisol, nd Andisol, respectively. The moisture content of the mixture ws djusted to % wter-holding cpcity (WHC). The columns were seled with perforted cp to ensure gs exchnge with minimum wter loss nd then incubted t 5 ± 1 C in n incubtor. After 1, 3, 7, 13, nd 19 weeks of incubtion, two pore volumes of.1 mol L 1 CCl solution were dded to ech column from the top, the lechtes were collected, nd the volume ws mesured. After ech lechte collection, the column ws plced bck in the incubtor for the next collection. In preliminry experiment, the chnge in moisture content of the mixture ws determined grvimetriclly. It decresed from pproximtely 1% of soil WHC immeditely fter leching events to 9% of soil WHC weeks fter ech leching event. Chemicl Anlyses The lechtes were nlyzed for P (inorgnic P, orgnic P, nd totl P) concentrtions following the stndrd methods for the exmintion of wter nd wstewter (APHA- AWWA-WEF 199). Briefly, inorgnic P ws determined with the scorbic cid method using spectrophotometer (Smrt spectro, LMotte, Chestertown, USA). To determine totl P (both inorgnic nd orgnic P), nother set of smples ws digested with the persulfte digestion method nd then the P concentrtion ws determined with the scorbic cid method. Orgnic P ws determined s the difference between totl P nd inorgnic P concentrtion. Clcultion nd Sttisticl Anlyses The mount of P in lechtes ws clculted by multiplying the volume with the P concentrtion of the lechtes. The mount of leched P derived from compost, expressed s percentge of P in the pplied compost, ws obtined by subtrcting the mount of P leched from the control soil from tht in the compost-mended soil, ssuming tht compost ppliction did not cuse so-clled priming effect in the soil. The effects of soil nd compost types on P leching were ssessed by nlysis of vrince using the generl liner models procedure of the SPSS 1. pckge (SPSS Inc., Chicgo, Ill.). When tretment effects were significnt, the mens were seprted with the Bonferroni test for compost type nd by Duncn s multiple-rnge tests for soil type. The reltionships between cumultive P leching mounts nd compost vribles were explored by Person correltion nlysis. The level of significnce for ll sttisticl tests ws set t α =.5.

7 19 H.-Y. Kim et l. Results Temporl Pttern of P Leching Totl P concentrtions in the lechtes were gretest t the 1-week leching event; therefter they decresed grdully, with the substntil totl P concentrtion in lechtes detected t the middle (for Inceptisol nd Andisol) or even t the end of the incubtion period (for Ultisol) (Figure 1). Totl P concentrtion of the lechtes ws significntly (P <.1) different mong soils; t the leching event fter 1-week incubtion, it ws gretest for Ultisol (from.9 to 5. mg P L 1 ), followed by Inceptisol (from.3 to 3.9 mg P L 1 ) nd Andisol (from.5 to. mg P L 1 ). Inorgnic P concentrtions in lechtes were less thn 1.5 mg P L 1 fter 1 week nd decresed to negligible level t 3 weeks for Inceptisol nd Andisol soils, but were s high Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 P concentrtion in the lechte (mg P L 1 ) () Inceptisol 1 Totl P Control Compost-A Compost-B Compost-C Compost-D Compost-E Compost-F Compost-G (b) Ultisol 1 Totl P Control Compost-A Compost-B Compost-C Compost-D Compost-E Compost-F Compost-G (c) Andisol 1 Inorgnic P 1 Inorgnic P 1 Orgnic P 1 Orgnic P 1 Totl P Control Compost-A Compost-B Compost-C Compost-D Compost-E Compost-F Compost-G 1 Inorgnic P 1 Orgnic P Incubtion periods (weeks) Figure 1. Concentrtions of totl P, inorgnic P, nd orgnic P in lechtes from () Inceptisol, (b) Ultisol, nd (c) Andisol soil treted with vrious composts. Verticl brs re the stndrd errors of the men.

8 Phosphorus Leching from Composted Soils 193 Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 s5.mgpl 1 t 1 week nd still detected t 3 weeks for the Ultisol. Concentrtions of orgnic P in lechtes from compost-mended soils t the first leching event (e.g.,.1 to 3.5 mg P L 1 for Inceptisol nd 1.1 to 1.5 mg P L 1 for Andisol) were greter thn tht of inorgnic P (e.g.,. to. mg P L 1 for Inceptisol nd. to. mg P L 1 for Andisol), except for Ultisol soils (orgnic P rnged from. to 3. mg P L 1 nd inorgnic P from.9 to.97 mg P L 1 ). Orgnic P in lechtes ws detected for longer period of time thn inorgnic P; t the lst leching event, orgnic P concentrtion ws between. nd.3 mg P L 1 for the Inceptisol, between.3 nd.5 mg P L 1 for the Ultisol, nd between.9 nd.1 mg P L 1 for the Andisol, but inorgnic P ws not detected. Similr to the concentrtions in the lechte solution, the cumultive mount of totl P leched grdully incresed in ll three soils throughout the 19-week incubtion period. The mount of totl P leched in the first leching event t 1 week reltive to the totl mount leched ws between.9 nd.9% (Figure ). The pttern of orgnic P mirrored tht of TP cum, but inorgnic P did not (Figure ). Cumultive mounts of P in the lechte (mg P) () Inceptisol Totl P Inorgnic P Control Compost-A Compost-B Compost-C Compost-D Compost-E Compost-F Compost-G Orgnic P... (b) Ultisol Totl P Inorgnic P Control Compost-A Compost-B Compost-C Compost-D Compost-E Compost-F Compost-G Orgnic P... (c) Andisol Totl P Inorgnic P Control Compost-A Compost-B Compost-C Compost-D Compost-E Compost-F Compost-G Orgnic P.. Incubtion periods (weeks). Figure. Cumultive mounts of totl P, inorgnic P, nd orgnic P in lechtes from () Inceptisol, (b) Ultisol, nd (c) Andisol soil treted with vrious composts. Verticl brs re the stndrd errors of the men.

9 19 H.-Y. Kim et l. Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 Effects of Soil nd Compost Types on Cumultive P Leching Through the 19-week incubtion, the cumultive mounts of totl, inorgnic, nd orgnic P (referred to s TP cum,ip cum,op cum, respectively) were ffected by soil, compost, nd their interctions (ll were significnt t α =.1). The ppliction of compost consistently incresed TP cum over the control regrdless of compost type, but compost C nd D did not led to significnt difference over the control for the Inceptisol. The TP cum rnged from.1 to.51 mg P for the Inceptisol, from. to.3 mg P for the Ultisol, nd from.5 to. mg P for the Andisol (Tble 3). After subtrcting TP cum for the control from tht for the compost-pplied soils, the TP cum derived from compost rnged from.3 (less thn the control) to.15 mg for the Inceptisol,.1 to. mg for the Ultisol, nd. to.17 mg for the Andisol. These mounts re equivlent to.5 to.35%,. to.1%, nd.1 to.3% of pplied compost P, respectively. When compring soil effects for ech compost, TP cum from the Ultisol (. to.3 mg P) nd the Andisol (.5 to. mg P) tended to be greter thn from the Inceptisol (.1 to. mg P), except for compost E (Tble 3). The Ultisol hd tendency to hve greter IP cum thn the other two soils, nd Andisol soils hd greter OP cum thn the others. The reltive contributions of inorgnic P nd orgnic P to totl P were significntly (P <.1) ffected by soil nd compost types nd their interction (Figure 3). Overll, orgnic P rther thn inorgnic P ws the predominnt P form; menwhile, the contribution of inorgnic P to totl P ws greter in the Ultisol (11. to 5.%) thn in the other two soils (below 1.3%). Accordingly, the contribution of orgnic P to totl P ws the lowest in the Ultisol soil. In prticulr, ppliction of composts B, E, nd F resulted in reltively greter contribution of inorgnic P to totl P compred with the other composts. Although reltionships between TP cum nd compost chrcteristics were not consistent cross the three soils, TP cum tended to increse with incresing totl P concentrtion (or wter-nonextrctble P, dt not shown) in the composts prticulrly for the Inceptisol nd Ultisol but not for the Andisol (Figure ). However, wter-extrctble P concentrtion of the compost ws not linerly correlted with TP cum for ll three soils but ws with IP cum for the Ultisol, which hs the gretest initil vilble P concentrtion (r =. nd P <.5). Discussion The contrsting leching ptterns between inorgnic P nd orgnic P observed in our study (negligible inorgnic P concentrtion in the lechtes fter 3 weeks, but detectble orgnic P concentrtion throughout the 19-week incubtion, Figure 1) suggest tht orgnic P rther thn inorgnic P is the predominnt P frction susceptible to leching from these soils (see the reltive contribution in Figure 3). This cn be ttributed to the susceptibility of inorgnic P to sorption onto soil prticles (Med 191; Hynes nd Mokolobte 1; Yoo et l. ). Among the soils, the Ultisol nd Andisol hd greter TP cum thn the Inceptisol, but the mechnisms were different between these soils. Inorgnic P contributed to the greter TP cum for the Ultisol over the Inceptisol, but orgnic P plyed mjor role in the greter TP cum for the Andisol over the Inceptisol (Tble 3 nd Figure 3). The greter IP cum in the Ultisol is directly linked to the greter concentrtion of vilble P in the initil soil (1. mg P kg 1 ) thn others (. mg P kg 1 for the Inceptisol nd 5. mg P kg 1 for the Andisol). The greter vilble P in the initil soil lso contributed to the greter contribution of inorgnic P to the totl P in the lechtes from the Ultisol (11. to 5.%)

10 Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 Tble 3 Cumultive mounts of P (mg) in lechtes from soil nd compost mixtures during 19 weeks of incubtion P forms Soil type None Compost A Compost B Compost C Compost D Compost E Compost F Compost G Totl P Inceptisol.1 A.b A.3b A.1 A.1 A.51c B.1b A.1b A Ultisol.19 A. A.3b A.b B.1 A.5c B.17 A.b A Andisol. B.3c B.3b B.3b B.3bc B.c A.3b B.3b B Inorgnic P Inceptisol.1 A.7b A.b A.1 A.c B.19c A.5b A.7b A Ultisol.35 C.99c C.117d B.3 B.5b C.31f B.17e B.1b B Andisol. B.1bc B.1b A. A. A.3c A.1b A.5 A Orgnic P Inceptisol.1b A.c A.b A.11 A.1b A.9c B.1b A.b A Ultisol.19 A.b A.3b A.b B.1 A.5c B.17 A.b A Andisol. B.3bc B.3bc B.3b B.3b B.c A.3b B.3b B For ech lechte prmeter, dt in rows followed by different lowercse letters indicte significnt compost effect (t α =.5) within the sme soil, nd dt in columns followed by different uppercse letters indicte significnt soil type effect (t α =.5) within the sme compost tretment. 195

11 19 H.-Y. Kim et l. () Inceptisol 1 Inorgnic P Orgnic P b Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 Reltive contribution of inorgnic nd orgnic P to totl P (%) (b) Ultisol 1 (c) Andisol 1 bc c bc cd d b Control A B C D E F G Tretment Figure 3. Contribution of inorgnic nd orgnic P to the cumultive mount of totl P in lechtes from three soils treted with composts. Verticl brs re the stndrd errors of the men. The sme letters in ech br indicte tht they re not sttisticlly different in ech P frction cross ll the tretments t α =.5.

12 Phosphorus Leching from Composted Soils 197 Cumultive mount of totl P (mg) Inceptisol y =.1x +.37 (r =., P <.5) Ultisol y =.3x +.57 (r =.7, P <.1) Andisol y =.3x +.33 (r =.37, P =.15) Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June Totl P concentrtion (g P kg 1 ) Figure. Reltionship of cumultive mount of totl P (TP cum ) leching with totl P concentrtion of composts. Verticl brs re the stndrd errors of the men. Reltionship of TP cum with nonextrctble P concentrtion of composts were the sme s for totl P concentrtion, nd tht with wter-extrctble P concentrtion of composts ws only significnt for the Ultisol (dt not shown). compred to other soils (<1.3% in the Inceptisol nd <5.% in the Andisol) (Figure 3). Menwhile, the high P-sorption cpcity of the Andisol (5. mg P kg 1, Tble 1) could restrict inorgnic P leching vi P sorption (Yoo et l. ) in spite of the greter totl P concentrtion in the Andisol versus Inceptisol (Tble 1). Therefore, our study suggests tht soil chrcteristics ssocited with P, such s P-sorption cpcity nd concentrtion of vilble P, re fctors determining totl mount of P leching nd the reltive contribution of orgnic nd inorgnic P to totl P in the lechtes from the compost-mended soils. Compost chrcteristics lso significntly influenced P leching (Tble 3). In our study, liner reltionship between TP cum nd compost P concentrtion ws significnt (P <.5) for totl P (nd nonextrctble P) concentrtion of composts in the Inceptisol nd Ultisol but not in the Andisol (Figure ). Such reltionship in compost-mended soils hs been reported previously (Schefe et l. ; Zvomuy et l. ). Regrding wter-extrctble P concentrtion of composts, Shrpley nd Moyer () found liner reltionship between the mounts of leched P nd wter-extrctble P of composts nd suggested tht wter-extrctble P cn be used to estimte the P leching from the compostmended soils. In our study, wter-extrctble P in the composts ws positively correlted only with IP cc in the Ultisol (dt not shown) tht hs greter initil soil-vilble P (Tble 1). When composts B, E, nd F, which ll hve reltively greter concentrtions of wter-extrctble P, were pplied to the Ultisol, the contribution of IP cum to TP cum becme greter (Figure 3). These suggest tht soil with high indigenous soil P vilbility my llow more leching of inorgnic P with less interction with the soil mtrix. However, in our study, no significnt reltionship between inorgnic P concentrtion of composts nd TP cum ws found for ll three soils, suggesting tht such reltionship of TP cum with wter-extrctble P my not be lwys true due to the interction between compost P nd soil mtrix. Our study suggests tht totl P concentrtion of composts rther thn wterextrctble P could better serve s n indictor of P leching potentil of compost-mended soils except for the Andisol, which hs gret P-sorption cpcity. Therefore, estimtion

13 19 H.-Y. Kim et l. of P leching potentil of compost-mended soils should be soil specific; tht is, compost P chrcteristics lone cnnot serve s predictor for P leching in the compost-mended soils, prticulrly for soil with high P-sorption cpcity s in Andisol. Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 Conclusions Our study showed tht orgnic P rther thn inorgnic P is the predominnt P frction susceptible to leching from compost-mended soils. Overll, TP cum from the compostmended soils incresed in proportion to the compost totl P concentrtion, except for Andisol, whose high P-sorption cpcity hindered P leching. Therefore, totl P concentrtion of composts my be successfully used in predicting P leching potentil from compost-mended soils, except from soils with high P-sorption potentil. Additionlly, TP cum from the compost-mended soils ws lso greter in soil tht hd greter soil-vilble P concentrtion, suggesting tht initil soil P vilbility should lso be considered when estblishing compost ppliction rte. Acknowledgments This study ws funded by the Technology Development Progrm for Agriculture nd Forestry of the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, nd Fisheries, Republic of Kore. The Institute of Agriculturl Science nd Technology, Chonnm Ntionl University, provided ssistnce with the smple nlyses. References APHA-AWWA-WEF Stndrd methods for the exmintion of wter nd wstewter. Bltimore, Md.: United Book Press. Br-Yosef, B., U. Kfkfi, R. Rosenberg, nd G. Sposito. 19. Phosphorus dsorption by Kolinite nd Montmorillonite, I: Effect of time, ionic strength, nd ph. Soil Science Society of Americ Journl 5: Choi, W. J., G. H. Hn, S. M. Lee, G. T. Lee, K. S Yoon, S. M. Choi, nd H. M. Ro. 7. Impct of lnd-use types on nitrte concentrtion nd 15 N in unconfined groundwter in rurl res of Kore. Agriculture Ecosystem nd Environment 1 ( ): 59. Eghbll, B. 3. Leching of phosphorus frctions following mnure or compost ppliction. Communictions in Soil Science nd Plnt Anlysis 3 (19): Entry, J. A., nd R. E. Sojk. 7. Mtrix-bsed fertilizers reduce nitrogen nd phosphorus leching in greenhouse column studies. Wter Air nd Soil Pollution 1 (1 ): 3 9. Fierer, N., nd J. P. Schimel.. Effects of drying rewetting frequency of soil crbon nd nitrogen trnsformtions. Soil Biology nd Biochemistry 3 (): Gee, G. W., nd J. W. Buder. 19. Prticle-size nlysis. In Methods of soil nlysis, prt 1: Physicl nd minerlogicl methods, ed. G. S. Cmpbell, D. R. Nielsen, R. D. Jckson, A. Klute, nd M. M. Mortlnd, Mdison, Wisc.: ASA nd SSSA. Guo, B., Y. Ling, Z. Li, nd F. Hn. 9. Phosphorus dsorption nd biovilbility in pddy soils mended with pig mnure compost nd decying rice strw. Communictions in Soil Science nd Plnt Anlysis (13): Hynes, R. J., nd M. S. Mokolobte. 1. Ameliortion of Al toxicity nd P deficiency in cid soils by dditions of orgnic residue: A criticl review of the phenomenon nd the mechnisms involved. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem 59 (1): 7 3. Krthnsis, A. D., nd P. D. Shumker. 9. Orgnic nd inorgnic phosphte interctions with soil hydroxyl-interlyered minerls. Journl of Soils nd Sediments 9 (5):

14 Phosphorus Leching from Composted Soils 199 Downloded by [University of Albert] t 13:55 3 June 13 Kuo, S Phosphorus. In Methods of soil nlysis, prt 3: Chemicl methods, ed. D. L. Sprks, A. L. Pge, P. A. Helmke, R. H. Loeppert, P. N. Soltnpour, M. A. Tbtbi, C. T. Johnston, nd M. E. Sumner, Mdison, Wisc.: ASA nd SSSA. Lrney, F. J., D. M. Sullivn, K. E. Buckley, nd B. Eghbll.. The role of composting in recycling mnure nutrients. Cndin Journl of Soil Science (): Med, J. A. 191 A comprison of the Lngmuir, Freundlich, nd Temkin equtions to describe phosphte dsorption properties of soils. Austrlin Journl of Soil Reserch 19: Nelson, D. W., nd L. E. Sommers Totl crbon, orgnic crbon, nd orgnic mtter. In Methods of soil nlysis, prt 3: Chemicl methods, ed. D. L. Sprks, A. L. Pge, P. A. Helmke, R. H. Loeppert, P. N. Soltnpour, M. A. Tbtbi, C. T. Johnston, nd M. E. Sumner, Mdison, Wisc.: ASA nd SSSA. Stti, P., M. J. Mzzrion, L. Roselli, nd P. Crego. 7. Fctors ffecting soil P dynmics in temperte volcnic soils of southern Argentin. Geoderm 139 (1 ): 9. Schefe, C. R., A. F. Ptti, T. S. Clune, nd R. Jckson.. Orgnic mendments increse soil solution phosphte concentrtions in n cid soil: A controlled environment study. Soil Science 173 (): 7 7. Shrpley, A., nd B. Moyer.. Phosphorus forms in mnure nd compost nd their relese during simulted rinfll. Journl of Environmentl Qulity 9 (5): Shrpley, A. N., S. J. Smith, B. A. Stewrt, nd A. C. Mthers. 19. Forms of phosphorus in soil receiving cttle feedlot wste. Journl of Environmentl Qulity 13: Sumner, M. E., nd W. P. Miller Ction exchnge cpcity nd exchnge coefficients. In Methods of soil nlysis, prt 3: Chemicl methods, ed. D. L. Sprks, A. L. Pge, P. A. Helmke, R. H. Loeppert, P. N. Soltnpour, M. A. Tbtbi, C. T. Johnston, nd M. E. Sumner, Mdison, Wisc.: ASA nd SSSA. Tittrelli, F., G. Petruzzelli, B. Pezzross, M. Civilini, A. Benedetti, nd P. Sequi. 7. Qulity nd gronomic use of compost. In Compost science nd technology, ed. L. F. Diz, M. de Bertoldi, W. Bidlingmier, nd E. Stentiford, 9. Amsterdm, the Netherlnds: Elsevier Science. Yoo, J. H., H. M. Ro, W. J. Choi, S. H. Yoo, nd K. H. Hn.. Phosphorus dsorption nd removl by sediments of constructed mrsh in Kore. Ecologicl Engineering 7 (): Zvomuy, F., B. L. Helgson, F. J. Lrney, H. H. Jnzen, O. O. Akinremi, nd B. M. Olson.. Predicting phosphorus vilbility from soil-pplied composted nd noncomposted cttle feedlot mnure. Journl of Environmentl Qulity 35 (3):