Solar Thermal Systems Status Technologies - Perspectives. Dr. Bernd Eikmeier Bremer Energie Institut

Transcription

1 Solar Thermal Systems Status Technologies - Perspectives Dr. Bernd Eikmeier Bremer Energie Institut 1

2 Contents Market Applications & Technology Residential houses Large scale systems / Seasonal storage Commerce / Industry Solar cooling Solar thermal power plants 2

3 Germany: Horizontal global irradiation Germany: ~ 900-1,200 kwh/m 2 *a Saudi Arabia: ~ 2,200 kwh/m 2 *a 3

4 Energy consumption in Germany 2008 Final energy consumption: 8,470 PJ RE: 856 PJ (= 238 TWh) Biomass, electricity 1.3% Biomass, heat 4.3% Solar thermal 0.20% Fossil Fuels 89,9% RE 10,1% Geothermal energy 0.21% Photovoltaics 0.26% Biofuel 1.4% Wind energy 1.6% Hydropower 0.8% Share of room heating + domestic hot water: ~ 1/3 Source: BMU, March

5 Installations of solar thermal systems Newly installed [1000 m 2 ] Flat plate collector Vacuum tube collector Swimming pool absorber All collector types Total Totally installed [Mio. m 2 ] Source: BMU, BSW-Solar (April 2010) 5

6 Solar thermal systems in Germany in 2009 Newly installed: ~ 1,550,000 m² Totally installed: ~ 12.9 Mio. m² Number of systems: Solar heat: Total capacity of installed systems: ~ 1.4 Mio. ~ 6.0 TWh ~ 9.0 GW (No. 2 worldwide) Source: BSW-Solar, April 2010) 6

7 European solar thermal market 2008: In operation Country Total glazed m 2 Market share DE (Germany) 11,094, % GR (Greece) 3,868, % AT (Austria) 3,240, % FR (France) 1,624, % IT (Italy) 1,606, % ES (Spain) 1,411, % CY (Cyprus) 693, % CH (Switzerland) 593,980 2,2 % All others 3,130,083 11,5 % EU 27 + CH 27,261, ,0 % Source: ESTIF,

8 European market 2008: Newly installed capacity EU 27 + CH: 4.8 Mio. m² 3.3 Mio. kw th 8

9 RE turnover Germany 2009 Turnover from the construction of plants for the use of renewable energy sources in Germany 2009 Biomass electricity; EUR 1,650 million; 9.3 % Hydropower; EUR 70 million; 0.4 % Wind energy; EUR 2,650 million; 15.0 % Biomass heat; EUR 1,350 million; 7.6 % total: approx. EUR 17.7 billion Photovoltaics; EUR 9,600 million; 54.3 % Turnover from operation: EUR 15.7 billion Turnover in total: EUR 33.4 billion Geothermal energy*; EUR 1,000 million; 5.7 % Solar thermal energy; EUR 1,350 million; 7.7 % Source: BMU, April EUR ~ 5 Saudi Riyal 9

10 Employees Jobs in the renewable energy sector in Germany 2004, 2008 und 2009 Wind energy 63,900 87,100 85, ,000 Biomass 56,800 95,800 Solar energy 25,100 74,400 79,600 Hydropower Geothermal energy Public / non-profit - sector jobs 9,000 9,300 9,500 9,300 9,100 1,800 6,500 4,300 3,400 Increase: approx. 87 % 160,500 employments 278,000 employments 300,500 employments ,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90, , ,000 Figures for 2008 and 2009 are provisional estimate; Source: BMU-KI III Projekt "Gross employment from renewable energy in Germany in the year 2009, a first estimate"; Image: BMU / Christoph Busse / transit 10

11 Combi system: Housing-estate Speyer Winner of German energy concept price E-coco 2008 Source:: ZfS, bine.info Type of building Total living area Heat demand Collector area Storage volume Boiler capacity Solar heat Solar share District heat Total cost of solar system Costs of solar heat 47 row houses + 12 semidetached houses 9,300 m² 695 MWh/a 545 m² (solar roof) 100 m kw 174 MWh/a 25 % 2+2 net, 65/35 C 306,000 net /kwh 11

12 Commerce: Hotel Fortuna, Kirchzarten Number of beds Heat demand Solar collectors Water storage volume Boiler capacity Solar heat Total cost of solar system Cost of collectors Return of investment MWh/a 53.5 m² flat plate 4.1 m³ 90 kw 25.5 MWh/a 50,000 17,625 ~ 7 years Source: Solarge 12

13 Large scale systems / Solar heating / Seasonal storage Collectors: > 500 m 2 ( solar roof ) Marstal, DK: 18,300 m 2 Storage volumes: 1,600-12,000 m 3 (water equivalent) Entladung Beladung Entladung Beladung Wärmedämmung Wärmedämmung Entladung Beladung Entladung Beladung Wärmedämmung wassertragende Sohle Aquifer storage Hot water storage Duct heat storage Gravel/water storage Sources: Eikmeier, SHC, BSW 13

14 Solar process heat Worldwide 2006: ~ 90 operating solar thermal plants ~ 35,000 m² ~ 25 MW (0.02% of installed capacity) EU 25: Solar process heat potential 250 C: 258 PJ/a = 3.8 % industrial heat demand = GW = Mio. m 2 Industrial sector Food and drinks Textiles Chemicals All sectors Processes with the highest potential Processes Drying Washing Pasteurization Cooking Sterilization Heat treatment Washing Bleaching Coloring Cooking Distillation Different chem. processes Warming up of boiler water Heating of industrial halls Temperature level [ o C] Sources: Weiss (2008), ECOHEATCOOL, SHC 14

15 Solar cooling: Technologies Solar cooling Closed loop: chilled water Open system: direct treatment of fresh air (temperature, humidity) Sorption medium solid Sorption medium liquid Sorption medium solid Sorption medium liquid Zeolithes, Silicea gel LiBr/water, Ammonia/water Zeolithes, Silicea gel LiBr/water, CaCl 2 /water Available market techniques: Adsorption chiller kw cooling: 70 1,050 kw Available market techniques: Absorption chiller (1 and 2 staged) kw cooling: 50 kw 5 MW (1x) 250 kw 5 MW (2x) Available market techniques: Sorption assisted cooling kw cooling: 20 kw 350 kw (per module) Pilot projects - Source: Eikmeier Heat ratio / COP thermal : Heat ratio / COP thermal : (1x) (2x) Heat ratio / COP thermal : 0.5 >1 Heat ratio / COP thermal : > 1 15

16 Solar cooling: Status & Outlook Market in Europe (2007) 200 systems / 12 MW installed (60% absorption cooling) Market shares: Germany 39%, Spain 28% 30,000 m² collector area Status & Outlook Higher complexity of systems Need for more experience among planners and installation companies Potential for technical improvements, standardization / package solutions Strong market development: 2005: 15 Mio., 2010: 140 Mio. (+ 56%/a), 2020: 4,500 Mio. Cost reduction (without cold distribution and installation costs): 2007: 5,000-8,000 /kw, 2008: 4,500 /kw, near future: 3,000 /kw Europe takes a leading role in the development of small-scale thermally driven water chillers (5-15 kw) for small family houses and office buildings Sources: SHC, Solarnext 16

17 Solar power plants: Technology Parabolic Trough Solar Tower Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) Parabolic Dish Source: Concentrating Solar Power: Outlook

18 Solar power plants: Status quo Installed Capacity 2009 [MW] Electricity Production up to 2009 [GWh/a] Capacity under construction and proposed [MW] Parabolic trough ,000 > 10,000 Solar tower ,000 Fresnel Parabolic dish ,000 Source: Stadtwerke Jülich GmbH Source: KJC 18

19 Solar power plants: Developments & Outlook Costs of currently ct/kwh need to be reduced by (e.g.): Higher exit temperatures of solar systems to increase efficiency Selective solar absorber layers for high temperatures More cost-effective mirrors Reducing the weight of both collectors and concentrators Development of cost-effective thermal energy storage / PCM storages Outlook 2020 Strong market development Moderate Scenario : ~ 70 GW installed Generating costs ct/kwh 19

20 Solar power plants: Potentials & Development Source: DESERTEC Foundation 20

21 Contact Thank you for your attention! Dr. Bernd Eikmeier Bremer Energie Institut College Ring 2 / Research V Bremen, Germany Tel.: eikmeier@bremer-energie-institut.de 21