Natural Refrigerants: Future-proof Solutions for Today. eurammon End-Users

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2 Natural Refrigerants: Future-proof Solutions for Today eurammon End-Users

3 Design and Construction of a Small Ammonia Heat Pump by Behzad Abolhassani Monfared

4 Introduction (1/2) Water-to-water heat pump (ground source) Low charge of ammonia 7 kw heating capacity at -5 C and +40 C evaporation and condensation temperatures Both tap water heating and space heating Enough for a single-family house in central Sweden Compact design Betriebswirtschaft

5 Introduction (2/2) Between 1994 and 2008, more than heat pumps were sold in Sweden Share of small heat pumps installed in single-family houses is much larger than other types of heat pumps In Swedish market, commercially built heat pumps for single-family houses have 5 kw to 10 kw heating capacity About 90% of annual required heating and 60% of required heating power in the coldest days of heating season are covered Common refrigerants for ground source heat pumps in Sweden are R407C, R404A, R134a, and R290 (propane)

6 Environmental Impacts (1/2) R407C R404A R134a R290 R717 ODP < < < GWP (100-yr) <1 Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) is even more important TEWI depends on GWP, running hours, leakage rate, refrigerant charge, energy consumption, (kg CO 2 /kwh), (kgco 2 /kg ref), etc. (kg CO 2 /kg ref) of production of ammonia is lower than that of synthetic refrigerants An important factor is the efficiency of the system

7 Environmental Impacts (2/2) Engineering Equation Solver (EES) model t 1 =40 C, t 2 =-5 C, SH= 5 K, SC=5 K, η motor = 80% Volumetric efficiency Volumetric to isentropic efficiency t 18 k 2k ηs = k1.( 1+ ks ). e 100 R407C R404A R134a R290 R717 COP P 1 (bar) P 2 (bar) t 1k ( C) ηs η = (1 + k To produce sanitary hot water, higher condensation pressure is needed for the refrigerants other than ammonia, which leads to lower COP 1 values than the values in the above table for them k e t 2 P1 P 2 18 ). e 100 t ( a t 1 2k b)

8 Setup installed in a house

9 Setup tested in the laboratory

10 EES software model Basis for choosing the components (needed capacity) Pipes on refrigerant side Heat exchangers and needed flow rate through them The pump, flow meters, and 3-way valves on water side Assumptions t 1 =40 C, t 2 =-5 C, SH= 5 K, SC=5 K, Q 2 = 5.4 kw η s Results t2k 18 = k1.( 1+ ks ). e 100 Q 1 = 6.9 kw (Q cond =5.5 kw, Q desup =1.4 kw), COP 1k = 4.6 m r = kg/s, P 1 = 15.6 bar, P 2 = 3.55 bar k 2 P1 P 2 ηs η k = (1 + k e t 18 ). e 100 t ( a t 1 2k b)

11 Main components (1/4) Open-type reciprocating HKT- GOELDNER compressor, O 12 3 DK100 For t 1 =40 C, t 2 =-5 to 0 C, n=1450 rpm Q 2 6 kw

12 Main components (2/4) Permanent magnet motor (TG drives) The rotation speed is controlled by an inverter (OMRON)

13 Main components (3/4) Desuperheater and condenser Fusion-bonded, 100% stainless steel plate heat exchangers (AlfaNova) Evaporator Minichannel aluminum heat exchanger

14 Main components (4/4) Electronic expansion valve (Carel) Standalone driver (Carel) Brine pump (Grundfos) High efficiency Stepless speed control Circulating the brine, ethanol 25% wt, through the evaporator and borehole

15 3!D model Scaled 3-D drawing in AutoCAD Plan to place the components in a limited space Grundfos WebCAPS. Grundfos. [Online] WILO [Online]

16 Constructing the heat pump According to 3-D model AluFlex 40mm 40mm bars Calibration or verification Leakage Insulation (ARMAFLEX)

17

18 Data acquisition and processing

19 Agilent VEE program

20 Test conditions Compressor speed 1500 rpm and 800 rpm Condensation temperature 40 C Evaporation temperature -13 C to +5 C Water leaving desuperheater 60 C Brine temprature change 3K

21 Results (Q 1 and Q 2 )

22 Results (E elm, E k, E pump )

23 Results (Q desup /Q cond )

24 Discharge temperature Betriebswirtschaft

25 Results (COP) Betriebswirtschaft

26 Results (η k and η tot ) Betriebswirtschaft

27 Conclusions A small ammonia heat pump with desirable performance has been built and tested in a range of evaporation temperatures at two compressor speeds. The heating capacity and the compact design of the heat pump make it suitable for space heating and tap water heating of single-family houses. For the safety reasons in domestic applications, through compact design and using minichannel heat exchanger as evaporator, the heat pump works with low amount of refrigerant. Betriebswirtschaft

28 Future work Redesigning the evaporator Measuring power after inverter and motor Reducing the charge more Installing the heat pump in a house Betriebswirtschaft

29 References (1/2) Ammonia in low capacity refrigeration and heat pump systems. Palm, Björn , s.l. : Elsevier Ltd and IIR, 2008, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 31, pp doi: /j.ijrefrig Design and test of a domestic heat pump with ammonia as refrigerant. Monfared, B A and Palm B Proceedings of the 4th IIR conference on Ammonia Refrigeration Technology, Ohrid. Fernando, Primal Experimental Investigation of Refrigerant Charge Minimisation of a Small Capacity Heat Pump. Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology. Stockholm : Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, PhD Thesis. ISBN: Forsén, Martin Ökad användning av värmepumar En förutusättning för att nå EU:s mål. Svenska Värmepumpföreningen - SVEP. [Online] February 3, [Cited: February 25, 2010.] _varmepumar_en_forutusattning_for_att_na_eus_20_20_20_mal_martin_fors en.pdf. Betriebswirtschaft

30 References (2/2) Granryd, Eric, et al Refrigeration Engineering. 5th Edition. Stockholm : Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Vol. I. HKT-Goeldner HKT-Goeldner. [Online] [Cited: March 19, 2010.] Karlsson, Fredrik, Axell, Monica and Fahlen, Per Heat Pump Systems in Sweden. Swedish National Testing and Research institute; Chalmers University of Technology. Borås : s.n., Country Report for IEA HPP - Annex28. Refrigerant data summary. Calm, J M and Hourahan G C November 2001, Engineered Systems, Vol. 18, pp Svensk Fjärrvärme Statistik om fjärrvärme och kraftvärme Svensk Fjärrvärme AB Web site. [Online] [Cited: February 25, 2010.] The climate change implications of manufacturing refrigerants: A calculation of 'production' energy contents of some common refrigerants. Campbell, N J and McCulloch, A , s.l. : Institution of Chemical Engineers, August 1998, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 76, pp Betriebswirtschaft

31 Thank you

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