Waste Biomass & The Prospects of Biochar. Christoph Steiner. Biorefining & Carbon Cycling Program

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1 Waste Biomass & Christoph Steiner The Prospects of Biochar Biorefining & Carbon Cycling Program

2 Global problems soil degradation peak oil Hubbert s Peak in 2007 FAO's global food price index rose 40% to the highest level on record World fertilizer prices surge 200% International Center for Soil Fertility and Agricultural Development, IFDC Climate change Dedicating land to biofuels increases carbon emissions Corn-based ethanol doubles greenhouse gas emissions over 30 years Searchinger et al. 2008, Science

3 Soil degradation Agriculture without mineral fertilizers maintaining SOC The soil C pool is 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric pool and 4.5 times the size of the biotic pool. Lal 2004, Science

4 Soil degradation mineral fertilizers further decline in SOC Laurens Rademakers Most agricultural soils have lost 60 to >75% (20 80 Mg ha -1 ) of their original SOC (Lal, 2004, Science) From 1750 the emissions from land use change contributed about 30% to global warming (Lal, 2003).

5 Example I Chernozem or mollisol Most agriculturally productive soils (Duchaufour, 1998) ( world soil day, Schwarzerde = soil of the year 2005) Residues from vegetation fires, such as black carbon (BC) (Glaser et al., 2000) BC constituting up to 45% of the SOM BC is several millennia in age (Schmidt et al., 2002)

6 Example II Terra Preta Ferralsol Terra Preta B. Glaser

7 Anthrosols Brazil Terra Preta

8 Terra Preta fertility Cash crop farming Irrigated horticulture lawn production

9 Charcoal, BC, Chernozem and Terra Preta

10 Terra Preta fertility

11 Slash and Char as Alternative to Slash and Burn ~50% of C remains as charcoal Photo: Steve Welch ~2% of C remains as charcoal

12 Biochar Research Terra Preta Nova EMBRAPA research station Brazil

13 Research results, sorghum Plants after 55 days NPK fertilizer & charcoal NPK fertilizer without charcoal C. Steiner, UN climate change conference 2007; Bali Indonesia,

14 Carbonized Organic Matter resistance B 100 Carbon remaining (%) Bio-char Un-charred organic matter Years 4 5 Photo: C. Steiner Charcoal is a long-term carbon sink JOHANNES LEHMANN, JOHN GAUNT, and MARCO RONDON Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2006

15 Nature (2007), Vol 447

16 Biochar carbon negative energy Waste biomass can be used No competition with food production Nature (2007), Vol 447 Source Carbon sequestration, restoring soil fertility and renewable energy production can be complementary

17 UGA Biorefining and Carbon Cycling Program

18 The Products of Pyrolysis Char, Bio-oil, Syngas

19 Biochar from different feedstock

20 Poultry litter stabilization, pathogen and odor reduction Ash (complete combustion) high concentration of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg,. Loss of nitrogen (N) Biochar (pyrolysis, carbonization) concentration of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg,. 70% of N lost (400 C depending on temp.) Compost (composting) Concentration of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg,. Loss of nitrogen (NH3 volatilization, 70 88%, Ogunwande et al., 2008)

21 Field, Lab- and Greenhouse Experiments

22 Experiment I fertilization efficiency 1.5 Mg ha -1 (52.5 kg N ha -1 ) 3 Mg ha -1 (105 kg N ha -1 ) 6 Mg ha -1 (210 kg N ha -1 ) MF = NH 4 NO 3 KCl CaHPO 4 and MgSO 4 In addition one unfertilized control

23 Results total biomass production (sum of 4 harvests) 30 Biomass production g pot L1 L2 L3 0 CO PL MF PLc MFc CO = control, PL = poultry litter, MF = mineral fertilizer based on PL, PLc = carbonized PL, MFc = MF based on PLc

24 Results N uptake in relation to N fertilized N uptake mg kg -1 soil N fertilized mg kg -1 soil CO PL PLc MF MFc Linear (PL) Linear (PLc) Linear (MF) Linear (MFc) y = 0.244x R² = y = 0.005x R² = y = 0.723x R² = y = 0.697x R² = 0.999

25 Experiment II biochar as bulking agent in composting

26 Compost with and without biochar 0% biochar 20% biochar 20% biochar

27 Faster decomposition temperature

28 Faster decomposition increased respiration

29 Reduced Nitrogen Losses with 20% biochar Ammonia emissions reduced by up to 64% Total N losses reduced by up to 52%

30

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