Performance of Sewage Oxidation Pond in USM Engineering Campus

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1 Awam International Conference on Civil Engineering (AICCE 12) Geohazard Information Zonation (GIZ 12) Park Royal Penang Resort 28 th 30 th August 2012 Performance of Sewage Oxidation Pond in USM Engineering Campus Abstract Siti. K. Esa, A.A. M. Haque #, M. F. Murshed School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Oxidation Ponds (OPs) are very popular to the conventional sewage treatment methods for small communities. The sample was taken from influent and effluent outlets of OPs in USM Engineering Campus. Performance was evaluated based on ph, temperature, total solid (TS), suspended solid (SS), volatile solid (VSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolve oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and most probable number (MPN) for microbes. The ph of influent and effluent was neutral to slightly alkaline in nature. The temperature of influent and effluent was ranged from 28 C to 29 C. The removal performance of TS, SS, VSS, COD, DO and BOD was unsatisfactory due to poor management and maintenance. However, the removal of bacteria was really impressive and it was ranged from 5.71 to 99.90%. Keywords: Oxidation Ponds, heterotrophic, secondary treatment, algal, sewage treatment, dry weather flow 1. Introduction Surface oxidation ponds (OPs) are commonly used for small communities sewage wastewater treatment purpose. Inside OPs, heterotrophic bacteria degrades organic matter and produces cellular materials as well minerals. Such materials support the growth of algae in the OPs. Due to decomposition of organic matter, algal population is enhanced and oxygen is produced which is utilized by heterotrophic bacteria [1]. The use of OPs is largely controlled in warmer climatic regions due to their strong influence of seasonal temperature changes. At least two ponds are constructed in OPs; first pond reduces the organic matter using aerobic digestion while second pond tends to polish the effluent and reduces the presence of pathogen in sewage. Initially, sewage enters in a large pond after passing through a settling and screening chambers. After retention of several days, the flow is passed into a second pond for advance treatment before it is discharged into natural environment. The microbes which are already present in sewage acted to break down organic matter using oxygen. Therefore, OPs need to be desludged periodically in order to work efficiently. The following equations are involved in OPs to get the end product through aerobic and anaerobic processes. a) Aerobic zone end products Amino acids + Ammonia + O 2 Nitrites Nitrates (1) Organic compounds + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O (2) CO 2 + Light + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 + Algae (photosynthesis) (3) b) Anaerobic zone end products Organic compounds = Organic acids + Alcohols (acid fermentation) (4) #Corresponding author mokammel71@gmail.com 219

2 Performance of Sewage Oxidation Pond in USM Engineering Campus Organic acids + Alcohols = CH 4 + CO 2 (methane fermentation) (5) The OPs are traditionally used to treat wastewater due to it is cost effective and requires minimum management, and maintenance [2].The main constraint in Ops treatment is the high suspended solids (SS) in the effluent which is primarily due to high concentrations of algal cells. The presence of such algae could impose serious constraints on effluent reuse potential which is particularly important in water scarce regions. According to WHO (World Health Organization) and other guidelines, reuse water should be less than 1 parasitic eggs or protozoa per litre or contains less than 2 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) [3]. Anaerobic ponds are reduced nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc) and pathogenic microorganisms by sludge formation and made the release of ammonia into the atmosphere. The anaerobic pond serves to separate solids from dissolve materials as well settles in bottom as sludge. Typically, a single anaerobic pond is adequate if the strength of the influent wastewater is less than 1000 mg/l BOD 5 [4]. In tropical environment, OPs efficiently remove BOD from sewage wastewater during summer due to temperature effects while it is worst during the winter [5, 6, 7]. In general, the discharge of untreated sewage might be caused many adverse impacts in surrounding ecosystem through generating water pollution. Besides that, the aesthetic and odour nuisance also happened in air as well as made uncomfortable situation for living surrounding. The objective of this study was to observe the performance of oxidation pond comparing with standard effluents discharge criteria based on dry weather flow (DWF). 2. Methodology The samples of this experiment are collected from surface oxidation ponds (OPs) of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Engineering Campus during December 2009 to February All samples are analysed in Environmental Engineering Laboratory at School of Civil Engineering, USM. The details of analytical procedure are mentioned in Table Calculation of Dry Weather Flow (DWF) The DWF is the average sewage flow which is calculated according to the total number of population and uses of water per person per day. According to registry department, population equivalent (PE) in USM engineering campus is 4193 persons. Therefore, by using the following equation (6), the DWF is calculated: DWF = q PE (6) q = 225 litre/capita.day (standard water uses per person per day in Malaysia) Therefore, DWF = 225 litre/capita.day X 4193 capita = 943 m 3 /day 2.2 Determination of Parameters The following parameters are analysed through standard methods for water examination (APHA) to characterize sewage effluents from oxidation ponds. 220

3 A.A. M. Haque, Siti. K. Esa, M. F. Murshed 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 ph value Table 1. Standard methods for water examination [8] Experiment ph value Temperature Total Solids (TS) Suspended Solids (SS) Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Dissolve Oxygen (DO) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Most Probable Number (MPN) Method 4500 H + (B) 2550 (B) 2540 (B) 2540 (D) 2540 (E) 5220 (C) 4500 O (C) 5210 (B) 9030 (B) The ph is important measuring indicator to characterize water and wastewater. The standard ph value for drinking water is ranged from 5.5 to 8.5. In this experiment (Fig. 1), the observed ph values are in neutral to slightly alkaline in nature; therefore it is safe to drain into natural bodies from OPs. Fig. 1. Relationships between ph values versus Day From the Fig.1, the ph value of influent was ranged from 7.11 to 7.59 while in effluent it was ranged from 7.31 to 7.88 and these values are in safe range of Environmental Quality Act Therefore this value might not be harmful to the environment as well as surrounding eco-system. 221

4 Performance of Sewage Oxidation Pond in USM Engineering Campus 3.2 Temperature Temperature is the most important physical factor in wastewater characterization. Temperature of wastewater is quite high might be able to harm the aquatic habitat. However, warm temperature positively influences biological activities in wastewater while cool environment makes it slow down. Fig. 2. Relationships between Temperatures versus Day From the Fig. 2 showed that the temperature in influent was 28 to 29 C while in effluent it was to C. These values did not exceed the discharge standard limits of A and B in Environmental Quality Act Total Solids Total solids are the summation of the suspended solids and dissolve solids. Total solids are important quality parameter for drinking water. In terms of total solids, standard value of drinking water in Malaysia should not exceed 500 mg/l. Fig. 3. Relationships between Removals of Total Solids versus Day From the Fig. 3, the values of influent and effluent are ranged from 104 to 198 mg/l. However, the percentage of TS removal was 3.16 to %. Hence, it showed that the performance was not satisfactory. This was due to the screening was not function properly. Still, the value of effluent for TS did not exceed 500mg/L; therefore the effluent could be discharge safely to natural system. 222

5 A.A. M. Haque, Siti. K. Esa, M. F. Murshed 3.4 Suspended Solids (SS) Suspended solids are the most important characteristic element for wastewater. Water treatment plant is mostly design based on the quantity of suspended solids enter into the plant. The Fig. 4 showed t the value of influent for suspended solids which was ranged from 80 to 130 mg/l while effluent was ranged from 42 to 100 mg/l. It is indicated that SS did not exceed the Standard B of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 in Malaysia. Fig. 4. Relationships between Removals of Suspended Solids versus Day 3.5 Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) Volatile suspended solids are the most important parameter to determine the quality of wastewater. In fact VSS represents the organic substance in the wastewater. Thus, the microorganisms need the organic substance as a food. Without organic substance, the microorganism especially bacteria could not survive [4]. Fig.5. Relationships between Removals of Volatile Suspended Solids versus Day From the Fig.5, the VSS of influent and effluent was ranged from 94 to 116 mg/l and 58 to 80 mg/l, respectively. The sewage value in Malaysia according to the Guidelines for developers, Volume IV, 1998 showed that the high, medium and low concentrations of VSS are 275 mg/l, 165 mg/l and 80 mg/l, respectively. However, percentage of removal was not satisfactory due to poor management and maintenance. 223

6 Performance of Sewage Oxidation Pond in USM Engineering Campus 3.6 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) The COD is one of the most important quality characteristics of wastewater. Usually the COD is higher than BOD due to organic substances requiring more oxidation reagent during COD test compare to BOD test. Fig. 6. Relationships between Removals of Chemical Oxygen Demand versus Day From the Fig.6, the value of COD in influent and effluent was ranged from to mg/l and from 72 to mg/l, respectively which was within the permissible limit of the Environmental Quality Act However, the removal of COD not really quite high because the range in between to 30.42% only. 3.7 Dissolve Oxygen (DO) The DO is an important quality characteristic to aquatic habitat including the microorganism in water [9]. Fig. 7. Relationships between Dissolve Oxygen values versus Day From the Fig.7, the value of DO was lower in influent; however, it was considerably increased in effluent as well as maintained the standard limit of Interim National River Water Quality (Standard for Malaysia). It was indicated that DO limit of effluent did not cause any adverse effects on aquatic eco-system. 224

7 A.A. M. Haque, Siti. K. Esa, M. F. Murshed 3.8 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Like as COD, the BOD is also an important quality parameter in wastewater treatment in terms of organic matter decomposition in natural way. Fig. 8. Relationships between removals of Biochemical Oxygen Demand values versus Day From the Fig. 8, the value of BOD in influent was ranged from 30 to 50 mg/l, however in effluent; it was ranged from 22 to 39 mg/l. The removal of BOD is quite low and it was ranged from 11 to 49%. 3.9 Most probable Number (MPN) The various diseases are interrelated to human health due to the presence of microorganism in untreated wastewater when it releases in natural aquatic system. Microorganism can be classified into specific groups; however, the most common group is coliform bacteria. Fig. 9. Relationships between removals of Most Probable Number versus Day Fig. 9 showed that the MPN value in influent was ranged from to index/100ml, while in effluent; it was ranged from 230 to index/100ml. The value of bacteria in effluent was not really high enough therefore; the effluent could be drove away to the natural aquatic system. The removal of bacteria was really impressive and it was ranged from 5.71 to 99.90%. 4. Conclusion Performances of sewage oxidation ponds are not satisfied in terms of TS, SS, VSS, COD, DO and BOD due to low he percentage of removal However, the OPs showed satisfactory 225

8 Performance of Sewage Oxidation Pond in USM Engineering Campus removal of bacteria. The sewage characteristic parameters are rated with Standard B of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 to discharge in nature system. Due to poor management and maintenance of OPs, most of the parameters showed inadequate percentage of removal during experimentation. Overall, oxidation ponds tend to be inefficient and require large holding capacities and long retention times. Microbes grow as suspended particles within the water column rather than as biofilms. As oxygenation is usually achieved by diffusion, and due to the photosynthetic activity of algae, current system needs to be shallow in depth for getting better performance. 5. Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the International Foundation for Science (IFS) and Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as research grant (Grant no. W/5073-1). Authors also express their sincere gratitude to Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia for allowing necessary financial support through research grants (USM Short Term Grant, Code no P3665; and Explanatory Research Grant Scheme-ERGS, code no. X0043). 6. References [1] SHILTON A. and HARRISON J Guidelines for the Hydraulic Design of the Waste Stabilization ponds, Institute of Technology and Engineering, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. [2] GOLDMAN J.C Outdoor algal mass cultures II. Photosynthetic field limitations. Water Research, Vol. 13, pp [3] TCHOBANOGLOUS G. and SCHROEDER E Water Quality Characteristics, Modeling, Modification, Addison-Wesley; Reading, Massachusetts, USA. [4] BURTON Microbiological aspects of lagoon treatment, Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 34, pp [5] CURTIS T.P., MARA D.D. and SILVA S.A Influence of ph, oxygen, and humic substances on ability of sunlight to damage fecal coliforms in waste stabilization pond water, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 58, No.4, pp [6] IZU D.D., PEARSON H.W., ORAGUI J.I., ARRIDGE H. and SILVA S.A Development of a new approach to waste stabilization pond design, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, England. [7] FROST. and CALDWELL D.H Sewage oxidation ponds- Performance, operation and design, Sewage Weeks Journal, Vol. 18, pp [8] APHA - American Public Health Association, American water works, water environment federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed., Washington, DC, USA. [9] TANNER., FRIEDMAN A.A., PEAKS D.A. and NICHOLS R.L Algae separation from oxidation pond effluents, Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 49, pp [10] HAMIDI A.A Kejuruteraan Air Sisa, Utusan Publications & Distribution Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. [11] MoHLGSSD Guidelines for Developers Volume 4 Sewage Treatment Plants. 2 nd Edition, Ministry of Housing and Local Government Sewerage Services Department, Malaysia. [12] ACT Laws of Malaysia, Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) incorporating latest amendment Act A1102/2001, Malaysia. 226

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