SOLAR PV Oier Aranzabal LH Usurbil May 2012

Transcription

1 SOLAR PV Oier Aranzabal LH Usurbil May 2012

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6 Almeria s PSA photos and web page.

7 Solar power can create thousands of jobs! In 2010, the European PV industry directly employed over 150,000 people. 3.5 million full-time jobs in the global PV sector will have been created by In the European Union (EU), the PV industry could employ people by Highly-qualified technicians for PV design, installation, repair and maintenance. (design, installation and maintenance).

8 ACCIONA SOLAR ENERGY: Corporative video: qtwanz2mg&feature=relmfu Acciona Nevada solar: qti&feature=relmfu

9 TYPES OF SOLAR RADIATION: Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI): the amount of solar radiation received per unit area by a surface that is always held at a perpendicular angle to the rays that fall in a straight line from the position of the sun at any given position in the sky. Diffuse Irradiance (DIF): the amount of radiation received per unit area by a surface that does not arrive on a direct path from the sun, but has been scattered by molecules and particles in the atmosphere or reflected off the ground and may arrive from all directions. Albedo Irradiance: A third type of radiation called albedo, is direct or diffuse radiation, reflected from the soil or nearby surfaces (snow, lakes, building walls, and so on).

10 SOLAR RADIATION UNIT: I.U.S.: W/m 2 USA?

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13 PRACTICE nº1: SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENT: 1. RADIATION METER. 2. MINI-SOLAR PANNEL TOGETHER WITH A MULTIMETER.

14 SOLAR RADIATION DATA: A photovoltaic system can operate in the absence of bright sunlight and can generate electricity on cloudy and rainy days from reflected sunlight! NASA: EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA (pvgis): USA:

15 PRACTICE nº2: RADIATION COMPARISON: HSP YEARLY AVERAGE YEARLY RADIATION AVERAGE PER DAY YEARLY RADIATION USURBIL FLORIDA kwh / m2 5.2 kwh / m kwh /m kwh / m2 (1kW/m²) = 1 HSP (HOURS OF SOLAR PEAK).

16 POSITION PARAMETERS: LATITUDE / LONGITUDE

17 SUN S PARAMETERS: LATITUDE / LONGITUDE

18 PRACTICE nº3: Transforming solar energy into movement and light with SOLAR TRAINER.

19 SOLAR PANNEL S PARAMETERS: INCLINATION / ORIENTATION

20 PRACTICE nº4: Effects of radiation, inclination and orientation.

21 SOLAR PATH:

22 SOLAR PATH:

23 SOLAR PARAMETERS:

24 SOLAR PARAMETERS:

25 SUN S PATH:

26 PRACTICE nº5: SOLAR POSITION S IDENTIFICATION WITH INCLINOMETER AND COMPASS.

27 SPANISH PHOTOVOLTAIC LAW: CTE HE5 om/mainframe/fotovoltaica/pd f/cte%20seccion%20he5.pdf Obligación de instalar solar PV en

28 LOSSES DUE TO SHADOWS: EXCEL file

29 LOSSES DUE TO INCORRECT ORIENTATION/INCLINATION: CTE formula

30 LOSSES DUE TO INCORRECT ORIENTATION/INCLINATION: CTE chart

31 PERFECT ORIENTATION: South (northern hemisphere) PERFECT INCLINATION: Latitude (depends on use) SOLAR FOLLOWERS: - Programmed - With sensors (solar followers + anemometer) inicio.swf

32 SOLAR PATHFINDER: Manual. Magnetic declination. Videos: Software: Demonstration on field.

33 PRACTICE nº6: SOLAR PATHFINDER s USE.

34 PV BASICS: Electricity from the sun animation: Photovoltaic (PV) systems contain cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Inside each cell there are layers of semi-conductive material. Light falling onto the cell creates an electric field across the layers, causing electricity to flow. The intensity of the light determines the amount of electrical power that is generated by each cell.

35 PV BASICS: PV module structure:

36 PRACTICE nº7: Transforming solar energy. Effects of radiation, inclination and orientation.

37 PV BASICS: MODULE TYPES:

38 PANNEL INTEGRATION IN BUILDINGS PV systems can be mounted on top of roofs (known as Building Adapted PV systems or BAPV) or can be integrated into the roof or building façade (known as Building Integrated PV systems or BIPV). PHOTOVOLTAIC SHINGLES ON A ROOF OF SLATE.

39 PANNEL elements: A PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE USUALLY CONSISTS OF: PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS AND ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS. THE ENCAPSULANT COVERING THE CELLS ABOVE AND BELOW. AN OUTER TRANSPARENT COVER (ACTIVE FACE OF THE PANEL). A SPECIALLY DESIGNED REAR GUARD AGAINST MOISTURE. THE FRAME OR FRAMEWORK THAT ALLOWS A MANAGEABLE STRUCTURE. THE OUTPUT CONTACTS (POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE). PROTECTION DIODES.

40 PV BASICS: FF (form factor): the module is better if FF approaches to 1.

41 SOLAR PANNEL: BP W BASIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL: FRAGILE, DIFFICULT TO HANDLE, CREATES LOW POWER. CELL WITH ELECTRIC CONTACTS 36 CELLS CONNECTED IN SERIES FORMING A 12V PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE. STD. WEIGHT: 14KG/M2

42 PRACTICE nº8: Solar power measurement in one cell (P=IxV). Effects of the shadowing on power (measure I and V)

43 CONNECTION BETWEEN PANNELS 1.- SERIAL: VOLTAGE IS INCREASED. 2.- PARALLEL: CURRENT IS INCREASED. 3.- SERIAL PARALLEL: BOTH ARE INCREASED!

44 PRACTICE nº9: SOLAR TRAINER 1. MEASURE 1 PANNEL I+V 2. 2 PANNELS IN SERIAL 3. 3 PANNELS IN SERIAL 4. 4 PANNELS IN SERIAL 5. 2 PANNELS IN PARALLEL 6. 3 PANNELS IN PARALLEL 7. 4 PANNELS IN PARALLEL 8. (2 PANNELS IN SERIAL) IN PARALLEL PANNELS IN SERIAL + 1 IN PARALLEL.

45 PRACTICE nº10: POWER POWER OBTAINED FROM AN INSTALLATION: MULTIPLY VOLTAGE WITH INTENSITY. MEASURE POWER OF PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTS WITH SOLAR TRAINER. MEASURE POWER OF UPPER PANNELS. THIS PRACTICE CAN BE OPTIMISED USING FVEXPERT.

46 Influence of temperature THE WORKING TEMPERATURE OF THE CELLS MAY BE FROM 20 TO 25 C ABOVE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. OVER TEMPERATURE ADDS EFFECTIVENESS. THE LOSS OF EFFECTIVENESS CAN BE OF 0.5% LESS POWER FOR EACH DEGREE OF TEMPERATURE ABOVE 25 C (STC STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS: 1000 W/M2, 25ºC).

47 hot point IF WITHIN THE MODULE A CELL IS SHADED AND THE OTHERS NOT, OR HAS A MANUFACTURING DEFECT, IS FORCED TO BEHAVE LIKE A CHARGE: INSTEAD TO PRODUCE ENERGY, IT WILL CONSUME IT, AND WILL BEGIN TO DISSIPATE THE ENERGY GENERATED BY THE OTHERS. THE SHADED CELL TEMPERATURE WILL RISE, AND THIS PROBLEM CAN DAMAGE THE ENCAPSULANT. TO SOLVE THIS DRAWBACK, PROTECTION DIODES ARE PLACED WITHIN THE CONNECTION BOX MODULE. THESE DIODES ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL WITH GROUPS OF CELLS ASSOCIATED IN SERIES..

48 PRACTICE nº11: SOLAR TRAINER A shadowed pannel behaves like a common diode; test it with this configuration, changing the polarity of the battery or pannel:

49 PROTECTION DIODES SOLAR BY-PASS: GENERATE RESISTANCE WITHIN THE PANEL, PREVENTING IT FROM BURNING. If the module is working correctly no influence on the run, but when cells are reverse biased,the diode provides a pathway to power and limits the power to be disipated per cell. The hot spot problem may be due to solar module assembly has taken place in the summer months, regardless of possible shadows cast on the cells by any obstacle at other times of year, or the module also has a area much dirtier than other and thus some cells received much less radiation than others.

50 BRALY HOUSE video:

51 29/05/2012 TODAY S OBJECTIVES: QUICK PV CONCEPT REVIEW. CHECKING SOLAR PATHFINDER REPORT. SOLAR TRAINER LEAFLET. CONNECTION BETWEEN MODULES (EXERCISE). BATTERY SYSTEMS versus GRID CONNECTED SYSTEMS. GRID CONNECTION PANNELS E007. SOLAR FOLLOWER ROI calculation.

52 PRACTICE nº12: CONNECTION BETWEEN PANNELS (OUTSIDE) DEDUCE CONNECTION OF EXTERNAL PANNELS AND MEASURE INTENSITY AND VOLTAGE.

53 PRACTICE nº12: CONNECTION BETWEEN PANNELS (SOLLUTION) CORRECT CONNECTION:

54 PRACTICE nº12: CONNECTION BETWEEN PANNELS (SOLLUTION)

55 BATTERY BASED SYSTEMS: Charge capacity SI unit = Culomb In batteries, we use: A h To determine the contained energy, multiply by 3600 and the Voltage. For example: Mobile battery: 800mAh 3,7V 10,5 KJ Discharging time: divide by the current of the connected appliances.

56 ON-GRID SYSTEMS. When a PV system is connected to the local electricity network, any excess power that is generated can be fed back into the electricity grid. Under a FiT regime, the owner of the PV system is legally entitled to payment for the power generated in this way.

57 ELEMENTS OF THE GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM 1.- SOLAR PANNELS ALL THE CELLS FORMING A MODULE HAVE THE SAME DESCRIPTION AND THE SAME CURVE. ALL MODULES THAT MAKE UP A SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR MUST HAVE THE SAME ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

58 ELEMENTS OF THE GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM 2.- INVERTER CONVERTS DC TO AC. PN = 0,8 * PV PEAK POWER

59 PRACTICE nº13: SOLAR TRAINER 1. CONVERT DC TO AC WITH AN INVERTER AND ANALIZE RESULT.

60 ELEMENTS OF THE GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM 3.- ELECTRICITY COUNTER WE USE 3 COUNTERS: A. ONE FOR COUNTING SOLD ENERGY. B. ANOTHER FOR COUNTING CONSUMED ELECTRICITY ON THE INVERSOR. C. ANOTHER FOR COUNTING BOUGHT ENERGY. A AND B COULB BE SUBSTITUTED BY A BI- DIRECTIONAL COUNTER. NET METERING - IF THERE IS NO SUBSIDED PRICE, ALL COULD BE IMPLEMENTED IN ONE. COUNTERS DEFINED BY REBT (ITC BT 16)

61 ELEMENTS OF THE GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

62 ELEMENTS OF THE GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM 3.- PROTECTIONS IN AC AND DC FUSE, ICP, EARTH. SOME ARE INCLUDED ON THE INVERTER

63 CABLE SECTION: P= I1 x V1 = I2 x V2 For the same installled power, the lesser the voltage, the bigger the current. WE NEED THICKER CABLES! SECCIONES DEL CABLEADO Sección del cable S= 2 L I / 56 V = mm 2 L= Longitud, Av = Caida de tensión admisible Av = 1,5% Paneles inversor Vcc Av = 2% Inversor Punto de conexión Vac

64 PARAMETERS TO BE DEFINED (ON-GRID SYSTEMS): 1.PEAK POWER OF PV INSTALLATION. 2.INVERTER S POWER. 3.ENERGY TO BE GENERATED YEARLY.

65 SOLAR FOLLOWER ROI calculation Yearly generated energy = P HSP 365 P = 3840 Wp; HSP = 3, ,6 365 = 5046 kwh / yearly 0,66 cent / kwh. Yearly income = 3330 Investment = ROI = Investment / yearly income = 7.3 years

66 PRACTICE nº14: VISIT SOLAR FOLLOWER AND EXPLAIN DETAILS.

67 PRACTICE nº15: INSTALLATION CONNECTED TO GRID E007 lab PANNELS.

68 USEFUL LINKS IN PV:

69 ZERO EMISSIONS BUILDING: Zero emissions building: Z7o&feature=relmfu