The Stress Test Process in France (CSA*) Its impact on Research Facilities
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1 BgNS International Conference NUCLEAR POWER FOR THE PEOPLE October 2012, AUGUSTA SPA Hotel, Hissar, Bulgaria The Stress Test Process in France (CSA*) ---- Its impact on Research Facilities G. Cognet CEA Delegate for Central Europe Regional Nuclear Counselor French Embassy * CSA: Complementary Safety Assessments 1
2 Three major accidents Tchernobyl (1986) Fukushima (2011) TMI2 (1979) 2
3 After Fukushima: 2 Fundamental Issues Fukushima (March 2011) Fukushima has caused confusion in public opinions about the use of nuclear energy Despite precautions taken, an accident can never be completely ruled out There will be a before and an after Fukushima Two fundamental issues for countries using nuclear energy: What is the situation of current reactors face to such risks How to prevent such accidents? 3
4 Decision of CSAs (Stress Tests) Scope of the Stress Tests Targeted reassessment of the safety margins of NPPs Extreme natural events challenging the plant safety functions Focus on severe accident * CSA: Complementary Safety Assessments 4
5 Stress tests: an obligation in the EU Kozloduy, BG Paks, HU Cruas, FR La Hague, FR 5
6 Definition of Stress tests (May 2011) Stress tests are targeted reassessments which will consist in: Evaluations of the response of a nuclear power plant when facing a set of extreme situations Verification of the preventive and mitigative measures chosen following a defence-in-depth logic 6
7 Technical scope of the stress tests Initiating events Earthquake Flooding (whatever the origin) Other extreme events Consequences of a loss of safety functions (from any initiating event conceivable a the site) Loss of electrical power, including station blackout (diesels, etc.) Loss of the ultimate heat sink (UHS) Combination of both Severe accident management issues (Means to protect from and to manage) Loss of the core cooling function Loss of the spent fuel storage pool cooling function Loss of containment integrity 7
8 Stress Tests Steps 1 st step Operators required to perform an assessment and make proposals for safety improvements 2 nd step National regulators performed an independant review of the operators assessment and issue requirements, whenever appropriate 3 rd step Peer review on the basis of the national reports «Country peer review» Progress report Final report Licensee report August 15, 2011 October 31, 2011 National report September 15, 2011 December 31,
9 Stress Tests Challenges in the EU 144 power reactors in operation 6 under construction 17 countries with nuclear power Different designs Different regulatory regimes 9
10 The French process Immediately after the accident, ASN initiated: a campaign of targeted inspections a complementary safety assessments (CSA) approach of the safety of nuclear facilities Re-assessment of the facilities safety margins focused on extreme natural events Review of the behavior of the facilities facing extreme situations such as loss of electrical power or cooling, whatever the cause Analysis of emergency management Analysis of the human factor This process concerns 150 nuclear installations, 21 licensees (58 NPP, NPPs under construction, fuel cycle facilities, research reactors, etc.) 80 Priority nuclear installations (inc. NPP) 70 Lower priority installations 10
11 Nuclear facilities in France 11
12 The CSA two-step approach 6 review areas (specified by the ASN): Earthquake Flooding Loss of cooling water supply Loss of power Severe accident management Contractors 12
13 French CSA Specifications & specificities Consistent with the ENSREG specifications The assessment firstly focused on the effects of natural phenomena on an extreme scale (earthquake, flooding and both of them) It then focused on the loss of one or more of the safety functions It lastly addressed the organization and the management of the severe accidents Extended scope compared with ENSREG specifications It was applied to all the French nuclear facilities and not just the nuclear power plants Subcontracting aspects were also addressed in the French CSAs Targeted inspections They aimed at providing an on-site verification of the conformity of the licensee s equipment and organization with respect to the existing safety requirements. They addressed the topics defined above 13
14 Milestones of the French CSAs Submission of the ASN s report to the Prime Minister on 3 rd January
15 An open and transparent process Reports of licensees available for the public Publication of the IRSN reports and of the GPE opinion as soon as available Publication of the Progress report sent by France to ENSREG High Level Committee on Transparency fully involved in the process Local information committees (CLI) and the National Association of CLIs (ANCCLI) also fully involved Foreign experts were invited to take part to the French ECS (Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands ), both for meetings and inspections 15
16 Operator proposals following the CSAs 16
17 ASN report s main outcomes Facilities examined offer a sufficient safety level to require no immediate shutdown of any of them Their continued operation requires an increase in their robustness to extreme situations beyond their existing safety margins, as soon as possible ASN in particular underlined the importance of the following measures : Creation of a "hard-core" of material and organizational measures designed to ensure control of the basic safety functions in extreme situations Gradual creation of the "Nuclear rapid response force (FARN)" proposed by EDF Strengthened measures to reduce the risk of dewatering of the fuel in spent fuel storage pools Feasibility studies with a view to the implementation of technical measures designed to protect the groundwater and surface water in the event of a severe accident Strengthened nonconformity processing system Reinforcement of the safety requirements for nuclear facilities, in particular with regard to the "earthquake", "flooding" and "risks linked to other industrial activities" aspects based on Fukushima accident feedback Regarding social, organizational and human factors, ASN will be particularly attentive to : The renewal of the licensee workforces and skills The monitoring of the subcontractors working on nuclear facilities (no possible delegation) 17
18 Two specific and new measures (1/2) Hard-core The licensees should have proposed to ASN the content and specifications of the "hard-core" for each facility before 30 th June 2012 Ultimate protection of the facilities, with the following 3 objectives: prevent a severe accident or limit its progression, limit large-scale releases in the event of an accident which it was not possible to control, enable the licensee to perform its emergency management duties. The "hard-core" will in particular include: crisis management premises and equipment, means of communication and alert, technical and environmental monitoring instrumentation, operational dosimetry resources for workers, strengthened equipment including, for NPPs, an electricity generating set and an emergency cooldown water supply for each reactor. 18
19 Two specific and new measures (2/2) "Nuclear rapid response force (FARN) (concerning EDF) gradual creation from 2012 to 2014 of the national response system specialist crews and equipment, able to take over from the personnel of a site affected by an accident and to deploy additional emergency response resources in less than 24 hours. forward, capacity for simultaneous intervention on all the reactors of a site. 19
20 The CSAs on research facilities Stress tests were carried out on several research facilities The critical mock-up MASURCA The experimental reactor OSIRIS The FNR PHENIX The Pu technology facility The experimental reactor JHR in construction OSIRIS 10 other are under tests this year (Rapsodie, LECA, Atalante, Cabri, ) 20
21 Results of the CSAs on research facilities Common requests from the ASN Creation of a "hard-core" of material and organizational measures designed to ensure control of the basic safety functions in extreme situations Adaptation of the emergency crisis center Monitoring of the subcontractors working on nuclear facilities Specific requests from the ASN Definitive shutdown of the Pu technology facility in Cadarache Definitive shutdowns of the PHENIX and OSIRIS reactors Retrieval of fissile materials from the storage building of MASURCA in Cadarache All these requests already decided; CSAs accelerate the process 21
22 Process Follow-up ASN will take particularly care of the implementation on time of the requirements it issues In 2012, ASN should have reviewed the CSA reports of 22 more facilities (reports issued on 15th September 2012) and conduct targeted inspection The French organizations will take part of the follow-up of the European process, in particular: The discussions on the Nuclear Safety Directive The peer reviews The French organizations will continue to actively participate in the analyses undertaken across the world to gain a clearer understanding of the Fukushima accident and learn the lessons from it. The French organizations will contribute to the implementation of the IAEA action plan. 22
23 Conclusions The CSAs, with its tight time limits, was conducted with rigor in a short time while allowing for multiple and international expertise. It resulted in an exceptional mobilization of experts including IRSN teams, stakeholders, operators and ASN. The requirements of ASN, following the CSAs, meet considerable work, massive investment, and also assume a particular investment in human resources and skills. ASN will now rigorously monitor the implementation of the changes it has prescribed, the implementation will take several years. The comprehensive experience feedback of the Fukushima accident can take up to 10 years and the current understanding of the accident may be modified. CSAs are just the beginning of a long process. It is necessary to learn lessons from this accident, in a continuous process of improvement of nuclear safety in France, Europe and worldwide. 23
24 Thank you for your attention 24
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