Case Study of Modeled and Observed TCE Attenuation from Groundwater to Indoor Air. Christopher G. Lawless Johnson Wright, Inc.

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1 Case Study of Modeled and Observed TCE Attenuation from Groundwater to Indoor Air Christopher G. Lawless Johnson Wright, Inc. October 18, 2004

2 Presentation Contents SITE BACKGROUND STUDY METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS

3 Study Questions How well does site-specific J&E modeling predict indoor air concentrations? What are the measured and site-specific modeled vapor attenuation factors? How does the EPA attenuation factor compare to measured and modeled attenuation factors for the site?

4 Site Background In 2003, groundwater to indoor air vapor intrusion study was conducted Superfund Site (US EPA lead agency) Contamination caused by subsurface release of solvents

5 Site Background 1985, Soil cleanup completed GW cleanup since 1986 using extraction and treatment Two aquifers impacted with TCE Groundwater Treatment System

6 Building Conditions Commercial facility Constructed 1965 Slab on Grade - Sub-slab material unknown 2 sects w/ separate HVAC systems Section 1 vacant Section 2 occupied Site Building

7 Site Conditions Average depth to water = 14 ft Soil type = silty clay TCE GW concentration = ppb - Stable over last 5 years

8 Technical Approach J & E MODELING SITE SCREENING BASELINE SAMPLING HVAC REPAIR POST-HVAC REPAIR SAMPLING MODEL VERIFICATION

9 STUDY METHODS

10 STUDY METHODS Johnson & Ettinger (J&E) Modeling J&E Modeling to predict probable-case (PC) & worst-case (WC) conditions Both model runs used site-specific data when available Most conservative J&E practical range values used to represent WC site conditions Default values used to represent PC site conditions

11 STUDY METHODS J&E Modeling Key Assumptions INPUT PARAMETER INITIAL GW CONCENTRATION (ug/l) SOIL TYPE SOIL TOTAL POROSITY BUILDING PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL (g/cm-s2) INDOOR EXCHANGE RATE (1/h) PC 147 SIC WC 270 SI

12 STUDY METHODS Field Activities BASELINE SAMPLING POST HVAC REPAIR SAMPLING DATE ACTIVITY APRIL 2003 SITE SCREENING MAY 6, 2003 SAMPLING EVENT 1 MAY 13, 2003 SAMPLING EVENT 2 JUNE 2003 DATA EVALUATION JULY-AUG 2003 HVAC REPAIR/TESTING SEPT 4, 2003 SAMPLING EVENT 3 SEPT 11, 2003 SAMPLING EVENT 4 NOV 2003 DATA EVALUATION DEC 23, 2003 SAMPLING EVENT 5

13 STUDY METHODS Site Screening Review HVAC & building construction drawings Search for outdoor TCE emission sources within 1 mi. Indoor air quality survey PID screening of potential sampling locations NO INDOORS OR OUTDOOR TCE SOURCES OR PID DETECTIONS

14 STUDY METHODS Air Sampling & Analysis Methods Sample duration = 12-hour integrated 6-L pre-cleaned Summa canisters Analyze for GW chemicals of concern (e.g. TCE) Analyze using EPA Method TO-15 Select Ion Monitoring (SIM)

15 STUDY METHODS Air Sample Setup

16 STUDY METHODS Air Sampling Schematic REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE PATHWAY SAMPLE

17 STUDY METHODS Air Sampling Locations LEGEND SECT 2 TCE Iso-conc. contour (ppb) Indoor breathing zone sample SECT 1 Indoor pathway sample Outdoor HVAC intake sample

18 STUDY METHODS Pathway Samples 1/4 TEFLON TUBE 1/4 TEFLON TUBE FLOOR DRAIN FLOOR CRACK BUILDING SECTION 1 BUILDING SECTION 2

19 STUDY METHODS Representative Samples FLOOR CRACK BUILDING SECTION 1 BUILDING SECTION 2

20 STUDY METHODS Building Sect 2 HVAC Repairs HVAC REPAIR Replace parts, fluids, filters Conduct pressure/flow testing Add outdoor air intake to one HVAC unit Conduct air balancing AIR EXCHANGE RATE AFTER REPAIRS = 1.2 ACH INDOOR-TO-OUTDOOR PRESSURE DIFFERENCE= 0.01 H 2 O

21 RESULTS

22 RESULTS Building Section 1 Samples TCE Concentration (ug/m3) J 0.16 J J <0.19 <0.19 <0.19 J&E PC J&E WC RS RS RS RS RS RS RS RS RS PS PS J&E WC ALL REPRESENTATIVE & PATHWAY SAMPLES

23 RESULTS Building Section 2 Samples (Pre-HVAC Repair) TCE Concentration (ug/m3) J&E PC J&E WC RS RS RS RS RS RS J&E WC 17 PS 49 PS PATHWAY SAMPLES

24 RESULTS Section 2 Samples (Post-HVAC Repair) TCE Concentration (ug/m3) J&E PC <0.2 < <0.19 <0.19 <0.19 <0.19 J&E WC RS RS RS RS RS RS RS RS PS PS J&E WC ALL REPRESENTATIVE & PATHWAY SAMPLES

25 DISCUSSION

26 DISCUSSION Draft EPA Guidance SITE DEFAULT FACTOR FLOOR CRACK

27 DISCUSSION Representative Sample Vapor Attenuation Factors 1.0E-02 Building Section 1 Building Section 2 Vapor Attenuation Factor 1.0E E E E-06 EPA AF J&E Worst Case 1.0E-07 J&E Probable Case

28 DISCUSSION Pathway Sample Vapor Attenuation Factors 1.0E-02 Building Section 1 Building Section 2 Vapor Attenuation Factor 1.0E E E E-06 EPA AF HVAC Malfunctioning J&E Worst Case 1.0E-07 J&E Probable Case

29 DISCUSSION Ventilation & Attenuation Malfunctioning HVAC = elevated TCE air concentrations / less attenuation Normal HVAC operation - Conc./ attenuation within the J&E predicted range - Below EPA default

30 DISCUSSION Pathway Sample Attenuation 0.90 µg/m 3 EPA 1 ft ags=1 µg/m ft 49 µg/m 3 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE PATHWAY SAMPLE

31 Conclusions During normal HVAC operation: EPA default attenuation factor is conservative; and, measured attenuation factors are within modeled predictions.

32 Conclusions Ventilation & Building Pressurization effectively minimize vapor intrusion J&E Modeling is a reasonable method for initially predicting indoor air concentrations at commercial facilities

33 QUESTIONS?

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