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1 P a g e 1 Name: 2017 AP Environmental Science Summer Assignment The Summer Assignment is due on the first day of class.

2 P a g e 2 AP Environmental Science Summer Assignment (This assignment is due on the first day of class!) Part 1 - Concept Formation and Foundational Science Skills = 60% Part 2 - Information Processing, Critical Thinking and Decision Making = 40% Congratulations on your decision to take AP Environmental Science (APES). It is a challenging and rewarding course. As a precursor, you will be required to complete the following assignment as part of your preparation. The assignment is due on the FIRST DAY OF CLASS. PART 1: Review (60 points) The questions below are to help you review basic math and science skills as well as knowledge from your previous courses. When you begin AP Environmental Science, you should already be familiar with these concepts. You may use references attached to this assignment and any other resources as needed. Answer questions in the space provided. You may use additional paper if needed. Show all work, where applicable. 1. Describe one significant change in human history that you feel had the greatest environmental impact What is a trophic cascade and a food web? Describe the relevance of abiotic, and biotic factors. What are producers, consumers and decomposers?

3 P a g e What is the anthropogenic (human) contribution to the Greenhouse Effect? 7-8. Discuss what factor has the greatest influence on determining Earth s climate zones Why is a plant-based diet more environmentally friendly than a meat based diet? Discuss whether you believe Cap and Trade is beneficial for the environment.

4 P a g e What is a hectare? When you Google Bing this (yeah, I know, nobody uses Bing) read carefully! Define the four primary spheres that make up Earth s systems Describe an agricultural practice that is more environmentally friendly compared to traditional agriculture? Why are more developed countries less sustainable than less developed countries?

5 P a g e What is the relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration? 24. Why is a carbon sink important? What are the three main parts of an atom and how do they relate to atomic number and atomic mass? How is an atom different from a molecule? How could extinctions ultimately cause an increase in biodiversity?

6 P a g e Balance the chemical equation below; identify the reactants and the products. CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O The specific heat of ethanol is 2.46 J/g o C. Find the heat required to raise the temperature of 193g of ethanol from 19 o C to 35 o C. Q=mCT Show work. Ans What is the volume of mg of a substance with a density of 1.9 g/cm 3? Show work. Ans Write the proper formula for the following six ions: a. Nitrate Ans. b. Nitrite Ans. c. Phosphate Ans. d. Sulfate Ans. e. Carbonate Ans. f. Ammonium Ans What is the formula for the following compounds? a. Ozone Ans. b. Sulfuric acid Ans. c. Nitric acid Ans. d. Carbon dioxide Ans. e. Methane Ans.

7 P a g e What factors create sulfuric acid in the atmosphere? The speed limit on parts of Route 46 is 25 mph. What is this speed in m/s? Show work. Ans. 42. Put the number 379,429 into scientific notation using 3 significant figures. Ans Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,000 years. How much will remain of a one gram sample after it undergoes 4 half-lives? Show work Define the following terms: Positive Feedback Loop- Ans. Alternative Energy- Sustainability-

8 P a g e : A scientist measures the dissolved oxygen concentration in the top 30 cm of Budd Lake. The dissolved oxygen measurements are shown below: Time Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (mg/l) 6 AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM AM AM AM 0.5 Using the following space, plot the results using a line graph Explain what is happening in the lake that is causing the observed results. How might an increased level of wastes and nutrients (such as nitrates and phosphates) flowing into the lake affect the amount of dissolved oxygen that is available for the lake s aquatic organisms to use?

9 P a g e What is the term used to describe the above effect in a lake? Ans Convert the following measurements (use attached reference charts): Example # m = km ( km) ml = l kg = g If 15.0 mm of rain were to fall on an impermeable parking lot with dimensions of 200 m by 350 m; what is the volume of water (in cubic meters) that will be runoff from the lot instead of soaking into the ground? Show your work. Ans. PART 2: Environmental Science In The News Anthropogenic Climate Change (40 points) The field of Environmental Science is constantly changing; to help you understand current environmental issues, media sources and possible bias, find five different news items that pertain to the concept of climate change. Find news articles, scientific research, editorials, etc. that both support and deny the concept of human enhanced climate change. The items you select can be from the newspaper, magazines, political statements, online news sources, etc. Each item should be three or more paragraphs in length, and they must be dated between August 2016 and August You will need to turn in the articles with your summer assignment! You may turn in the original articles or make copies. STEP 1: Prepare a separate document. In one paragraph each, summarize your five selections. STEP 2: In an additional 1-3 paragraphs, discuss what makes a valid scientific investigation into climate change. What are possible sources of bias that may influence the investigations, reporting, regulatory action, etc.? Remember that your varied selections should both support and deny climate change. STEP 3: In tabular or some other graphic form, rank your evaluation of your selections for potential bias, scientific validity, develop a system that STEP 4: Discuss your belief as to what the most significant impact on the planet will be from an overall warming climate (assume1-2 degrees C over the next years).

10 P a g e 10 APES Review Notes: Significant Figures, Scientific Notation, SI/Metric System SIGNIFICANT FIGURES: Sig.Fig Review General Rules 1) ALL NONZERO DIGITS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT. 4.2 and 27 both have two sig.figs. 2) ZEROES BETWEEN TWO NONZERO DIGITS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT. ZEROES BETWEEN TWO SIGNIFICANT DIGITS ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT. ( Sig. Fig. Sandwich ) and 1005 both have four sig.figs. 3) ZEROES TO THE LEFT OF NONZERO DIGITS ARE NOT SIGNIFICANT and 0.06 both have only one sig.fig. 4) TERMINAL ZEROES AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT ARE ALWAYS SIGNIFICANT and both have four sig.figs. 5) TERMINAL ZEROES NOT INVOLVING A DECIMAL POINT ARE NOT SIGNIFICANT... UNLESS WRITTEN IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION FOR CLARIFICATION or UNLESS A DECIMAL POINT IS PLACED AFTER THE LAST ZERO written as 1.23 x 10 3 has three sig.figs written as or x 10 3 has four sig.figs. Rounding Rules 1) Round up if the number after the last sig.fig. is 5 or greater ) Round down if the number after the last sig.fig. is less than Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules 1) IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION, THE ANSWER MAY CONTAIN ONLY AS MANY DECIMAL PLACES AS THE LEAST ACCURATE VALUE = adjusted 2) IN MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION, THE ANSWER MAY CONTAIN ONLY AS MANY DECIMAL PLACES AS THE LEAST ACCURATE VALUE USED / = adjusted SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: M x 10 n format Exponent examples 10 0 = = = = = 0.1 (1/10) 10-2 = 0.01 (1/100) 10-3 = (1/1000) Scientific notation rules 1) POSITIVE EXPONENTS INDICATE MAKING A NUMBER LARGER. MOVE DECIMAL POINT TO THE RIGHT. (3.11 x 10 2 = 311) 2) NEGATIVE EXPONENTS INDICATE MAKING A NUMBER SMALLER. MOVE DECIMAL POINT TO THE LEFT. (3.11 x 10-2 = )

11 P a g e 11 THE METRIC SYSTEM SI = International System of Units SI BASE UNIT NAME SYMBOL length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s temperature Kelvin K amount of substance mole mol electric current ampere A luminous (light) intensity candela cd Common SI DERIVED UNITS NAME SYMBOL area square meter m 2 volume cubic meter m 3 (1L = 1 dm 3 & 1 ml = 1 cm 3 = 1 cc) speed meter per second m/s velocity meter per second m/s (with direction) acceleration meter per second squared m/s 2 density gram per cubic centimeter g/cm 3 (mass/volume) METRIC PREFIXES Factor Name Symbol yotta Y zetta Z exa E peta P tera T 10 9 giga G 10 6 mega M 10 3 kilo k 10 2 hecto h 10 1 deka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 centi c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro μ 10-9 nano n pico p femto f atto a zepto z

12 P a g e 12

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